Vegetative Practices for Erosion and Sedimentation Control
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Transcript of Vegetative Practices for Erosion and Sedimentation Control
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Vegetative Practices for Erosion Vegetative Practices for Erosion and Sedimentation Controland Sedimentation Control
Level IA: Fundamentals Seminar
Education and Training Certification Requirements for Persons Involved
with Land Disturbing Activities
Issued May 2009
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Objective
• Understand vegetative measures – Their role– How selected, installed, and maintained
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Key Points
• Excess soil erosion is not inevitable
• A system of measures is needed
• Vegetative measures provide many benefits
• Site characteristics determine species selection
• Establishment requires many components
• Proper maintenance is required
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Erosion and Sediment Control
• Very important to all of us• All benefit if successful • If not done properly:
– polluted streams– additional problems onsite and offsite – project delays– stop work orders – increased construction costs– $$$ for cleanup– additional time required to re-do measures
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Erosion or Sediment Control?
Soil Erosion
Soil particles are detached
and transported.• Occurs on all land • Greatest losses are from
bare soil• Vegetative cover reduces
soil loss
Sedimentation
Eroded soil is transported
and deposited.
• Sediment is #1 non-point source pollutant in U.S.
• Structural measures trap sediment
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Effective E&SC requires a System of Measures
• One measure does not solve all of our erosion and sediment control problems
• Vegetative, structural, and maintenance measures are needed– Each has an important role– They complement and aid each other
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Benefits of Vegetation in E&SC• Intercepts raindrops
– Reduces detachment of soil particles– Results in less soil erosion
• Slows runoff– Cleans runoff– Reduces runoff– Increases water infiltration– Increased soil moisture aids plant growth
• Protects structures, rivers, streams, and ponds• Reduces maintenance of structural measures
– Reduced deposition in sediment basins & other structures• Improves aesthetics, soil quality, and wildlife habitat
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Construction Sites are inhospitable for vegetative growth
Intensive treatment is needed. Pasture planting methods are not effective.
• Topsoil is removed
• Steep slopes• Low soil moisture • Low soil fertility• Acidic soils• Concentrated flow
• Compacted soils
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Vegetative Practices “Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia”
• Bf Buffer Zone• Cs Coastal Dune Stabilization • Ds1 Mulching Only• Ds2 Temporary Seeding• Ds3 Permanent Seeding• Ds4 Sodding• Du Dust Control • Mb Matting and Blankets• Pm Polyacrylamide• Sb Streambank Stabilization• Tb Tackifiers and Binders
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Buffer ZoneUndisturbed or planted vegetative strip
•General Buffer – surround sites•Vegetated Stream Buffer – border streams
•Filter sediment & other pollutants•Reduce runoff velocities•Stabilize stream banks•Provide flood protection •Improve fish & wildlife habitat•Reduce construction noise•Reduce wind erosion •Improve aesthetics
Bf
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Buffer Specifications are Based on Site Conditions
– Purpose– Topography– Watershed size– Stream size– Type of stream
• Trout stream• Warm water stream
– Maintenance
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Coastal Dune Stabilization
(with Vegetation)Planting vegetation on denuded, constructed, or re-nourished dunes
•Permits (local/state/federal)•Sand fences•Fertilization•Planting with native species•Irrigation•Maintenance•Protection from traffic
Cs
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1 Year Old Sand FenceNew Sand Fence
Sand fences help build higher dunes by trapping sand.
