Vehicle Emissions

8/7/2019 Vehicle Emissions

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Vehicle EmissionsVehicle Emissions


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What will we learn today?What will we learn today?

Atoms, molecules, and elementsAtoms, molecules, and elements

What is combustion?What is combustion?

Exhaust emissionsExhaust emissions

IDEAL products of burningIDEAL products of burning

REAL products of burningREAL products of burning

Click here for a short

chemistry lesson.

Skip chemistry and

go to combustion.


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AtomsAtoms

An atom contains:An atom contains:

AA nucleusnucleus mademadeup ofup of protonsprotons andandneutronsneutrons

ElectronsElectrons orbit theorbit thenucleus.nucleus.

The length of an atom is:cm

,, 000000100

1


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H H

O

Introduction to EmissionIntroduction to Emission

ChemistryChemistry Water (HWater (H22O) is made ofO) is made of

two types of atomstwo types of atoms

Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen and oxygen areHydrogen and oxygen are

found naturally in thefound naturally in theatmosphere as diatomicatmosphere as diatomic

molecules: Hmolecules: H2(g)2(g) and Oand O2(g)2(g)

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Water is formedWater is formed

during combustionduring combustion


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What is Combustion?What is Combustion?

Combustion occurs when a fuel reactsCombustion occurs when a fuel reacts

with oxygen to give off heat and light.with oxygen to give off heat and light.

**Air provides enough oxygen (~20% oxygen, ~80%Air provides enough oxygen (~20% oxygen, ~80%nitrogen)nitrogen)

Fuels are typically made of carbon andFuels are typically made of carbon and

hydrogen (hydrocarbons)hydrogen (hydrocarbons)

What are some common fuels?What are some common fuels?


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Why Do We Care?Why Do We Care?

Burning of fuel is the energy source for almost allBurning of fuel is the energy source for almost alltypes of automobilestypes of automobiles

Combustion accounts for 85% of all worldwideCombustion accounts for 85% of all worldwide

electricity productionelectricity production

Source:

http://museum.nist.gov/exhibits/timeline/item.cfm?itemId=27

Source:

http://www.sunocoinc.com/market/marketplace.htm


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BUTBUT,,

Combustion accounts for 90% of all airborneCombustion accounts for 90% of all airborne

pollutionpollution

Air pollution can lead to lung problems andAir pollution can lead to lung problems and

shorter life spansshorter life spans

Link to Lung Attack activity


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CombustionCombustion

Ideal combustion produces only carbonIdeal combustion produces only carbondioxide, water, anddioxide, water, and ENERGYENERGY::

Natural Gas:Natural Gas:

CHCH44 + 2 O+ 2 O22 COCO22 + H+ H22OO

Gasoline (approximate):Gasoline (approximate):

CC88HH1616 + 12 O+ 12 O22 8 CO8 CO22 + 8 H+ 8 H22OO

Glucose in your blood/muscles:Glucose in your blood/muscles:

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O+ 6 O22 6 CO6 CO22 + 6 H+ 6 H22OO


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Real CombustionReal Combustion

Fuel does not exist as a pure substanceFuel does not exist as a pure substance varying hydrocarbon chainsvarying hydrocarbon chains

*Jet and diesel fuel contain hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 20 carbons*Jet and diesel fuel contain hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 20 carbons

in length. Fuel oil contains hydrocarbons 20 to 40 carbons long.in length. Fuel oil contains hydrocarbons 20 to 40 carbons long.

sulfur (S)sulfur (S)

nitrogen (N)nitrogen (N)

oxygen (O)oxygen (O)

The combustion process is NEVER completeThe combustion process is NEVER completeand NEVER ideal. You will always get moreand NEVER ideal. You will always get more

than just COthan just CO22 and Hand H22OO


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Emissions: AutomobilesEmissions: Automobiles

Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)

Nitrogen (N)Nitrogen (N)

Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)

Lets look at what happens in ideal and real

combustion in automobiles. The symbols we will use

are shown below:


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Ideal vs. Real CombustionIdeal vs. Real Combustion

Hydrocarbon

Oxygen

NitrogenIdeal

Real

NitrogenWaterCarbon

dioxide

Carbon

dioxide WaterNitrogen

Carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide

Unburned hydrocarbon Nitrogen monoxide


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Primary Emissions from AutomobilesPrimary Emissions from Automobiles

Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)

Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NOOxides of nitrogen (NO, NO22))

Carbon as soot or particulatesCarbon as soot or particulates Unburned fuel (hydrocarbons)Unburned fuel (hydrocarbons)

Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22))

Water (HWater (H22O)O)

Details of primary

pollutants


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Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO) a nona non--irritatingirritating (wont(wont

make you cough),make you cough), colorless, tasteless, and odorlesscolorless, tasteless, and odorless

gas.gas.

Source: rich combustionSource: rich combustion -- tootoo littlelittle air or tooair or too

muchmuch gasolinegasoline

*Other sources: cigarette smoke or faulty household furnaces**Other sources: cigarette smoke or faulty household furnaces*


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Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

CO isCO is POISIONOUSPOISIONOUS because it reduces thebecause it reduces theability of blood to bring oxygen to the bodysability of blood to bring oxygen to the bodys

cells and tissues.cells and tissues.

