DCI (Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE)Indian Society of Heating Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers

VENTILATINGBASEMENT

CAR PARKINGS

Vol. VI, Issue 2, Edition : October 2014, Editor : Shami Bhardwaj

Presidential TwitterDear Members,

Greetings,

In the coming days, DCI’s Program calendar is full of technical

activities. Apart from routine technical activities, two major

events of DCI are lined up to happen. Ventconf –14 is due in a

few weeks and Acreconf –15 is due after a few months.

Ventconf–14 which is going to be held on 14th / 15th

November at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, is ready with all its

initial work and few last minute touches are being given. This

Conference is exclusively on ‘Ventilation and Smoke Extraction Systems’. This year, this

conference is extended upto two days as it was noticed that schedule of one day

conference was very tight and all the topics was not being covered comfortably. This is

expected to fulfill the demand of the Industry and the members by deliverance of lectures /

panel discussions on most burning topics of the Industry. This issue of Twitter also covers

the same topic and give detailed explanation on this by Mr. K. Ramachandaran (Senior

Consultant from the Mumbai). With your participation and cooperation this conference will

come out to be a successful event.

Acreconf–15 is also getting ready step by step to happen on 20th – 21st March 2015 at

IHC. The Conference on HVAC will cover all topics of Airconditioning and building services

industry. Speakers from India and Abroad are taking part in this conference also to share

their knowledge and experience about the latest trend in HVAC & Building Services

Industry. HVAC Industry is taking full interest to make this event memorable & successful.

Members participation in big size will make this further more successful.

On the other side in DCI, further activities are going on. Workshop, Product Presentation

and DL are being organized as per preplanned schedule and members are being informed

about the upcoming events well before time by the office. New members also coming in

and joining DCI in big way and the members those lost with the time has also renewed their

membership. Discussion on creation of two more sub chapter from DCI has started and

good news can be heard in the next issue of Twitter. Honors & Award for old DCI office

bearers is also being ready for this years awards.

DCI is going strong day by day. Your cooperation with DCI will further strengthen the

society.

Keep in touch

ABID HUSAIN

President-DCI

Chapter News

Meerut Sub Chapter organized Acreserve Program at Officers make the program beneficial to everyone. RD North - 1, Mr.

Club, Irrigation Department, Meerut on 20th September for making Mukesh Puri presided over the event and welcomed the Chief

awareness about Good practices in Installation, Operation & Guest - Mr. B.D. Sharma, a Retd. Superintending Engineer from

Maintenance of domestic and commercial air conditioners. More U.P. Irrigation Department. Mr. Abid Hussain welcomed Mr. S.P.

than 120 people including 75 technicians participated in the Singhal - Executive Engineer. Four new members joined ISHRAE

program. Mr. V.K. Seth from ISHRAE Institute of Excellence (IIE) during the event. The ISHRAE Programs VENTCONF,

coordinated with other learned lecturers and gave their best to ACRECONF and ACREX-2015 were promoted during the event.

ACRESERVE

K-12 ActivitiesDehradun Sub-Chapter organized a K12 program at DAV Inter College,

Prem Nagar on 23rd August 2014. A drawing and painting competition

was organized for children of classes 6th to 12th. The topic was Energy

Conservation. 62 students participated in the Painting Competition. In

the beginning a presentation named "Energy conservation" was shown

to students. A quiz was also conducted by Mr O D Sharma in junior and

senior categories. Prizes were distributed in seven categories from 6th to

12th class. Dehradun sub-chapter of ISHRAE is grateful to College staff

for their support. The program was organized with the help of NGO,

OSWES, Dehradun.

Lucknow Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a K-12 program on 15th

Aug. 2014 at Ashish Anglovedic Shiksha Vidya Peeth in association with

Lions Club. The day started at 10.00 a.m by flag hoisting and national

anthem, followed by a tree plantation drive, and a drawing competition

and finally distribution. Lions Club shared the proceedings with us. The

day was well spent with the children and delegates of Lions club.

DehradunDehradunDehradunDehradun

LucknowLucknow

MeerutMeerut

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Presidential TwitterDear Members,

Greetings,

In the coming days, DCI’s Program calendar is full of technical

activities. Apart from routine technical activities, two major

events of DCI are lined up to happen. Ventconf –14 is due in a

few weeks and Acreconf –15 is due after a few months.

Ventconf–14 which is going to be held on 14th / 15th

November at Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi, is ready with all its

initial work and few last minute touches are being given. This

Conference is exclusively on ‘Ventilation and Smoke Extraction Systems’. This year, this

conference is extended upto two days as it was noticed that schedule of one day

conference was very tight and all the topics was not being covered comfortably. This is

expected to fulfill the demand of the Industry and the members by deliverance of lectures /

panel discussions on most burning topics of the Industry. This issue of Twitter also covers

the same topic and give detailed explanation on this by Mr. K. Ramachandaran (Senior

Consultant from the Mumbai). With your participation and cooperation this conference will

come out to be a successful event.

Acreconf–15 is also getting ready step by step to happen on 20th – 21st March 2015 at

IHC. The Conference on HVAC will cover all topics of Airconditioning and building services

industry. Speakers from India and Abroad are taking part in this conference also to share

their knowledge and experience about the latest trend in HVAC & Building Services

Industry. HVAC Industry is taking full interest to make this event memorable & successful.

Members participation in big size will make this further more successful.

