Chiew, K.T., et al. (Eds.): PGRES 2017, Kuala Lumpur: Eastin Hotel, FCSIT, 2017: pp 9-17

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Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Handover Based on

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) Using Decision Technique

Siti Sabariah Salihin, Rafidah Md Noor, Liyth Ahmed Nissirat and Ismail Ahmedy

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

e-mail: sitisabariah@siswa.edu.my; fidah@um.edu.my; liyth1971@gmail.com; ismailahmedy@um.edu.my

ABSTRACT This paper presents the framework of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) handover schemes based on Long Term Evolution –Advanced (LTE-A) using decision technique in hybrid communication mode for Vehicles to Vehicles (V2V) communication network and Vehicles to Infrastructure (V2I) communication network. The Optimum Handover Decision Technique, (OHDT) for the VANET- LTE will be proposes to provide comprehensive understanding of the parameters influencing the VANET and their consequences by first developing and optimizing a VANET Model and the Handover Decision Model. The optimization of VANET Model and Handover Decision Model will carry out using MATLAB software by developing a mathematical model that considers the effect of the statistical properties of vehicles availability and velocities in the highway on the handover probability in the network. The optimization results expected to show that the statistical properties of vehicles availability and velocities would induce time dependence on the handover probabilities and throughput. The handover and throughput optimization conditions will be derived from the mathematical model by proposing OHDT, the handover control parameters as functions of signal quality, and vehicle velocities. Furthermore, the comprehensive simulation tool using ns3 will be develops to evaluate the performance of the propose Optimum Handover Decision Technique VANET-LTE system under different conditions. The expected comprehensive simulation tool results using ns3, obtained for several cases, scenarios, conditions and velocities will be graphically compare with other methods. The simulation results expected to show that the propose study of VANET handover based on LTE-A using propose decision handover technique will be able to be the optimum solution model approach to the seamless Quality of Services (QoS) performances in all scenarios, conditions and velocities. Keywords: Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET); Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A); Variation; Handover; Quality of Service (QoS)

Siti Sabariah Salihin, Rafidah Md.Noor, Liyth A.Nissirat & Ismail Ahmedy

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INTRODUCTION The explosive demands for a reliable drive-thru network and infotainment initiated the search for innovative network technologies that would enhance the connectivity and performance of the network during different mobility scenarios. Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the key technologies emerged to satisfy the increasing demand for a secure and reliable connection to improve the safety efficiency, highways and urban awareness, emergency services as well as informational and entertainment applications.

Figure 1: Architecture Of VANET (Hwang and Shin 2015)

VANET is a class of Ad-hoc networks that is meant to provide communications between vehicles in highway running at different velocities. Thus, the vehicles, in VANET topology, are considered the nodes that accomplish the transaction of data as a vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication. Figure 1 shows 3 possibilities in VANET architecture to allow the communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and fixed roadside infrastructure. IEEE 802.11p has the capability to natively support Vehicles to Vehicles (V2V) Communication and vehicle to roadside through Road Side Unit, RSU. IEEE 802.11p can only offer intermittent and short-lived Vehicles to Infrastructure (V2I) because of its limited radio range and without a pervasive roadside communication infrastructure. Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) can be optimized to accommodate the special needs of the vehicular environment such as low latency, transmission of small periodic packets, and reception of a transmission by multiple receivers. LTE-A provide the means of connection between the vehicles and the infrastructure network in vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication mode

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Figure 2: Problem Occurs in VANET Architecture

The complexity of VANET topologies raises concerns about the quality of service (QoS) provided in the network as showing in Figure 2. Moving network nodes with different velocities which may cause additional difficulty that may degrade the (QoS). In general, (QoS) is identified in terms of connectivity between vehicles, latency, signal quality, throughput and handover performance. Signal propagation conditions in mobile network causes different patterns of signal losses due to the reflection from vehicles running at different velocities. Many physical phenomena will alter signals shape, power, and frequency characteristics during transmission. The reflections, diffractions and scattering from static or mobile objects in the path of propagation, resulting replicas signal in the transmitted signal. Therefore, collection of multiple replicas of the transmitted signal with different phase angles and power levels will creating received signal. Moreover, vehicles variations in velocities induce Doppler effect which in turn causes a frequency shift related to the difference in vehicles velocities. Besides, V2V communication is governed by the availability of bandwidth and transmission range of the communicating vehicles. The probability of vehicles availability and bandwidth (BW) availability is a key factor influencing the connectivity between vehicles. The connectivity and latency of communication would obey similar behavior, as the velocities of vehicles in VANET are quasi-stationary random variables. Therefore, the handover performance of the network will be effected by the collection of those vehicle velocities effect, frequency shifts, and signal propagation conditions. Due to unnecessary handover requests or high handover probabilities in the network, handover performance may degrade. Therefore, there is the need to proposed optimum handover decision technique to ensure the seamless QoS.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