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Cordgrass Sea Oats
Cross Walk
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Disturbed Area Stabilization (With
Mulching Only)Applying plant residues or other suitable materials to the disturbed soil surface
• Mulching without planting • Reduce runoff and erosion• Conserve moisture• Prevent surface compaction• Control undesirable vegetation• Modify soil temperature• Increase biological activity in the soil
Ds1
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• On areas where vegetation has been removed and soil protection is needed
• Temporary cover needed:1. Final grading not complete
– Area will be disturbed again
2. Not optimum season for vegetative establishment – Mulch is applied for seasonal protection
• Large amounts of mulch are required• Application rates are much higher than for seeded areas
Disturbed Area Stabilization (With
Mulching Only)
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Per the “Manual for E&SC in Georgia”
Ds1 - Mulching Only
•On exposed areas left idle for 14 days
•Apply at the appropriate depth
•Must be anchored
•Maintain cover on 90% or more of the soil surface
•Can be used alone for up to 6 months
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Cypress mulchCypress mulch Pine BarkPine Bark
Pine StrawPine Straw BlanketBlanket
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Disturbed Area Stabilization
(With Temporary Seeding)
Ds2Establishing fast growing vegetation for seasonal soil protection
•Reduce soil erosion•Reduce runoff•Increase infiltration•Improve aesthetics•Improve soil quality•Improve wildlife habitat
Browntop millet
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Required Temporary Seeding
• Rough graded areas
• Diversions
• Sides of temporary basins
• Stockpiled soil
• Temporary dams
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Components
– grading & shaping– lime– fertilizer– seedbed preparation– proper plant selection– quality seed– proper planting techniques (rates/timing/depth)– mulch– irrigation
Temporary SeedingDs2
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Per the “Manual for E&SC in Georgia”
Ds2 - Temporary Seeding
•On all exposed areas left idle for 14 days
•Maintain cover on 90% or more of the soil surface
•Can be used alone for up to 6 months
•Permanent vegetation will be used if area is to be undisturbed for more than 6 months
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Ds2 – Plant Selection • Germinate quickly • Adequate cover • Noncompetitive
90 % cover ?
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Regional variations:
Climate&
Soils
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Soils make a difference
They vary across the state.They vary on a site.
Tifton Cecil
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Regional differences in the “Manual”
-approved species
-rates
-combinations
-planting dates
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Common Plants Used for Temporary Cover
Warm season annuals Cool season annuals
-brown top millet -rye
-pearl millet -ryegrass
-sudan grass -wheat
Warm season perennials Cool season perennial
-common bermuda -tall fescue
-weeping lovegrass
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Disturbed Area Stabilization (with Permanent Vegetation)
Ds3Planting perennial vegetation (grasses, legumes, vines, shrubs, and trees) on exposed areas for:
1. Final permanent stabilization &
2. Rough graded sites for >6 months
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Permanent Vegetation
Plans are based on soil and site conditions.
• Site location• Soil characteristics• Topography• Concentrated water flow• Planned land use • Soil fertility• Soil pH
Ds3
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Planned Components
Grading and shaping InoculantsLiming Planting method Fertilization Seeding depthSeedbed preparation Mulch Species selection Anchoring mulchSeeding rates IrrigationSeeding dates Maintenance
Ds3
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Many Planting Methods are used
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Seedbed Preparation
• Provides good growing medium for roots– critical for good plant growth– a good root system is needed in order to have
effective vegetative cover
• Incorporates lime and fertilizer 4 to 6 inches in depth
• Not normally needed for hydroseeding
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Soil Tests and Nutrient Management
1. Determines soil acidity
2. Determines soil fertility
3. Provides ample nutrients for plants
4. Protects the environment by reducing nutrient losses
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pH Scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
More Acid More Basic
(10 fold difference in acidity from one number to the next)
Neutral
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Soil Acidity (or pH)
• Greatly affects plant growth
• Most Georgia soils are acidic
• Most plants used need a soil pH of 6.0 - 6.5
• Apply 1 – 2 T/A of agricultural lime (CaC03) prior to or during establishment– Maintenance applications are also needed
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Agricultural Lime• Does not move readily through the soil
• Can be lost in runoff
Conventional planting – apply immediately before
seedbed preparation so it will be mixed into the soil
Hydroseeding - apply after cover is present
1. after straw/hay mulch is applied, 2. with topdressing, or 3. with 2nd year fertilizer
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Fertilization1. Initial – immediately before or at
planting2. Topdressing – 6 to 8 weeks after
planting3. 2nd year – the year after planting 4. Maintenance – each year
• Fertilize based on target species
• Don’t “plant it and forget it”
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Fertilizer content
Q. What do the numbers mean?
A. The fertilizer analysis
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Fertilizer Analysis
5% Nitrogen 10% Phosphorous 15% Potassium
This 50 LB bag contains 30% plant food (15 LB) and 70% filler.