On the other side in DCI, further activities are going on. Workshop, Product Presentation

and DL are being organized as per preplanned schedule and members are being informed

about the upcoming events well before time by the office. New members also coming in

and joining DCI in big way and the members those lost with the time has also renewed their

membership. Discussion on creation of two more sub chapter from DCI has started and

good news can be heard in the next issue of Twitter. Honors & Award for old DCI office

bearers is also being ready for this years awards.

DCI is going strong day by day. Your cooperation with DCI will further strengthen the

society.

Keep in touch

ABID HUSAIN

President-DCI

Chapter News

Meerut Sub Chapter organized Acreserve Program at Officers make the program beneficial to everyone. RD North - 1, Mr.

Club, Irrigation Department, Meerut on 20th September for making Mukesh Puri presided over the event and welcomed the Chief

awareness about Good practices in Installation, Operation & Guest - Mr. B.D. Sharma, a Retd. Superintending Engineer from

Maintenance of domestic and commercial air conditioners. More U.P. Irrigation Department. Mr. Abid Hussain welcomed Mr. S.P.

than 120 people including 75 technicians participated in the Singhal - Executive Engineer. Four new members joined ISHRAE

program. Mr. V.K. Seth from ISHRAE Institute of Excellence (IIE) during the event. The ISHRAE Programs VENTCONF,

coordinated with other learned lecturers and gave their best to ACRECONF and ACREX-2015 were promoted during the event.

ACRESERVE

K-12 ActivitiesDehradun Sub-Chapter organized a K12 program at DAV Inter College,

Prem Nagar on 23rd August 2014. A drawing and painting competition

was organized for children of classes 6th to 12th. The topic was Energy

Conservation. 62 students participated in the Painting Competition. In

the beginning a presentation named "Energy conservation" was shown

to students. A quiz was also conducted by Mr O D Sharma in junior and

senior categories. Prizes were distributed in seven categories from 6th to

12th class. Dehradun sub-chapter of ISHRAE is grateful to College staff

for their support. The program was organized with the help of NGO,

OSWES, Dehradun.

Lucknow Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a K-12 program on 15th

Aug. 2014 at Ashish Anglovedic Shiksha Vidya Peeth in association with

Lions Club. The day started at 10.00 a.m by flag hoisting and national

anthem, followed by a tree plantation drive, and a drawing competition

and finally distribution. Lions Club shared the proceedings with us. The

day was well spent with the children and delegates of Lions club.

DehradunDehradunDehradunDehradun

LucknowLucknow

MeerutMeerut

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

AGM of Delhi ChapterAnnual General meeting of Delhi Chapter of

ISHRAE was held on 27th Sept. 2014 at

Hotel Hans, New Delhi. Over 60 members

participated during the meeting. President

Mr. Abid Husain welcomed the members

and provided a brief description of work

done by the Delhi chapter during the last 6

months and also informed the gathering

about the upcoming events scheduled.

Audited accounts of Society Year 2013-14

were presented by Mr. Pradeep Dua.

President Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh

announced the nominating committee for

the Society Year 2015-16. At the end

Mr. Aneesh Kadyan, Secretary DCI

delivered the vote of thanks to all the

members who attended the AGM.

Distinguished Lecturer (DL) ProgramsAgra Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE success-

fully organized on Distinguished Lecture

Program on Enthalpy Recovery Fresh

Air Ventilation for Healthy IAQ & Air to Air

Heat Recovery is in the Cold Storage on

19th July 2014 at Hotel Radisson Blue.

More than 20 Delegates attended the

lecture program. The lecture was given

by Mr. Sushil Choudhury. Hon’ble R.D.

North 1, Mr. Mukesh Puri, Zonal Chair

membership Mr. B.D. Rishi, President Drug Manufacturing Association of industry delegates. About 55 delegates Agra Sub-Chapter Mr. Ashwani Sharma Dehradun on "Air conditioning of Clean were present during the program. From and entire Agra CWC were present Room for Pharma industry " and Dehradun Sub Chapter, President Elect during the program. "Reducing the cost of HVAC system in Mr. Sudhanshu Gupta, Secretary Mr Ajay,

Pharma plant". The guest speaker was Treasurer, Mr Varshkar, Past Presidents ISHRAE Dehradun sub chapter Mr. Gautham Baliga. The DL program Mr Ravi Juyal and Mr. O.D. Sharma organized a DL program on 6th was highly appreciated by the Pharma were present.September 2014, in association with

DL Agra, 19th July 14DL Agra, 19th July 14 DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14

Van Mahotsav, Meerut

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Meerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE

organized Van Mahotsav on 1st July 2014.

Nearly 100 people participated in this

event including 40 children who took part

in a poster making competition and tree

plantation activity. The Meerut President

Mr. M.K. Gupta & other senior dignitaries

were present during the program to

motivate the children.

AGM of Delhi ChapterAnnual General meeting of Delhi Chapter of

ISHRAE was held on 27th Sept. 2014 at

Hotel Hans, New Delhi. Over 60 members

participated during the meeting. President

Mr. Abid Husain welcomed the members

and provided a brief description of work

done by the Delhi chapter during the last 6

months and also informed the gathering

about the upcoming events scheduled.

Audited accounts of Society Year 2013-14

were presented by Mr. Pradeep Dua.

President Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh

announced the nominating committee for

the Society Year 2015-16. At the end

Mr. Aneesh Kadyan, Secretary DCI

delivered the vote of thanks to all the

members who attended the AGM.

Distinguished Lecturer (DL) ProgramsAgra Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE success-

fully organized on Distinguished Lecture

Program on Enthalpy Recovery Fresh

Air Ventilation for Healthy IAQ & Air to Air

Heat Recovery is in the Cold Storage on

19th July 2014 at Hotel Radisson Blue.