Remember that oxygen is needed for theRemember that oxygen is needed for the

combustion that gives our bodies energy.combustion that gives our bodies energy.


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Nitrogen OxideNitrogen Oxide

Nitrogen oxideNitrogen oxide (NO(NOxx: mainly NO, NO: mainly NO, NO22))

Source: lean combustionSource: lean combustion -- tootoo littlelittle gasoline orgasoline or

tootoo muchmuch airair


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Nitrogen OxideNitrogen Oxide

Environmental Effects:Environmental Effects:

NONO22 is an component ofis an component ofacid rainacid rain can damage trees and lakescan damage trees and lakes

NONOXX

reacts with other chemicals in sunlight toreacts with other chemicals in sunlight to

produce ozoneproduce ozone smogsmog (brownish haze)(brownish haze)

Health Effects:Health Effects:

Lung damageLung damage Illnesses such asIllnesses such as asthma,asthma, bronchitis,bronchitis, andand emphysemaemphysema

(sicknesses caused by problems with breathing(sicknesses caused by problems with breathing

passages and lungs)passages and lungs)


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NONOxx Emissions in the U.S.Emissions in the U.S.

Density map of 1999 NODensity map of 1999 NOxx emissions, by county.emissions, by county. Highly populated areas have high concentration of NOHighly populated areas have high concentration of NOxx

Why?Why?


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NONOxx EmissionsEmissions

NOx emissions by source, 1999

NOx Emissionson i ions o

55%40%

4%

1%r ns or ion

Fue Combus ion

In us ri

Processes

Misc neous


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Particulate Matter (PM)Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate Matter (PM)Particulate Matter (PM) -- small solids andsmall solids andliquids suspended in the air.liquids suspended in the air. ex: Dust, Smoke, Sootex: Dust, Smoke, Soot

Source:Source: burning of wood, diesel and other fuelsburning of wood, diesel and other fuels

by vehicles, power plants, and also agriculture.by vehicles, power plants, and also agriculture.


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Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

Health effects:Health effects:

Nose and throat irritationNose and throat irritation

lung damage, bronchitislung damage, bronchitis

early deathearly death

Environmental effects:Environmental effects:

main source of haze that reduces visibility,main source of haze that reduces visibility,discolors clothes and furniture.discolors clothes and furniture.


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Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants

WhenWhen emissionsemissions react withreact with other chemicalsother chemicals inin

the atmosphere, they makethe atmosphere, they make secondarysecondary

pollutantspollutants..

Examples

of secondary pollutants


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Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases Green house gasesGreen house gases

Gases that trap heat like a blanket surrounding theGases that trap heat like a blanket surrounding theEarth.Earth.

A normal concentration of these gases keep our planetA normal concentration of these gases keep our planetat a steady temperature, but the temperature can rise ifat a steady temperature, but the temperature can rise ifwe have too many in the atmosphere.we have too many in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases:Greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22): normal combustion): normal combustion

Methane: coal production, landfills, livestockMethane: coal production, landfills, livestock

Water: airplanes and from surface water thatWater: airplanes and from surface water thatevaporates as the Earth becomes warmer!!!evaporates as the Earth becomes warmer!!!


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Some of the suns radiation is

reflected back into space by

the atmosphere and Earth.

EARTH

S A E

ATMOS HERE

Some of the suns

radiation passes

through the

atmosphere and

hits the Earth to

warm it up.After bouncing off the

Earth, the radiation

has lower energy that

is absorbed by

greenhouse gases.


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Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants

But wait! Theres more!But wait! Theres more!

NONOXX reacts with other chemicals inreacts with other chemicals in

sunlight to produce ozonesunlight to produce ozone Ozone isOzone iscalled smog (brownish haze) in the lowercalled smog (brownish haze) in the lower

atmosphereatmosphere

Smog and PM reduce visibility and lead toSmog and PM reduce visibility and lead to

health problems (asthma,health problems (asthma, bronchitis,bronchitis,

emphysemaemphysema))


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OzoneOzone

Ozone is a colorless odorless gasOzone is a colorless odorless gasmade of oxygen.made of oxygen.

Ozone is OOzone is O33 -- three oxygen atomsthree oxygen atomsjoined together.joined together.

Ozone is helpful in the upperOzone is helpful in the upperatmosphere by shielding us fromatmosphere by shielding us fromultraviolet light, but it is aultraviolet light, but it is a

component of smog in the lowercomponent of smog in the loweratmosphereatmosphere

O OO

RAR6


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Slide 26

RAR6 Talk to Amber.

Ball-and-stick or Lewis structures?Ruth A.Rivers, 3/30/2005


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ConclusionConclusion

It is impossible to eliminate harmfulIt is impossible to eliminate harmful

emissions, but it is the responsibility ofemissions, but it is the responsibility of

every one of us to reduce energyevery one of us to reduce energyconsumption!!consumption!!

EmissionEmission--related definitionsrelated definitions (EPA)(EPA)

Vehicle Emissions

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