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Fertilizer
Selection is based on needs of the target species
Ammonium nitrate
(N topdressing for grasses)
Initial fertilizer For legumes
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Fertilizer for Grasses
Timing Analysis
First Year N, P, KTopdressing NSecond Yr. N, P, KMaintenance N, P,
K
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Fertilizer for Grass/Legume Mixtures
Timing Analysis
First Year N, P, KTopdressing NSecond Yr. P, KMaintenance P, K
– The desired species are legumes– Legumes get N from bacteria
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Data in “Manual” and “Field Manual”
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Consider Native Grasses
• Well adapted• Extensive root system• Attractive • Excellent for wildlife• Low maintenance
•Little bluestem•Broomsedge bluestem•Reed canary grass•Eastern gama grass•Big bluestem•Indian grass •Switchgrass •Virginia wildrye
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Seeding Rates for a Quality Stand
• Under-seeding reduces the stand
• Over-seeding creates excessive demand for moisture, nutrients, light, and space
More is not always better
More seed will not overcome poor planting techniques
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Species
PLS 1/ Seeding Rate2/
LB/AC Seed/LB Seed/Sq. Ft.
Common bermuda
10 1,800,000
410
Weeping lovegrass
4 1,500,000
140
Tall fescue
50 227,000
260
Bahia 60 166,000
230
Sericea lespedeza
60 350,000
480
1/ PLS = Pure Live Seed 2/ Seeding rate when seeded alone
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Seed Label
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Pure Live Seed (PLS) Calculations
Step 1: Get information from the seed label: -tall fescue seed
-95% purity -85% germination
Step 2: Calculate the PLS value of the seed:PLS = 0.95 x 0.85 = 0.81 or 81%
Step3: Calculate the seeding rate: 50 #/AC = 62 #/AC are needed 0.81
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Optimum Planting Dates for Warm Season Plants
Plants such as common bermuda and weeping lovegrass should be planted in early spring:
April 1 - May 15
This permits germination, plant growth, and root
development prior to the hot and dry summer.
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Optimum Planting Dates for Cool Season Plants
Plants such as rye, ryegrass, and tall fescue should be planted in early fall:
September 1 - October 15
This permits germination, plant growth
and root development prior to the
winter cold and spring drought.
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Some plants develop slowly and companion plants are needed
Sericea lespedeza emergingin weeping lovegrass
Sericea lespedeza 2-3 years later
Other examples are bahia grass and crown vetch.
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Limit Seeding Rates of Companion Plants• Annuals are more vigorous than perennials
– germinate faster– grow faster– win competition for nutrients, moisture, and space
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Cool Season Companion Plants
Rye is the best winter annual.
Grows best on cold, acidic soils.
Use ½ BU (28 LB) per acre.
Do not use ryegrass in any seeding mixture.
Ryegrass is too competitive.
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Seed inoculation is needed for legumes
Nodules ofnitrogen fixingbacteria on roots
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Hydroseeded Areas - not mulched*
Ft. Stewart S. Fulton
*All hydroseeded areas, except those
that are ¾:1 and steeper, require straw/hay mulch.
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Mulch is very important!Dry straw - 2 T/A
or
Dry hay - 2 ½ T/A
This will cover about 75% of the soil surface
Use good quality material that does not contain competitive weed seed.