More than 20 Delegates attended the

lecture program. The lecture was given

by Mr. Sushil Choudhury. Hon’ble R.D.

North 1, Mr. Mukesh Puri, Zonal Chair

membership Mr. B.D. Rishi, President Drug Manufacturing Association of industry delegates. About 55 delegates Agra Sub-Chapter Mr. Ashwani Sharma Dehradun on "Air conditioning of Clean were present during the program. From and entire Agra CWC were present Room for Pharma industry " and Dehradun Sub Chapter, President Elect during the program. "Reducing the cost of HVAC system in Mr. Sudhanshu Gupta, Secretary Mr Ajay,

Pharma plant". The guest speaker was Treasurer, Mr Varshkar, Past Presidents ISHRAE Dehradun sub chapter Mr. Gautham Baliga. The DL program Mr Ravi Juyal and Mr. O.D. Sharma organized a DL program on 6th was highly appreciated by the Pharma were present.September 2014, in association with

DL Agra, 19th July 14DL Agra, 19th July 14 DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14DL Dehradun, 6th Sept. 14

Van Mahotsav, Meerut

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Meerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE

organized Van Mahotsav on 1st July 2014.

Nearly 100 people participated in this

event including 40 children who took part

in a poster making competition and tree

plantation activity. The Meerut President

Mr. M.K. Gupta & other senior dignitaries

were present during the program to

motivate the children.

Workshops and SeminarsDelhi Chapter of ISHRAE alongwith IIE

organized a technical workshop on

Cooling Towers & Water Treatment on

9th Aug. 2014 at India International

Centre, New Delhi. Mr. Subir Das & Mr.

R K Kohli were the expert faculties.

Workshop was attended by 26

par t ic ipants. I t was very wel l

appreciated by the delegates. The

workshop was inaugurated by President

Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh.

Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE

successfully organized one seminar on

Ventilation, Filtration & UVGI for

Airborne Infect ion control and

prevention in health care settings on 8th

Sept. 2014 at Hotel JW Marriot, Aerocity.

It was a very successful seminar which

was attended by 75 members. The organizing the seminar. Hob’ble a very successful seminar which was

speakers of the seminar were Dr. Paul President Elect DCI, Mr. Jagdeep attended by more than 130 delegates.

Jensen & Mr. Garry Blackwelder, CDC, Singh, National Treasurer Mr. Sunil The guest speaker for the seminar was

Atlanta, Mr. Bill Palmer, AeroMed, Inc. Kher, DCI Treasurer Mr. Himanshu Mr. Jim Coogan. Mr. Jim Coogan is a

USA, Mr. Chris Zaker, National Air Aggarwal, DCI Secretary Mr. Aneesh Principal in product development &

Filtration Association, USA. The topics Kadyan, Membership Promotion Chair application at Siemens Building

which were covered were:Mr. Pradeep Dua, Student Activity Chair, Technology, United States. Honb’le Mr.

• The Principals of air filtration. Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Coordinator Mr. Abid Husain President Delhi Chapter, • Discussion of filter types. V.K. Seth & the entire DCI Secretariat National Treasurer Mr. Sunil Kher, R.D. • Discussion of HEPA filter Team were present during the event. North 1 Mr. Mukesh Puri, Student • Testing of HEPA Filters. Activity Chair, Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE

Coordinator Mr. V.K. Seth and entire The members really appreciated the along with ASHRAE India Chapter DCI & ASHRAE Secretariat Team were way the speakers presented their successfully organized seminar on present during the seminar. topics. Special thanks goes to Mr. Space Pressurization on 29th Aug. 2014

Dyson Peter Misquitta who helped in at India Habitat Centre New Delhi. It was

Workshop, 9th August

Student ActivitiesMeerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a Quiz Competition

Program, Designated as EXPLORE - 2K14 at its student chapter,

Vidya College of Engineering Meerut on 17th September . More

than 150 students participated in this quiz activity. Students were

given Participation Certificates and Top 20 scorers received

mementos. Engineering Models prepared by the Students of the

college were also exhibited at this event. Vidya College of Engg.

Meerut has formed a forum namely "Mechanical Engineers

Forum" in association with ISHRAE Meerut Sub Chapter. Its

inaugural function was also held on the same day.

Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE reinstalled one of its most Vibrant

Student Chapter, Hi Tech Engineering & Technology on 19th Sept.

2014. The oath to the new team was given by Hon’ble President

DCI Mr. Abid Husain. About 80 students took part in the installation

ceremony. After the installation, A lecture on “Overview of

Airconditioning” was given by Mr. Abid Husain. The entire DCI

secretariat team was present during the installation program.

Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14 Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14

Seminar, 29th Sept. 14Seminar, 29th Sept. 14 Workshop, 9th Aug. 14Workshop, 9th Aug. 14

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Workshops and SeminarsDelhi Chapter of ISHRAE alongwith IIE

organized a technical workshop on

Cooling Towers & Water Treatment on

9th Aug. 2014 at India International

Centre, New Delhi. Mr. Subir Das & Mr.

R K Kohli were the expert faculties.

Workshop was attended by 26

par t ic ipants. I t was very wel l

appreciated by the delegates. The

workshop was inaugurated by President

Elect Mr. Jagdeep Singh.

Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE

successfully organized one seminar on

Ventilation, Filtration & UVGI for

Airborne Infect ion control and

prevention in health care settings on 8th

Sept. 2014 at Hotel JW Marriot, Aerocity.

It was a very successful seminar which

was attended by 75 members. The organizing the seminar. Hob’ble a very successful seminar which was

speakers of the seminar were Dr. Paul President Elect DCI, Mr. Jagdeep attended by more than 130 delegates.