(Sung, Shum et al. 2012) conduct throughput analysis of one-dimensional vehicular ad hoc networks. This study considers a one-dimensional VANET, which can be used to model a highway scenario. The performance analysis reveals the relationship between coding, delay and throughput However, the study assume that cars arrive at the highway following a Poisson process and each of them travels at a constant velocity. Therefore, constant velocity does not accurately reflect the real highway scenarios. Their approach is similar to (Yuen, Yates et al. 2003). (Diggavi, Grossglauser et al. 2005) also considers the same one – dimensional mobility model. (Raw and Lobiyal 2012) proposed throughput and delay analysis of next-hope forwarding method for non-linear vehicular ad hoc networks. The next-hop forwarding method by limiting the forwarding distance for non-linear network. However, position-based routing in city scenarios faces a lot of challenges due to potentially more irregular distribution of vehicles nodes, forced mobility, and difficult signal reception. (Ge, Li et al. 2017) a member of IEEE, proposed 5G Software Defined Vehicular Network, a new vehicular network architecture integrated with 5G mobile communication technologies. Fog cells are established at the edge of 5G software defined vehicular networks which utilize multi-hop relay networks to reduce the frequent handover between the RSU and vehicles. However, some potential challenges and issues in 5G vehicular networks still need to be further investigated and haven’t been solve yet. (Hu and Grechnikov) proposed on the connectivity in one-dimensional ad-hoc wireless network with a forbidden zone. This study obtains several generic formulas for the probability that a one-dimensional ad hoc network with a forbidden zone is composed of exactly m clusters. However, the study still can’t solve how much the effect the transmission range (r) makes for the network. (Martina, Garetto et al. 2009) study on Delay- Throughput performance in mobile Ad-Hoc networks with heterogeneous nodes. This study main finding is that restricted mobility can very beneficial in terms of throughput and delay, as it allows to achieve superior performance (in scaling order) than in the case of homogeneous node mixing. However, the study assumes the node density over the area remains constant and equal to 1. This paper presents the framework of the study to propose Optimum Handover Decision Technique (OHDT) under Hybrid Communication Mode.

RESEARCH DESIGN This study is to mathematically model the VANET to understand the effective parameters to govern the VANET using variation method. Moreover, this study will identify the parameters that influence the handover probabilities and throughput in highly dynamic networks. Then, the handover and throughput conditions through the mathematical modelling will be optimize using MATLAB. Finally, comprehensive simulation tool using ns3 will develop to evaluate the performance of VANET system under different conditions.

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Figure 3: Process flow of the proposed Optimum Handover Decision Technique (OHDT)

Figure 4: Framework of proposed Optimum Handover Decision Technique (OHDT) Many traffic research has been conducted to provide the probabilistic framework that predicts the vehicles speed in highways. Most of such researchers considers the time variation of the vehicles velocity in highways. Such time variation of the vehicles mobility in highways should affect the VANET handover and connectivity performance during mobility. This time related model would be assumed to study the effects of variation in the vehicles parameters on the VANET performance along with the signal propagation modelling and bandwidth (BW) availability.

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The methodology of this research will include some important steps like designing math modelling, optimizing the model, developing an algorithm, integrating, simulation and analyzing the Model, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Research Methodology Flowchart

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RESULTS

Below are some of the findings that shows the drawback of previous studies and comparison of methods.

Table 1: Summarization Tables

Siti Sabariah Salihin, Rafidah Md.Noor, Liyth A.Nissirat & Ismail Ahmedy

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Most of the research assumes one-dimensional traffic model in steady state. However, one-dimensional traffic models do not accurately reflect the real scenarios, particularly, when steady state cases are considered. One-dimensional traffic models concept is not well suited to the real scenarios since the mobility of vehicles in highways is highly unstable with quasi stationary probabilistic nature of vehicles velocities and availability.

CONCLUSION The significance of this study is to provide comprehensive understanding of the parameters influencing the VANET and their consequences. This study develops optimize solution to be the bench mark for the best solution to evaluate another algorithm. The propose study of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) handover based on Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) using decision technique will be able to be the optimum solution model approach to the seamless (QoS) performances in all scenarios, conditions and velocities.

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Hwang, Y. and J. Shin (2015). A moving cell bearer management architecture for

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