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Anchoring Straw and Hay Mulch
1. Mulch crimper
2. Asphalt emulsion
3. Tackifiers
4. Netting or mesh
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Disturbed Area Stabilization (with
Sodding)Establish immediate ground cover with permanent sod
Effective on steep slopes and in concentrated flow areas
Components: soil preparation topsoil application lime fertilization anchoring (on slopes >3:1) irrigation maintenance
Ds4
Cimarron Valley Sod
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Sod Solutions
Bobcat
Sod Solutions
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Dust Control
Controlling surface and air movement of dust
• Temporary– Mulch– Temporary plantings– Tackifiers/binders– Rough tillage– Irrigation– Barriers – Calcium chloride
• Permanent – Permanent vegetation and stone
Du
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• Protects young plants • Promotes plant establishment• Helps reduce erosion
-Temporary and permanent blankets-All must be approved by GDOT
Erosion Control Matting and
Blankets
MbProtective coverings used to establish permanent vegetation
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Mats and Blankets are required:
• Slopes steeper than 2.5:1 and 10’ high or higher• Concentrated flow areas• Cuts and fills within stream buffers• Streambanks• Tidal shorelines• Other areas
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Blankets must be applied correctly
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Blankets must be anchored properly. Start at top of slope and work down.
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Land application of anionic polyacrylamide astemporary soil binding agent
• To reduce erosion from wind and water on construction sites and agricultural land
• Other benefits may include improved water quality, infiltration, soil fertility, and visibility
Polyacrylamide (PAM)
Pm
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Polyacrylamide
• When timely establishment of vegetation is not feasible
• Must use site specific material• Direct soil surface application• Additional BMPs must be used with PAM• Repeat applications are needed if the area is
disturbed
Do not apply PAM to surface water
Pm
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Streambank Stabilization (using Permanent Vegetation)
Using native plants (such as black willow) to maintain or enhance streambanks
Sb
Before After
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• Intensive planning is required• Combine with structural measures • Live stakes, joint plantings, live fascine,
brushmattresses, live cribwalls, branchpacking• ½ fertilizer at planting, ¼ when new growth is 2” tall,
and ¼ about six weeks later • Labor intensive• Local/state/federal permits may be required
SbStreambank Stabilization (using Permanent Vegetation)
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• Holds mulch in place
• Options in “Manual”
Tackifiers and Binders
TbUsed to anchor straw or hay mulch
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Topsoiling
Stripping, storing, and usingtopsoil as topdressing prior toplanting perennial vegetation
• Better soil quality • Better water infiltration• Better root system • Increased plant growth
Tp
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Additional tools that aid plant growth and
development
• “Tracking” with bulldozer
• Shape of grassed waterways
• Subsoiling
• Maintenance
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Source: Florida Erosion and Sediment Control Inspector’s Manual
(This is different from Su, Surface Roughening)
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Tracked with bulldozer
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Concentrated flow areas require
special treatment
Divert water to
a stable outlet
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Choice of grassed waterway shape aids vegetative
establishment
D
Triangular
Trapezoidal – flat bottom
(runoff in sheet flow)
Parabolic
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Severely eroded and compacted areas need additional treatment
• Increased runoff• Less soil water• Less root development• Restricted plant growth• Inadequate cover
Subsoil:• when the soil is dry • on the contour • 4 - 6 months before planting trees
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Maintenance is important
Fertilizer and/or lime needed here• Many introduced plants are used in Georgia.• Some will not survive without intensive maintenance.
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Mowing Problems
For grasses on steep slopes, always maintain
at least 6” of top growth
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Proper Mowing of Critical Areas
• Never remove more than 50% of the top growth with one cutting
• Mow sericea
lespedeza only
when dormantall
% of top growth removed
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Summary
1. Vegetation can be established successfully
2. There are no “Cook Book Recipes”
3. Site specific planning is needed
4. More seed will not overcome poor techniques
5. Maintenance is required
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Questions ?