Jensen & Mr. Garry Blackwelder, CDC, Singh, National Treasurer Mr. Sunil The guest speaker for the seminar was

Atlanta, Mr. Bill Palmer, AeroMed, Inc. Kher, DCI Treasurer Mr. Himanshu Mr. Jim Coogan. Mr. Jim Coogan is a

USA, Mr. Chris Zaker, National Air Aggarwal, DCI Secretary Mr. Aneesh Principal in product development &

Filtration Association, USA. The topics Kadyan, Membership Promotion Chair application at Siemens Building

which were covered were:Mr. Pradeep Dua, Student Activity Chair, Technology, United States. Honb’le Mr.

• The Principals of air filtration. Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Coordinator Mr. Abid Husain President Delhi Chapter, • Discussion of filter types. V.K. Seth & the entire DCI Secretariat National Treasurer Mr. Sunil Kher, R.D. • Discussion of HEPA filter Team were present during the event. North 1 Mr. Mukesh Puri, Student • Testing of HEPA Filters. Activity Chair, Mr. Dhiraj Rastogi, IIE Seminar: Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE

Coordinator Mr. V.K. Seth and entire The members really appreciated the along with ASHRAE India Chapter DCI & ASHRAE Secretariat Team were way the speakers presented their successfully organized seminar on present during the seminar. topics. Special thanks goes to Mr. Space Pressurization on 29th Aug. 2014

Dyson Peter Misquitta who helped in at India Habitat Centre New Delhi. It was

Workshop, 9th August

Student ActivitiesMeerut Sub-Chapter of ISHRAE organized a Quiz Competition

Program, Designated as EXPLORE - 2K14 at its student chapter,

Vidya College of Engineering Meerut on 17th September . More

than 150 students participated in this quiz activity. Students were

given Participation Certificates and Top 20 scorers received

mementos. Engineering Models prepared by the Students of the

college were also exhibited at this event. Vidya College of Engg.

Meerut has formed a forum namely "Mechanical Engineers

Forum" in association with ISHRAE Meerut Sub Chapter. Its

inaugural function was also held on the same day.

Delhi Chapter of ISHRAE reinstalled one of its most Vibrant

Student Chapter, Hi Tech Engineering & Technology on 19th Sept.

2014. The oath to the new team was given by Hon’ble President

DCI Mr. Abid Husain. About 80 students took part in the installation

ceremony. After the installation, A lecture on “Overview of

Airconditioning” was given by Mr. Abid Husain. The entire DCI

secretariat team was present during the installation program.

Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14 Seminar, 8th Sept. 14Seminar, 8th Sept. 14

Seminar, 29th Sept. 14Seminar, 29th Sept. 14 Workshop, 9th Aug. 14Workshop, 9th Aug. 14

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Ventilation for Basement Car Parks

Introduction Back of House areas in a hotel, it is advisable to provide air

Basement car parks are proliferating in the urban habitat. What conditioning in which case comfort standards as per ASHRAE

with side open spaces being enlarged to meet fire safety norms, 55.1 or equivalent will prevail.

surface parking is becoming a thing of the past. With ever For equipment rooms located in the basement, such as air

increasing population growth and limited space, town planners conditioning plant rooms or PHE/ fire fighting pump rooms, the

are taking recourse to vertical expansion resulting in high rise circulating air requirement will depend on heat generation by the

buildings with many habitable floors to accommodate as many operating equipment and temperature rise that could be

tenements as possible within a limited footprint.permitted as specified by equipment manufacturers.

Added to this is the phenomenal growth of car population in In this article, we will look only at spaces below ground, which are

Indian cities. Multiple cars per family are becoming a norm rather used for parking of vehicles. Further, for simplicity, the discussion

than an exception.is limited to parking basements which are fully enclosed.

Public parking used to be in open spaces, but this could in no way Ventilation Requirements for Basement Parking Spaces

keep pace with the growing car population in cities. Municipal Enclosed parking area in the basement requires mechanical

corporations have devised a method where, if a developer ventilation. The major areas of concern in vehicular emissions

incorporates certain amount of public car parking in a building, he are carbon monoxide, oil and petrol fumes and NOx from diesel

is incentivized by grant of additional construction permission for vehicles. Of the three, carbon monoxide is the most hazardous

residential or commercial use.component. It is colourless, odourless and lighter than air. It gives

With ever increasing demand for urban housing as well as no warning of its presence and when inhaled, it is absorbed by

commercial spaces, the developer is left with no option but to h? moglobin in the blood and destroys the blood’s ability to provide multilevel car parks either above or below ground level. transport oxygen to body cells. Even dilute concentrations of CO Again, building height restrictions imposed primarily on account in air result in headaches, nausea and vertigo.of fire fighting considerations go in favour of parking basements

below ground rather than parking decks above. This is how

basement car parks have become a standard feature in high rise

buildings.

Ventilation and Smoke Management

Fouling of the car park environment happens when a car stops,

starts and traverses the park. The purpose of a ventilation

system is to remove contaminated air and allow outside air as

replacement, so that the net concentration of the foul gases is

within acceptable limits. Acceptable limits govern one hour to

eight hours exposure of humans. The analysis below is to

establish such an acceptable environment.

Fire mode ventilation, on the other hand, has the following Oil and petrol fumes also cause nausea and headaches and are

objectives:potential fire hazards. Nitrogen oxides resulting from diesel

i) Maintain smoke level at 2 to 2.5m so as to enable easy burning in passenger cars also produce similar results.

evacuation and to facilitate fire fighters to reach the fire.

ii) Maintain obscuration levels within limits so that exit and other The ventilation rate required to dilute CO to acceptable levels is,

signage are visible. however, satisfactory to control other contaminants as well,

especially since passenger cars with diesel vehicles may not This will involve:

constitute more than 20% of total vehicles in the parking lot. i) Establishing design fire size.

Design ventilation rate for a basement parking lot can be ii) Acceptable smoke layer depth.

determined based on the following:iii) Computation of smoke volume and temperature.

iv) Minimum number of extract and intake points. 1. Number of cars in the parking lot and number in operation

during peak hour.Such a study is not within the scope of this article.

2. Emission rate of a typical car.

When basements are used as habitable spaces, ANSI/ ASHRAE 3. Average travel time of car within the parking lot.

Ventilation Standard 62.1 or equivalent may be followed. It may 4. Acceptable level of CO concentration.

be noted that Standard 62.1 does not distinguish between The number of cars in a parking lot can vary as per the configura-

spaces above and below ground level.tion and planning of drive- ways etc., and can vary from 30 sq.m.

For spaces below ground that are normally occupied, such as to 50 sq.m. per car. Cars simultaneously in operation vary from to

An axial flow fan at basement periphery

By K. Ramachandran

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

Ventilation for Basement Car Parks

Introduction Back of House areas in a hotel, it is advisable to provide air

Basement car parks are proliferating in the urban habitat. What conditioning in which case comfort standards as per ASHRAE

with side open spaces being enlarged to meet fire safety norms, 55.1 or equivalent will prevail.

surface parking is becoming a thing of the past. With ever For equipment rooms located in the basement, such as air

increasing population growth and limited space, town planners conditioning plant rooms or PHE/ fire fighting pump rooms, the

are taking recourse to vertical expansion resulting in high rise circulating air requirement will depend on heat generation by the

buildings with many habitable floors to accommodate as many operating equipment and temperature rise that could be

tenements as possible within a limited footprint.permitted as specified by equipment manufacturers.

Added to this is the phenomenal growth of car population in In this article, we will look only at spaces below ground, which are

Indian cities. Multiple cars per family are becoming a norm rather used for parking of vehicles. Further, for simplicity, the discussion

than an exception.is limited to parking basements which are fully enclosed.

Public parking used to be in open spaces, but this could in no way Ventilation Requirements for Basement Parking Spaces

keep pace with the growing car population in cities. Municipal Enclosed parking area in the basement requires mechanical

corporations have devised a method where, if a developer ventilation. The major areas of concern in vehicular emissions

incorporates certain amount of public car parking in a building, he are carbon monoxide, oil and petrol fumes and NOx from diesel

is incentivized by grant of additional construction permission for vehicles. Of the three, carbon monoxide is the most hazardous

residential or commercial use.component. It is colourless, odourless and lighter than air. It gives

With ever increasing demand for urban housing as well as no warning of its presence and when inhaled, it is absorbed by

commercial spaces, the developer is left with no option but to h? moglobin in the blood and destroys the blood’s ability to provide multilevel car parks either above or below ground level. transport oxygen to body cells. Even dilute concentrations of CO Again, building height restrictions imposed primarily on account in air result in headaches, nausea and vertigo.of fire fighting considerations go in favour of parking basements

below ground rather than parking decks above. This is how

basement car parks have become a standard feature in high rise

buildings.

Ventilation and Smoke Management

Fouling of the car park environment happens when a car stops,

starts and traverses the park. The purpose of a ventilation

system is to remove contaminated air and allow outside air as

replacement, so that the net concentration of the foul gases is

within acceptable limits. Acceptable limits govern one hour to

eight hours exposure of humans. The analysis below is to

establish such an acceptable environment.

Fire mode ventilation, on the other hand, has the following Oil and petrol fumes also cause nausea and headaches and are

objectives:potential fire hazards. Nitrogen oxides resulting from diesel

i) Maintain smoke level at 2 to 2.5m so as to enable easy burning in passenger cars also produce similar results.

evacuation and to facilitate fire fighters to reach the fire.

ii) Maintain obscuration levels within limits so that exit and other The ventilation rate required to dilute CO to acceptable levels is,

signage are visible. however, satisfactory to control other contaminants as well,

especially since passenger cars with diesel vehicles may not This will involve:

constitute more than 20% of total vehicles in the parking lot. i) Establishing design fire size.

Design ventilation rate for a basement parking lot can be ii) Acceptable smoke layer depth.

determined based on the following:iii) Computation of smoke volume and temperature.

iv) Minimum number of extract and intake points. 1. Number of cars in the parking lot and number in operation

during peak hour.Such a study is not within the scope of this article.

2. Emission rate of a typical car.

When basements are used as habitable spaces, ANSI/ ASHRAE 3. Average travel time of car within the parking lot.

Ventilation Standard 62.1 or equivalent may be followed. It may 4. Acceptable level of CO concentration.

be noted that Standard 62.1 does not distinguish between The number of cars in a parking lot can vary as per the configura-

spaces above and below ground level.tion and planning of drive- ways etc., and can vary from 30 sq.m.

For spaces below ground that are normally occupied, such as to 50 sq.m. per car. Cars simultaneously in operation vary from to

An axial flow fan at basement periphery

By K. Ramachandran

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

heights are steadily coming down (in order to reduce construc-

tion costs) and 3 or 4 basements are becoming the norm, with the

result that ducting with distributed extraction is difficult to

accommodate.

Height restrictions in parking basements and the consequent

difficulty in accommodating ducted exhaust systems have made

impulse ventilation by means of high thrust ‘jet fans’ quite

popular. These fans produce a high velocity jet of air, which in

turn moves a larger mass of surrounding air through a process

known as entrainment. Axial flow jet fans have been successfully

used for road tunnel ventilation for some time. However, some

authorities do not accept them for ventilation or smoke exhaust in

parking basements.

In a ventilation system operating on impulse ventilation principle, A basement exhaust outlet at ground levelthe number and location of the individual fans with respect to

Significant energy savings are possible with demand control each other and with respect to the supply point and ultimate

ventilation (DCV), which varies the fan speed to regulate CO exhaust point, as brought out by a CFD analysis, is most

levels below the stipulated 29 mg/m3. This means that even if important. While these fans provide for movement of smoke (in a

larger fans are installed to meet code requirements, power fire situation) that is buoyant and rises to the top, they have little

consumption will not necessarily increase as long as demand effect on low level discharge of carbon monoxide and other

control ventilation is used.contaminants from automobile exhaust. At lower levels, air will be

Minimum Separation Distance between Intake and Exhaust drifting at low velocities leaving several pockets of contaminated

air.In large basements that are compartmentalized, due care must

be taken to separate the air intake from the contaminated air Further, since jet fans along with their mounting arrangement exhaust point. ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2007 stipulates a minimum require a depth of 400 to 450 mm from the slab soffit level, the distance of 5m between outside air intake and the potential normal tendency is to locate them between beams or even at outdoor contaminant source, which will be the location of the ‘convenient locations’ where they do not obstruct vehicle exhaust in respect of the parking garage and drive-in-queue. movement and parking. This defeats the whole purpose of CFD

analysis for determining fan locations.System Configuration

Basement ventilation systems will generally be a combination of However, lower system costs and adaptability in low height supply and exhaust. While 40% of the exhaust air is permitted by basements have made them a favorite of architects and natural aspiration through ramps and other openings in respect developers. A convincing CFD analysis at design stage and of the basement closest to ground, for all lower levels 100% of the testing of the system for CO levels after installation should be exhaust air has to be compensated through forced air supply. pre-requisites for recommending a jet fan system.

It is important to avoid short cycling of supply air and to provide Conclusionefficient, adequate air flow throughout the parking facility. The In addition to the normal ventilation requirements to keep design should provide for stratification of engine exhaust where pollutants within acceptable limits, there is a need for the smoke stationery cars are kept idling, such as near a ticket booth or an extraction systems to achieve the specified number of air exit ramp. changes (as low as 6 under Uniform Plumbing Code, USA and as

high as 30 under National Building Code 2005, India). This, Design Strategyhowever, can be non-ducted drift ventilation, keeping in mind fire One of the first international class buildings in India was the Air compartmentation requirements. A smoke extract system is India Building at Nariman Point, Mumbai that was built in the required to operate only during fire mode but can be made to 1960s with enclosed parking garages in the basements. The complement the car park exhaust as a flushing system through architects were from Chicago and the building followed Chicago periodic operation, say every 4 hours or so. The two systems City Code which required 18.0 m3/hour.m2 with 1/3 extraction at together may present a more effective design strategy.low level and 2/3 at high level. Exhaust ducting was put in place

and the basements were designed with sufficient height with the

ducting in position.

A jet fan

Most of the buildings constructed later followed the same

practice. Even today there are no prescriptive requirements for

basement ventilation of enclosed parking garages, but basement

K. RamachandranDirectorEskayem Consultants, Mumbai

K. Ramachandran is director and associate consultant with

Eskayem Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He is a past president of

ISHRAE Mumbai Chapter, and an active member of the

nascent Thane Chapter.

3 to 5% for a residential apartment or commercial building. This S. No. Parameter Unit Value

can however go as high as 15 to 20% for a cricket stadium or 7. Average CO emission g/min 1.89 + 3.66 = 2.775

multiplex cinema.at 32°C (see Table 1) 2

With the stringent environmental regulations, emission rates of g/hour 2.775 x 60 = 167

cars have been steadily reducing. On entering a parking lot, the

car travels slowly and in low gear and the engine runs hot. While 8. Average travel time Seconds 180

exiting, the car is again in slow speed and low gear but the engine Minutes 3

runs cold and the emissions tend to be higher. Emission data,

especially in parking garages, published by the Environment 9. Peak CO generation g/h.m² 75 x 167 = 2.505

Protection Agency of the USA (EPA) are shown in Table 1. 5000

Table 1: Emission data in parking garages (g/min.) 10. *Normalised peak 100 x 2.505 = 9.38

CO generation 26.7Engine running mode Hot Cold

using reference

*Year 1991 1996 1991 1996 value of 26.7 g/h.m²

Summer 32°C 2.54 1.89 4.27 3.66 11. Design CO max ppm 25

(see Table 2 – India mg/m³ 29Winter 0° 3.61 3.38 20.74 18.96

NBC 2005)

*Latest years for which emission data is available in ASHRAE Applications on the 12. *Quantity of m³/s.m² 0.692 x 10-6x9.38x website

exhaust air 180 seconds The length of time a car is idling or travelling within the parking = 0.001168facility is a function of its size and layout, and the operating time

m³/h.m² = 0.001168 x 3600 may vary from 60 seconds to 600 seconds. However, 180 = 4.2048seconds could be taken as the average. (This should be adjusted

to suit the specific configuration and may be validated by actual ACH = 4.2048 / 3m = 1.4observation in the facility).

*ASHRAE Applications 2011Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by various codes is

Since vehicle emissions have been brought down by research given in Table 2.and studies, the ventilation rate required to maintain carbon

Table 2: Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by monoxide within permissible limits can be lower than applicable various codes codes and standards, which are given below.

Average Peak International Codes for Ventilation of Parking Spaces3 3mg/ m mg/ m - ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2007 requires a minimum

exhaust rate of 3.7 l/s.m2, which is equal to 4.44 air changes US EPA 40 NAfor the above example.(upto 1 hour)

- NFPA 88A recommends a minimum of 0.005 m3/second per European Standards 40 230sq.m., which is 5 air changes.

British Building Regulation 32.5 97.5- British Building Regulations 2010 (F-Ventilation) require a (for 8 hour (not exceeding

mechanical ventilation system capable of 6 air changes per period) 15 minutes)hour for basement car parks with an additional provision for a

ASHRAE 29 130 local ventilation rate of at least 10 air changes per hour for (for 8 hour exits and ramps.exposure)

Indian CodesIndia NBC 2005 29 137 NBC 2005 (Section 6.5.4.1) recommends ventilation rate of 30 to

60m3/h per m2. For a 3 meter high parking lot, this works out to To determine the required air changes per hour (ACH) to 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Local authorities such as Municipal maintain a safe level of CO concentration within the parking Corporation of Greater Mumbai stipulate 15 air changes per hour facility, the following method of calculation can be followed: for basements.

Let us consider a parking garage in the second basement (2 Control of Ventilation Based on CO Levellevels below ground) of 5,000 sq.m. area and a height of 3m.If permitted by local codes, the ventilation air flow rate can be

Table 3: Determination of required air changes varied according to CO levels to conserve energy. This can be

achieved easily with multiple fans either with dual speed motors S. No. Parameter Unit Valueor motors connected to variable frequency drives (VFDs). In

1. Area of parking lot sq.m. 5000 multilevel basements as well as in large single level structures,

independent fan systems with individual control are required. 2. Height m 3This is to take care of fire compartmentation requirements, which

3. Volume m³ 15000specify that a single compartment cannot exceed 750 sq.m. in

4. Parking concentration m³/car 40 area for a non sprinkled building and 1125 sq.m. (750 + 50%) for

a sprinkled building. 5. Number of cars (1) ÷ (4) 125

6. Cars in operation No. 3% at one in peak

in hour time i.e. 3% in 3 minutes,

or 60% per hour

= 75 cars

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

This article was published in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Jan-Feb

2014. Copyright 2014 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. Reprinted here

by permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. This article may

not be copied nor distributed in either paper or digital form by other parties without

permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal.

heights are steadily coming down (in order to reduce construc-

tion costs) and 3 or 4 basements are becoming the norm, with the

result that ducting with distributed extraction is difficult to

accommodate.

Height restrictions in parking basements and the consequent

difficulty in accommodating ducted exhaust systems have made

impulse ventilation by means of high thrust ‘jet fans’ quite

popular. These fans produce a high velocity jet of air, which in

turn moves a larger mass of surrounding air through a process

known as entrainment. Axial flow jet fans have been successfully

used for road tunnel ventilation for some time. However, some

authorities do not accept them for ventilation or smoke exhaust in

parking basements.

In a ventilation system operating on impulse ventilation principle, A basement exhaust outlet at ground levelthe number and location of the individual fans with respect to

Significant energy savings are possible with demand control each other and with respect to the supply point and ultimate

ventilation (DCV), which varies the fan speed to regulate CO exhaust point, as brought out by a CFD analysis, is most

levels below the stipulated 29 mg/m3. This means that even if important. While these fans provide for movement of smoke (in a

larger fans are installed to meet code requirements, power fire situation) that is buoyant and rises to the top, they have little

consumption will not necessarily increase as long as demand effect on low level discharge of carbon monoxide and other

control ventilation is used.contaminants from automobile exhaust. At lower levels, air will be

Minimum Separation Distance between Intake and Exhaust drifting at low velocities leaving several pockets of contaminated

air.In large basements that are compartmentalized, due care must

be taken to separate the air intake from the contaminated air Further, since jet fans along with their mounting arrangement exhaust point. ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2007 stipulates a minimum require a depth of 400 to 450 mm from the slab soffit level, the distance of 5m between outside air intake and the potential normal tendency is to locate them between beams or even at outdoor contaminant source, which will be the location of the ‘convenient locations’ where they do not obstruct vehicle exhaust in respect of the parking garage and drive-in-queue. movement and parking. This defeats the whole purpose of CFD

analysis for determining fan locations.System Configuration

Basement ventilation systems will generally be a combination of However, lower system costs and adaptability in low height supply and exhaust. While 40% of the exhaust air is permitted by basements have made them a favorite of architects and natural aspiration through ramps and other openings in respect developers. A convincing CFD analysis at design stage and of the basement closest to ground, for all lower levels 100% of the testing of the system for CO levels after installation should be exhaust air has to be compensated through forced air supply. pre-requisites for recommending a jet fan system.

It is important to avoid short cycling of supply air and to provide Conclusionefficient, adequate air flow throughout the parking facility. The In addition to the normal ventilation requirements to keep design should provide for stratification of engine exhaust where pollutants within acceptable limits, there is a need for the smoke stationery cars are kept idling, such as near a ticket booth or an extraction systems to achieve the specified number of air exit ramp. changes (as low as 6 under Uniform Plumbing Code, USA and as

high as 30 under National Building Code 2005, India). This, Design Strategyhowever, can be non-ducted drift ventilation, keeping in mind fire One of the first international class buildings in India was the Air compartmentation requirements. A smoke extract system is India Building at Nariman Point, Mumbai that was built in the required to operate only during fire mode but can be made to 1960s with enclosed parking garages in the basements. The complement the car park exhaust as a flushing system through architects were from Chicago and the building followed Chicago periodic operation, say every 4 hours or so. The two systems City Code which required 18.0 m3/hour.m2 with 1/3 extraction at together may present a more effective design strategy.low level and 2/3 at high level. Exhaust ducting was put in place

and the basements were designed with sufficient height with the

ducting in position.

A jet fan

Most of the buildings constructed later followed the same

practice. Even today there are no prescriptive requirements for

basement ventilation of enclosed parking garages, but basement

K. RamachandranDirectorEskayem Consultants, Mumbai

K. Ramachandran is director and associate consultant with

Eskayem Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He is a past president of

ISHRAE Mumbai Chapter, and an active member of the

nascent Thane Chapter.

3 to 5% for a residential apartment or commercial building. This S. No. Parameter Unit Value

can however go as high as 15 to 20% for a cricket stadium or 7. Average CO emission g/min 1.89 + 3.66 = 2.775

multiplex cinema.at 32°C (see Table 1) 2

With the stringent environmental regulations, emission rates of g/hour 2.775 x 60 = 167

cars have been steadily reducing. On entering a parking lot, the

car travels slowly and in low gear and the engine runs hot. While 8. Average travel time Seconds 180

exiting, the car is again in slow speed and low gear but the engine Minutes 3

runs cold and the emissions tend to be higher. Emission data,

especially in parking garages, published by the Environment 9. Peak CO generation g/h.m² 75 x 167 = 2.505

Protection Agency of the USA (EPA) are shown in Table 1. 5000

Table 1: Emission data in parking garages (g/min.) 10. *Normalised peak 100 x 2.505 = 9.38

CO generation 26.7Engine running mode Hot Cold

using reference

*Year 1991 1996 1991 1996 value of 26.7 g/h.m²

Summer 32°C 2.54 1.89 4.27 3.66 11. Design CO max ppm 25

(see Table 2 – India mg/m³ 29Winter 0° 3.61 3.38 20.74 18.96

NBC 2005)

*Latest years for which emission data is available in ASHRAE Applications on the 12. *Quantity of m³/s.m² 0.692 x 10-6x9.38x website

exhaust air 180 seconds The length of time a car is idling or travelling within the parking = 0.001168facility is a function of its size and layout, and the operating time

m³/h.m² = 0.001168 x 3600 may vary from 60 seconds to 600 seconds. However, 180 = 4.2048seconds could be taken as the average. (This should be adjusted

to suit the specific configuration and may be validated by actual ACH = 4.2048 / 3m = 1.4observation in the facility).

*ASHRAE Applications 2011Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by various codes is

Since vehicle emissions have been brought down by research given in Table 2.and studies, the ventilation rate required to maintain carbon

Table 2: Carbon monoxide concentration permitted by monoxide within permissible limits can be lower than applicable various codes codes and standards, which are given below.

Average Peak International Codes for Ventilation of Parking Spaces3 3mg/ m mg/ m - ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62.1 – 2007 requires a minimum

exhaust rate of 3.7 l/s.m2, which is equal to 4.44 air changes US EPA 40 NAfor the above example.(upto 1 hour)

- NFPA 88A recommends a minimum of 0.005 m3/second per European Standards 40 230sq.m., which is 5 air changes.

British Building Regulation 32.5 97.5- British Building Regulations 2010 (F-Ventilation) require a (for 8 hour (not exceeding

mechanical ventilation system capable of 6 air changes per period) 15 minutes)hour for basement car parks with an additional provision for a

ASHRAE 29 130 local ventilation rate of at least 10 air changes per hour for (for 8 hour exits and ramps.exposure)

Indian CodesIndia NBC 2005 29 137 NBC 2005 (Section 6.5.4.1) recommends ventilation rate of 30 to

60m3/h per m2. For a 3 meter high parking lot, this works out to To determine the required air changes per hour (ACH) to 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Local authorities such as Municipal maintain a safe level of CO concentration within the parking Corporation of Greater Mumbai stipulate 15 air changes per hour facility, the following method of calculation can be followed: for basements.

Let us consider a parking garage in the second basement (2 Control of Ventilation Based on CO Levellevels below ground) of 5,000 sq.m. area and a height of 3m.If permitted by local codes, the ventilation air flow rate can be

Table 3: Determination of required air changes varied according to CO levels to conserve energy. This can be

achieved easily with multiple fans either with dual speed motors S. No. Parameter Unit Valueor motors connected to variable frequency drives (VFDs). In

1. Area of parking lot sq.m. 5000 multilevel basements as well as in large single level structures,

independent fan systems with individual control are required. 2. Height m 3This is to take care of fire compartmentation requirements, which

3. Volume m³ 15000specify that a single compartment cannot exceed 750 sq.m. in

4. Parking concentration m³/car 40 area for a non sprinkled building and 1125 sq.m. (750 + 50%) for

a sprinkled building. 5. Number of cars (1) ÷ (4) 125

6. Cars in operation No. 3% at one in peak

in hour time i.e. 3% in 3 minutes,

or 60% per hour

= 75 cars

www.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapterwww.facebook.com/pages/ISHRAE-Delhi-Chapter

This article was published in Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Jan-Feb

2014. Copyright 2014 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. Reprinted here

by permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal. This article may

not be copied nor distributed in either paper or digital form by other parties without

permission from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal.