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Vegetation Agee, J. K. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washiigton, DC. Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The Historical Role of Fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. INT-187, December. Arno, Stephen F. 1979. Forest Regions of Montana. USDA For. Ser. Research Paper INT-218, 39 p. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history of the Northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry, Vol 78, 460-465. No. 8, August 1980. Brown, J. K.. 1995. Fire regimes and their relevance to ecosystem management Pages 171-178 In Proceedings of Society of American Foresters National Convention, Sept. 18-22, 1994, Anchorage, AK. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. Brown, J.K., Reinhardt, E.D. and Kramer, K.A. 2003. Coarse Woody Debris: Managing Benefits and Fire Hazard in the Recovering Forest. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105 Brown, R. T., Agee J.K. and Franklin, J.F. Forest Restoration and Fire Principles in the Context of Place. Conservation Biology, Pages 903-912, Volume 18, No. 4, August 2004, p 904. Chatters, J.C. and Leavell, D.M. (1994). Smeads Bench Fen: A 1500 Year History of Fire and Succession in the Hemlock Forest of the Lower Clark Fork Valley, Northwest Montana. Pp 55 Fischer, W.C. and Bradley, A..F. 1987. Fire Ecology of Western Montana Forest Habitat Types. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. INT 223:43-50, 55-65. Frissel, C.A. and Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem Management and the Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecological Integrity. In Water Resources Bulletin, VOL. 32, NO.2. Graham, Russell T., McCaffrey, Sarah. and Jain, Theresa B. 2004. Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Pp. 43,. Habeck-Mutch.1973. Fire Dependent Forests in the Rocky Mountains. Article in Quaternary Research. Vol. III 408-424. Kauffman, J. Boone, (2004) Death Rides the Forest: Perceptions of Fire, Land Use, and Ecological Restoration of western Forests, Conservation Biology 18 (4), 878-882. Kaufmann, M.R., Graham, R.T., Boyce, D. A., Moir, W.H., Perry, L., Reynolds, R.T., et al. (1994). An Ecological Basis for Ecosystem Management. (GTR RM-246) Fort Collins: Rocky Mtn. Exp. Station. P 880. Leavell, D. M. 2000. Vegetation and process of the Kootenai National Forest. Disertation Abstracts, catalog #9970-793, vol. 61-04B, starting on page 1744, Ann Arbor, MI. 508pp.

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C-2 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

Morgan, P. Aplet, G., Haufler, J., {and others}, 1994. Historical rand of variability: a useful tool for evaluating ecosystem change. In: Sampson, N., Adams, D., eds. Assessing forest ecosystem health in the inland west. New York: Haworth Press, Inc..: 87-111. Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest Habitat Types of Montana. USDA, Forest Service General Technical Report INT-34. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 174 pp. Pp 11-14 USDA Forest Service, 1994. Ecological Subregions of the United States: Section Descriptions. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. P45-4. USDA Forest Service. 1999. Vegetation Response Unit Characterizations & Target Landscape Prescriptions. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Unpublished Pp 1-3 and 73-90. USDA Forest Service, 2008. Bark beetle conditions northern region 2007 Ken Gibson R-1 USDA FS. USDA Forest Service, 2009. Bark beetle conditions northern region 2008 Ken Gibson R-1 USDA FS. Waring, R. H. and Schliesinger, W., 1985. Forest Ecosystems Concepts and Management. Academic Press, New York. Pp 216. Documents incorporated by reference, but not cited. USDA Forest Service. 1983. The Northern Regional Guide. USDA F.S., Northern Region. Missoula, MT. USDA Forest Service. 1984. Kootenai National Forest Land System Inventory. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT USDA Forest Service. 1987. Kootenai National Forest Integrated Plan. Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service. 1993, Habitat Type Groups and Target Stands, Kootenai National Forest, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service, R1. 1994 Insect and Disease Identification and Management. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region Cooperative Forestry and Pest Management. USDA Forest Service, R1. 1994. Beaver Creek Physiographic Area Landscape Assessment: An analysis of the biological and cultural ecology of the Beaver Creek Physiographic Area, Kootenai National Forest, Cabinet Ranger District, Trout Creek, MT. Smith, J. K. and Fischer, W. C., 1997. Fire Ecology of the Forest Habitat Types of Northern Idaho. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. INT 223: USDA Forest Service, R1. 1998 Northern Region Overview, Detailed Report USDA forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula , MT. USDA Forest Service. 1999. Vegetation Response Unit Characterizations & Target Landscape Prescriptions. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Unpublished

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USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1995. Soil Survey of Kootenai national Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service/USADI Bureau of Land Management. 1997 Upper Columbia River Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I and II. USDA Forest Service. 1986. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR Parts 1500-1508. 45 pp.

Fire/Fuels \\Agee, J.K. 1999. Effects on Landscape Fragmentation in Interior West Forests. p. 43. In: Rochelle, J.A., Lehmann., L., and J. Wisniewski. 1999. Forest Fragmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications. 322 pages. Agee, James K. 2002. The fallacy of passive management. Conservation Biology in Practice. www.conservationmagazine.org/articles/v3n1/the-fallacy-of-passive-management/ Agee, James K., and Skinner, Carl N. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 211 (83–96). http://gis.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/ecology_of_western_forests/publications/publications/2005-01-AgeeSkinner.pdf Albini, F.A. (1976): Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. General Technical Report INT-30, Ogden, UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/behaveplus/publications/Albini_INT-30_1976.pdf Anderson, Hal E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-122. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 22 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr122.pdf Andrews, Patricia L.; Bevins, Collin D.; Seli, Robert C. 2005. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 3.0: User's Guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-106WWW Revised. Ogden, UT: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 134p. Arno, Stephen F. and Fiedler, Carl E. 2005. Mimicking Nature’s Fire: Restoring fire-prone forests in the west. Island Press. http:/www2.state.id.us/lands/nat_fire_plan/county_wui_plans/boundary/boundary_plan.htm http://www.idl.idaho.gov/nat_fire_plan/county_wui_plans/boundary/boundary_plan.htm Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr016.pdf Brown, James K., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D., Kramer, Kylie A. 2003. Coarse woody debris: Managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 16 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr105.pdf

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Cohen, Jack D. 1999. Reducing the wildland fire threat to homes: where and how much? USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-173. Pacific Southwest Research Station, p.189-195 Duveneck, M.J., Patterson III, W.A. 2007. Characterizing canopy fuels to predict fire behavior in pitch pine stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. Volume 1: p. 65-70. Federal Wildland Fire Policy, 1995. www.fs.fed.us/land/wdfire.htm Finney, M.A. 2005. The challenge of quantitative risk analysis for wildland fire. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 211: p.97-108. Franklin, Jerry F.; Baker, William; Schoennagel, Tania; Moyle, Peter B. 2006. Ecological science relevant to management policies for fire-prone forests of the western United States. Executive Summary. Society for Conservation Biology Scientific Panel on Fire in Western U.S. Forests. Society for Conservation Biology, North American Section, Arlington, VA. http://www.nifc.gov/fuels/downloads/planning/EcologicalScience.pdf Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Jain, Theresa B.; Tonn, Jonalea R.; Page- Dumroese, Deborah S. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, lntermountain Research Station. 12 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp477.pdf Graham, Russell T., Harvey, Alan E., Jain, Theresa B., Tonn, Jonalea R. 1999. The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in western forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-463. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/~sheppard/swland/thin-fire.pdf Graham, Russell T.; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B., tech. eds. 2004. Scientific basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 43 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/main/fire_plan/index.html http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf Hann, Wendel.J., Strohm, Diane J. 2003. Fire regime condition class and associated data for fire and fuels planning: methods and applications. p 337-443. In: Omi, Philip N.; Joyce, Linda A., technical editors. Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: Conference proceedings; 2002 16-18 April; Fort Collins, CO. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p029/rmrs_p029_397_434.pdf Proceedings RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 475 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p029.pdf Hann, Wendel; Havlina, Doug; Shlisky, Ayn et al. 2003. Interagency and The Nature Conservancy fire regime condition class website .USDA Forest Service, US Department of the Interior, The Nature Conservancy, and Systems for Environmental Management [frcc.gov]. www.frcc.gov

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Hvizdak, Ron (Retired Forest Service Fire Manager). 2007. Risks of Using Prescribed Fire Only In the Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class Guidebook Version 1.2. May 2005 http://frames.nbii.gov/frcc/documents/1.2.2.2/Complete_Guidebook_V1.2.pdf Millar, C.I., Stephenson, N.L., Stephens, S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications. 17(8): pp 2145-2151. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/millar/psw_2007_millar029.pdf National Fire Plan, 2000. www.fireplan.gov. Can’t find & the website has changed to www.forestsandrangelands.gov National Wildfire Coordination Group 2006. Fireline Handbook. NWCG Handbook 3. PMS 410-1. pp 1-437. http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-1/410-1.pdf Peterson, David L., Johnson, Morris C., Agee, James K., Jain, Theresa B., McKenzie, Donald., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forest of the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr628.pdf Pollet, Jolie, and Omi, Philip M. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. Volume 11, pp 1-10. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=WF01045.pdf Prichard, S.J., Riccardi, C.L., Sandberg, D.V., and Ottmar, R.D. Fuels Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) Users Guide. Pacific Northwest Research Station. 143pp. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/67236.pdf Reinhardt, E.D., and Crookston, N.L. 2003. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 209p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr116.pdf Rothermel, R.C., (1972): A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels, General Technical Report INT-115, Ogden, UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp115.pdf Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 59 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp29.pdf Scott, Joe H.; Burgan, Robert E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel’s surface fire spread model. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr153.pdf

APPENDIX C

C-6 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

Skinner, C, and M. Ritchie. 2008. The Cone Fire: a chance reckoning for fuel treatments. Fire Science Brief, Issue 4, Jan. 2008, 6p. http://www.firescience.gov/projects/03-2-3-20/03-2-3-20_brief.pdf Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 142p. http://www.firelab.org/Publications/Smith_1997_INT-GTR-363_ocr.pdf Strom, B.A., and Fulé, P.A. 2007. Pre-wildfire fuel treatments affect long-term ponderosa pine forest dynamics. International Journal of Wildland Fire. Volume 16: p.128-138. https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/bitstream/2019/346/1/StromAndFule.2007.PreWildfireFuelTreatmentsAffect.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 2004. The Healthy Forests Initiative and Healthy Forests Restoration Act: Interim Field Guide. FS-799. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 58 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/field-guide/web/ Van Wagner, C.E. (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 7: 23-34. https://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&journal=cjfr&volume=7&afpf=x77-004.pdf&media=pdf&calyLang=eng Zack, Arthur C., Morgan, Penelope. 1994. Fire history on the Idaho Panhandle National Forest.

Wildlife/Old Growth Askins, R. A. 2000. Restoring North America’s Birds: Lessons from Landscape Ecology. Yale University Press. 319 pp. Austin, Matt. 1998. Wolverine winter travel routes and response to transportation corridors in Kicking Horse Pass between Yoho and Banff National Parks. MS Thesis, Univ. of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 40pp. Banci, Vivian. 1994. Wolverine. Chapter 5 IN: Ruggiero, Leonard F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski. (tech. Eds.) 1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-254. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 184 pp. Bartelt, P.E, and C.R. Peterson. 1994. Riparian habitat utilization by western toads (Bufo boreas) and spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) on the Targhee National Forest. Final Report, 11 July, 1994. Dept of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, and Idaho Museum of Natural History. Bate, Lisa J. and Michael J. Wisdom. 2004. DRAFT – Snag, large tree and log resources in relation to roads and other indices of human access on the Flathead National Forest. Progress Report July 2002. 31 pp. Bradford, Paul. 2007. Old Growth Management. 1900/2600 letter, April 13, 2007. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 1 pg. + attachment: “Kootenai Old-Growth Process”.

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Bonn, Joanne, B. Dixon, E. Kenney, and D. Pengeroth. 2007. Black-backed woodpecker northern region overview: key findings and project considerations. USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT. 41 pp. Bull, E. L. 1975. Habitat utilization of the pileated woodpecker, Blue Mountains, Oregon. MS thesis, Oregon Sate University, Corvallis, Oregon. Bull, E. L., and E. C. Meslow. 1977. Habitat requirements of the pileated woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Forestry, 75 (6): 335-337. Bull, E. L., A. D. Twombly, and T. M. Quigley. 1980. Perpetuating snags in managed mixed conifer forests of the Blue Mountains, Oregon. pp. 325-334 Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds, R. M. DeGraaf [technical coordinator], USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, INT-GTR-86, Ogden, Utah. Bull, E. L. 1980. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. PhD dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID. Bull, E. L. 1987. Ecology of the pileated woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 51 (2): 472-481. Bull, E. L., R. C. Beckwith, and R. S. Holthausen. 1992a. Arthropod diet of pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 73 (2): 42-45. Bull, E. L., R. S. Holthausen, and M. G. Henjum. 1992b. Roost trees used by pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 56 (4): 786-793. Bull, E. L., and R. S. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57: 335-345. Bull, Evelyn L., C.G. Parks and T.R. Torgersen. 1997. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the Interior Columbia River Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-391. Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service Pacific NW Res. Sta. 55 pp. Bury, R. B., D. J. Major, and D. Pilliod. 2000. Responses of amphibians to fire disturbance in Pacific Northwest forests: a review. Pages 34-42 In The Role of Fire in Nongame Wildlife Management and Community Restoration: Traditional Uses and New Directions Proceedings of a Special Workshop, Editors W. M. Ford, K. R. Russell, C. E. Moorman. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. GTR-NE-288. Bury, R. Bruce. 1983. What we know and do not know about off-road vehicle impacts on wildlife. 11pp. Butts, Thomas W. 1992. Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Biology and Management: A literature review and annotated bibliography. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 106 pp plus attachments. Cassierer, E. Frances, C. R. Groves, and D L Genter. 1994. Coeur d’Alene salamander conservation Assessment. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Missoula MT. 55pp.

APPENDIX C

C-8 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

Castaneda, Bob. 2004. Old Growth Management. 1900/2600 letter, April 26, 2004. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 1 pg. + 61 pp attachment: “Kootenai National Forest Considerations for the Management of Old-Growth” Caton, Elaine L., 1996. Effects of fire and salvage-logging on a cavity-nesting bird community in northwestern Montana. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 115 pp. Chen, Jiquan, J.F. Franklin and T.A. Spies. 1995. Growing-season microclimatic gradients from clearcut edges into old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Feb. 1995) 74-86. Cherry, M.B. 1997 (unpublished). The Black-backed and Three-toed Woodpeckers: Life History, Habitat Use, and Monitoring Plan. Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, MT. 22 pp. Christensen, Alan G. and Michael J. Madel. 1982. Cumulative effects analysis process – Grizzly bear habitat component mapping. Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 38 pp. Christy, R.E., and S.D. West. 1993. Biology of bats in Douglas-fir forests. USDA, FS. Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report. PNW-GTR 308, 28 pp. Claar, J.J., N. Anderson, D. Boyd, M. Cherry, B. Conard, R. Hompesch, S. Miller, G. Olson, H. Ihsle Pac, J. Waller, T. Wittinger, H. Youmans. 1999. Carnivores. Pages 7.1-7.63 in Joslin, G. and H. Youmans, coordinators. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A Review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife. Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307 pp. Clark, Jaimie Rappaport. 2000. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Contiguous U.S. Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx and Related Rule; Final Rule. UDSI FWS. Federal Register March 24, 2000. Vol. 65 No. 58. pp 16051-16086. Cook, John, G., L. L. Irwin, L. D. Bryant, R. A. Riggs, and J. W. Thomas. 1998. Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter. Wildlife Monographs 141. Copeland, Jeffrey P. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. MS Thesis, Univ. of Idaho. 138pp. Corn, P., P. Hendricks, T. Koch, B. Maxell, C. Peterson, and K. Werner. 1998. Unpublished letter to USFS Region 1 Species at Risk Task Group: subject – Boreal toad (Bufo Boreas boreas) listing as a sensitive species for all Region 1 Forests. 8pp. deMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology, Vol. 12, No. 2, pages 340-352. Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzly bears, elk and gray wolves: a literature review. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 53 pp. Graham, Russell T., A.E. Harvey, M.F. Jurgensen, T.B. Jain, J.R. Tonn, and D.S. Page-Dumroese. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Research Paper INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. 12 pp.

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Grant, Gordon E., B. Wemple, F. Swanson (tech. editors) 1998. Forest Service Roads: A synthesis of scientific information (DRAFT). Pacific NW Research Station, Corvallis, OR. Green, P., J. Joy, D. Sirucek, W. Hann, A. Zack, and B. Naumann. 1992 (errata corrected 2004). Old-growth forests types of the northern region. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. Grindal, S. D. 1996. Habitat use by bats in fragmented forest. Pp. 260-272 in: Barclay R. and R.M. Brigham (editors) 1996. Bats and Forests Symposium October 19-21 1995 Victotria, British Columbia, Canada. Min. of For, Victoria, B.C. 291 pp. Goggans, R. 1985. Habitat Use by Flammulated Owls in Northeastern Oregon. MS Thesis, Oregon State University, 1986. 64 pp. Hannon, S. J., C. A. Paszkowski, S. Boutin, J. DeGroot, S. E. Macdonald, M. Wheatley, and B. R. Eaton. 2002. Abundance and species composition of amphibians, small mammals, and songbirds in riparian forest buffer strips of varying widths in the boreal mixedwood of Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1784-1800 Harris, L.D. 1984. The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity. 211 pp. Hayward, G.D, and J. Verner, tech. editors. 1994. Flammulated, Western, and great gray owls in the United States: A technical conservation assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 214 p. 3 maps. Heinemeyer, Kimberly S. and J. L. Jones. 1994. Fisher biology and management in the western United States: a literature review and adaptive management strategy. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 109 pp. Heinz, Guenter (Tech. Ed.) 1996 (unpublished). Wolverine (Gulo gulo). Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 4 pp. Hendricks, P., K. A. Jurist, D. L. Genter, and J. D. Reichel. 1995. Bat survey of the Kootenai National Forest, Montana 1994. Report to USDA, Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena MT 59620. Hendricks, P., K. A. Jurist, D. L. Genter, and J. D. Reichel. 1996. Bats of the Kootenai National Forest, Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 99pp. Hillis, J. Michael, M. J. Thompson, J. E. Canfield, L. J. Lyon, C. L. Marcum, P. M. Dolan, and D. W. McCleery. 1991. Defining elk security: the Hillis paradigm. Pages 38-43 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon and T. N. Lonner, comps., Proc. Elk Vulnerability Symp., Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 330pp. Hutto, R.L. 1995. The composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northern Rocky Mountain conifer forests. Cons. Biol. 9:1041-1058.

APPENDIX C

C-10 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

Hutto, R. L. and J. S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report. RMRS-GTR-32. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72p. Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee (IGBC) 1990. CEM – A model for assessing effects on grizzly bears. USDA Forest Service, US Fish & Wildlife Service, BLM, Idaho Fish and Game, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Wyoming Fish and Game, National Park Service, Washington Department of Wildlife. Missoula, MT. 24 pp. Illg, C., and G. Illg. 1994. The Ponderosa and the flammulated. Pp. 36-37, 58. American Forests, March/April:Vol. 100:3 and 4. Jackman, S. M. 1974. Woodpeckers of the Pacific Northwest: their characteristics and their role in the forests. MS thesis, Oregon Sate University, Corvallis, Oregon. Johnson, Wayne (tech. ed.). 2005 (unpublished). Snag level crosswalk and optional snag management retention levels on the Kootenai national forest. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 5p. Johnson, Wayne J. (editor). 2004a (unpublished). A Conservation Plan Based on the 1987 Kootenai National Forest Land Management Plan as Amended. KNF WFB Steering Group Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 17 pp plus Appendices. Johnson, Wayne J. (editor). 2004b (unpublished). Wolverine and Fisher Hierarchical Approach to Conservation on the Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service, KNF WFB Steering Group Kootenai NF, Libby, MT. 8 pp. Johnson, Wayne J. 2003. Incidental Take Analysis for Grizzly Bears that occur outside Recovery Zones on the Kootenai and Idaho Panhandle National Forests and a portion of the Lolo National Forest. Unpublished Report. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF, Libby, MT. 32 pp. Johnson, Wayne. 2003b. Old growth and Pileated Woodpecker: Analysis update. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 4pp Johnson, Wayne J. 1999 (unpublished). Sensitive Species Status Summary: Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Libby, MT. 36 pp. Johnson, Wayne and Frank Lamb. 1998 (unpublished). Forest Plan Monitoring: Snags. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 4 pp. Joslin, G. and H Youmans (coordinators). 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A review for Montana. Committee on effects of recreation on wildlife, Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307 pp. Kasworm, W.F., H. Carriles, T.G. Radant, and C. Servheen. 2005. Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Area 2004 Research and Monitoring Progress Report. USFWS, Missoula, MT. 60 pp Kasworm, Wayne F., H. Carriles and T.G. Radant. 2004.Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Area 2003 Research and Monitoring Progress Report. USFWS, Univ. of MT, Missoula, MT. 62 pp

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Kasworm, Wayne and Timothy Manley. 1988. Grizzly Bear and Black Bear Ecology in the Cabinet Mountains of Northwest Montana. MDFWP, Helena, MT. 122 pp. KNF and MFWP Elk Task Force. 1997 (unpublished). Integrating Kootenai National Forest Plan and Fish, Wildlife and Parks Elk Management Plan: Final Task Force Report. Libby, MT. 8pp. IN: Appendix H of - Johnson, Wayne J. (editor). 2004 (unpublished). A Conservation Plan Based on the 1987 Kootenai National Forest Land Management Plan as Amended. KNF WFB Steering Group Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 17 pp plus Appendices. KNF Lynx Taskforce. 1997. Lynx Conservation Strategy Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service Libby, MT. 6 pp plus appendices. Kimbell, Abigail R. 2004. Northern Region revised sensitive species list. 2670 letter, R-1 USFS, Missoula, MT 10 pp. Kimbell, Abigail R. 2005. Addition of the goshawk and black-backed woodpecker to the R1 sensitive species list. 2670 letter March 31, 2005. USDA Forest Service Region 1, Missoula, MT. 1p. Kunz, T.H., and R.A. Martin. Plecotis townsendii. Mammalian Species. No. 175. pp. 1-6. Leirfallom, J. 1970. Wolf management in Minnesota. IN: Jorgensen, S.E., L.E.Faulkner and L.D. Mech (eds). Proceeding symposium on wolf management in selected areas of North America. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 50 pp. IN: Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of Forest Roads on Grizzly Bears, Elk, and Gray Wolves: A Literature Review. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, 506 U.S. Highway 2 West, Libby, MT 53 pp. Linkhart, B. D. 2001. Life history characteristics and habitat quality of flammulated owls (Otus flammeolus) in Colorado. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 221 pages. Linkhart, B. D., R. T. Reynolds, R. A. Ryder. 1998. Home range and habitat of breeding flammulated owls in Colorado. Wilson Bull., 110(3): 342-351. Linkhart, B. D., and R. T. Reynolds. 1997. Territories of flammulated owls (Otus flammeolus): is occupancy a measure of habitat quality? Pages 250-254 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, editors. Biology and Conservation of owls in the Northern Hemisphere. U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report NC-190. Lyon, L. J., J.K. Brown, M.H. Huff, J.K. Smith. 2000. Introduction to Fire and Fauna. Pages 1-8 In: Smith, J. Kapler, ed. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 1. Ogden, UT.: U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83pp Lyon, L.J., E.S. Telfer, D.S. Schreiner. 2000. Direct effects of fire and animal responses. Pages 17-23 in: Smith, J. Kapler, ed. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 1. Ogden, UT.: U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83pp. Mannan, R. W. 1977. Use of snags by birds, Douglas-fir region, western Oregon. MS thesis, Oregon Sate University, Corvallis, Oregon.

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Maser, Chris; R.F. Tarrant; J.M. Trappe; and J.F. Franklin (tech. eds.). 1988. From the forest to the sea: A story of fallen trees. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-229. Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service, Pacific NW Res. Sta. 153 pp. Maser, Chris and James M. Trappe (tech. eds). 1984. The seen and unseen world of the fallen tree. Gen. Tech. Report PNW-164., Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service, PNW Range and Exp. Sta. 56 pp. Maxell, B.A., J.K. Werner, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath. 2003. Herpetology in Montana: A history, status summary, checklists, dichotomous keys, accounts for native, potentially native and exotic species, and indexed bibliography. Northwest Fauna 5. Society for Northwestern Vetebrate Biology. Olympia, Washington. Maxell, B. A. 2000. Management of Montana’s Amphibians: A Review of Factors that may present a Risk to Population Viability and Accounts on the Identification, Distribution, Taxonomy, Habitat Use, Natural History and the Status and Conservation of Individual Species. A Report (#43-0343-0-0224) to Northern Regional Office, USDA Forest Service, 200 East Broadway, Missoula Mt, 59807. McClelland, B. R. 1977. Relationship between hole-nesting birds, forest snags, and decay in western larch-Douglas-fir forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. PhD dissertation, Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT. McClelland, B. R. 1979. The pileated woodpecker in forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, pp. 283-299 in The role of insectivorous birds in forest ecosystems, Dickson, James G., Richard N. Conner, R. R. Fleet, J. C. Kroll, and Jerome A. Jackson, [editors]. Academic Press, New York. McClelland, B. R., S. S. Frissell, W. C. Fisher, and C. H. Halvorson. 1979. Habitat management for hole-nesting birds in forests of western larch and Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 77 (8): 480-483. McClelland, B. R., and P. T. McClelland. 1999. Pileated woodpecker nest and roost trees in Montana: links with old-growth and forest "health". Wildlife Society Bulletin 27 (3): 846-857. Mellen, T. K. 1987. Home range and habitat use of pileated woodpeckers, western Oregon. MS thesis, Oregon Sate University, Corvallis, Oregon. Mellen, T. K., E. C. Meslow, and R. W. Mannan. 1992. Summertime home range and habitat use of pileated woodpeckers in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 56 (1): 96-103. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. 2004. Statewide elk management plan for Montana. Wildlife Div. Helena, MT. 394pp. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. 2004a. Montana gray wolf conservation and management plan. Wildlife Div. Helena, MT. 394pp. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1985. Coordinating elk and timber management. Final report of the Montana cooperative ek-logging study 1970-1985. Helena, MT. 53pp. Montana Natural Heritage Program. 1993. Plecotus townsendii, Townsend's big-eared bat. MNHP, Vertebrate Characterization Abstract. 5pp.

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Morrison, Michael L., B.G. Marcot, R.W. Mannan. 1992. Wildlife-Habitat Relationships Concepts and Applications. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison, Wisconsin 337 pp. Murie, Olaus J. 1979. The elk of North America. Teton Bookshop, Jackson, WY. 376pp. Murphy and Lehnhausen. 1998. Density and foraging ecology of woodpeckers following a stand replacement fire. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4): 1359-1372. O’Connor, T. and M. Hillis. 2001(unpublished report). Conservation of Post-fire habitat, black-backed woodpeckers and other woodpecker species on the Lolo National Forest. Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT. Perkins, J. M., and T. Schommer. 1991. Survey protocol and an interim species conservation strategy for Plecotus townsendii in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, P.O. Box 907, Baker City, OR. 23 pp. Pierson, E. D., M. C. Wachenhut, J. S. Altenbach, P. Bradley, P. Call, D. L. Genter, C. E. Harris, B. L. Keller, B. Lengus, L. Lewis, B. Luce, K. W. Navo, J. M. Perkins, S. Smith, and L. Welch. 1999. Species conservation assessment and strategy for Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii and Corynorhinus townsendii pallescens). Idaho Conservation Effort, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho. Pfister, R.D., W.L. Baker, C.E. Fiedler, and J. W. Thomas. 2000. Contract review of old growth management on school trust lands: supplemental bio-diversity guidance 8/02/00. DNRC, State of MT, Helena, MT. 31 pp. Powell, Roger A and W.J. Zielinski. 1994. Fisher. Chapter 3 IN: Ruggiero, Leonard F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski. (tech. Eds.) 1994. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-254. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 184 pp. Powell, H.D. 2000. The influence of prey density on post-fire habitat use of the black-backed woodpecker. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT. 99 pp. Powers, L. R. , A. Danle, P. A. Gaede, C. Rodes, L. Nelson, J. J. Dean, and J. D. May. 1996. Nesting and food habits of the flammulated owl (Otus flammeolus) in south-central Idaho. Journal of Raptor Research 30:15-20. Province of British Columbia. 1995. Forest practices code guidebook: Biodiversity. Government Publication Services, Ministry of Forests, Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC Reichel, J. and D. Flath. 1995. Identification guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Montana Outdoors 26(3):15-34. Reel, S., Schassberger, W., W. Ruediger. 1989. Caring for our natural community. Region 1. Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive species program. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Wildlife and Fisheries. 309 pp. Ripple, W.J., G.A. Bradshaw, T.A. Spies. 1991. Measuring forest landscape patterns in the Cascade Range of Oregon, USA. Biological Conservation 57 (1991): 73-88

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Roderick, Elizabeth & Ruth Milner (Technical Editors) 1991. Management recommendations for Washington’s priority habitats and species. Wash. Dept. Wildlife, Olympia, WA. Ross, A. 1967. Ecological aspects of the food habits of insectivorous bats. Proc. Western Foundation of vertebrate Zool. 1:205-264. Ruediger, Bill, J. Claar, S. Gniadek [and others]. 2000. Canada Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy. USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and USDI National Park Service. Forest Service Publication #R1-00-53, Missoula, MT. 142 pp. Ruediger, Bill. 1994 (unpublished). Wolverine, Lynx, and Fisher habitat and distribution maps, draft hierarchical approach and draft conservation strategies. USDA Forest Service 2670 letter 9/14/1994. Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 5 pp. plus attachments Ruggiero, L. F., K.B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk [and others]. 2000. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Co. 480 pp. Ruggerio, Leonard F., G.D. Hayward, J.R. Squires. 1994. Viability analysis in biological evaluations: concepts of population viability analysis, biological population, and ecological scale. Conservation Biology Vol. 8 No. 2: 364-372 Russell, William H., and Cristina Jones. 2001. The effects of timber harvesting on the structure and composition of adjacent old-growth coast redwood forest, California, USA. Landscape Ecology 16: 731-741, 2001. Russell, William H., J.R. McBride, K. Carnell. 2000. Edge effects and the effective size of old-growth coast redwood preserves. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15 Vol. 3. pp. 128-136 Russell, K. R., D. H. Van Lear, and D. C. Guynn, Jr. 1999. Prescribed fire effects on herpetofauna: review and management implications. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27 (2):374-384. Samson, Fred. 2006b. Habitat estimates for maintaining viable populations of the northern goshawk, black-backed woodpecker, flammulated owl, pileated woodpecker American marten and fisher. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 24 pp. Samson, Fred. 2006a. A conservation assessment of the northern goshawk, black-backed woodpecker, flammulated owl, and pileated woodpecker in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. Missoula, MT. 135 pp. Schirato, Margaret. 1989. Disturbance to wildlife by vehicular activity: an annotated bibliography. Washington Dept. of Wildlife. Olympia, WA. 13 pp. Semlitsch, R. D. 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding amphibians. J. Wildl. Manage. 64 (3):615-631. Semlitsch, R. D. 1998. Biological delineation of terrestrial buffer zones for pond-breeding salamanders. Conservation Biology. Vol. 12, No 5: pages 1113-1119

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Sime, C. A., V. Asher, L. Bradley, K. Laudon, M. Ross, J. Trapp, M. Atkinson, and J. Steuber. 2008. Montana gray wolf conservation and management 2007 annual report. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT. 137pp. Sime, C. 2002. Montana Wolf Conservation and Management Planning Document. (Draft), Prepared in response to the wolf management advisory council recommendations. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT. Smith, Jane Kapler (ed.) 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42 Vol. 1. Ogden, UT. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83 pp. Summerfield, R. L. 1991. Coordinating Big game and Grizzly bear standards. Internal 2600 memo, December 2, 1991. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF, Libby, MT. 4pp. The Nature Conservancy. 1999. Taxonomy information for the western toad, Bufo boreas. http:biosource.heritage.tnc.org/c.g.i_bi../generate-report.cgi?elcod=AAABB01030&filenum=2, 3/16/99. Thiel, R.P., S. Merrill, and L.D. Mech. 1998. Tolerance by denning wolves, Canis lupus, to human disturbance IN: Joslin, G. and H. Youmans, coordinators. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A Review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife. Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307 pp. Thiel, R.P. 1978. The status of the timber wolf in Wisconsin, 1975. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 66:186-194 Thomas, Alan (coordinator). 1995. Forest Carnivores in Idaho: habitat conservation assessments and conservation strategies. Idaho Fish & Game Nez Perce Tribe, and Sawtooth National Forest. Boise, ID. 126 pp. Thomas, D. W., and S. D. West. 1991. Forage age associations of bats in the Washington Cascade and Oregon Coast Ranges. In: Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-285. Portland, OR. Pp 295-303. Thomas, Jack W. tech. ed. 1979. Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests, the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Dept. of Ag. Forest Service, Ag. Handbook No. 553. Wildl. Manag. Instit. Wash. D.C. Tidwell, Thomas L. 2008. Recent Changes to the Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species List. 2670 letter April 25, 2008. USDA Forest Service Region 1, Missoula, MT. 1p Tincher, Don. 1998 (unpublished). Estimating Snag Levels within 200 feet of open roads on the Fortine Ranger District. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 1 p. Toweill, Dale E. and J. W. Thomas. eds. 2002. North American elk: ecology and management. Smithsonian Institution Press. Wash. D.C. 962pp. Tucker P. and D.H. Pletscher, 1989. Attitudes of hunters and residents toward wolves in northwestern Montana. IN: Sime, C. 2002. Montana Wolf Conservation and Management

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Planning Document. (Draft), Prepared in response to the wolf management advisory council recommendations. Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT. USDA Forest Service. 2008. Forest Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Report Fiscal Year 2007 Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. (Monitoring Item C-7) pp. 79. USDA Forest Service 2007. Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision, Northern Rockies Lynx Management Direction. USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. Northern Region, Missoula, MT 534 pp. USDA Forest Service 2004. Draft Environmental Impact Statement Northern Rockies NRLMD National Forests in Montana, parts of Idaho, Wyoming and Utah Bureau of Land Management units in Idaho and parts of Utah. USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management. Northern Region, Missoula, MT 416 pp. USDA Forest Service, 2004b. Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behaviour and Severity. Rocky Mountain Research Station, RMRS-GTR-120. Missoula, MT. 52 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2003a. Forest Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Report Fiscal Year 2002. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 60 pp. USDA Forest Service. 2003b. Technical Report: Analysis of the Management Situation for Revision of the Kootenai and Idaho Panhandle Forest Plans March 2003. 149 pp. USDA, Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest. 2001. Forestwide Fuels Reduction and Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Environmental Assessment, Kootenai National Forest, September 2001. 168pp. plus appendices. USDA Forest Service. 2000a. Northern Region Snag Management Protocol. Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 35 pp. USDA Forest Service et. al. 2000b. Interior Columbia Basin Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement Volume 2 – Appendices: Appendix 12. PNW and Northern Regions USFS, USDI BLM. Pp 12-1 thru 12-14. USDA Forest Service (Russ Gautreaux technical editor). 1999. Vegetation Response Unit Characterizations and Target Landscape Prescriptions 1999. Northern Region, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, Mt. 174pp. USDA Forest Service. 1998a. Forest Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Report Fiscal Year 1997. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 121pp. USDA Forest Service, 1998b. Environmental Assessment for Forestwide Blowdown Salvage. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service. 1995. Inland Native Fish Strategy Environmental Assessment Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact. Intermountain, Northern and Pacific Northwest Regions, Bureau of Land Management. 17 pp plus attachments USDA Forest Service. 1988. Cumulative effects analysis process for the Selkirk/Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear ecosystems. 32 pp.

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USDA Forest Service. 1987. Kootenai National Forest Plan, Volume I. USDA Forest Service. Northern Region Missoula, MT. USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Final rule designating the Northern Rocky Mountain Population of Gray Wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Federal Register 2/28/2008. pages 10514-10560 USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2007a. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Interagency 2006 Annual Report. C.A. Sime and E.E. Bangs, eds. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena MT. 59601 235pp. USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007b. Biological Opinion on the effects of the Northern Rocky Mountains NRLMD on the Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of Canada Lynx (Lynx Canadensis) (Lynx) in the contiguous United States. USFWS Helena, MT.95pp USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Biological Opinion for the Kootenai, Idaho Panhandle, and Lolo National Forests Land and Resource Management Plans Amendment for Motorized Access Management within the Selkirk and Cabinet Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Zones. USFWS Upper Columbia (Spokane, WA) and Montana (Helena, MT) Field Offices. February 9, 2004. 163 pp. USDI US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Grizzly bear recovery plan. Missoula, MT. 181 pp. USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 119pp. USDI US Fish and Wildlife Service1978. Recovery plan for the eastern timber wolf. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 79 pp. IN: Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of Forest Roads on Grizzly Bears, Elk, and Gray Wolves: A Literature Review. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, 506 U.S. Highway 2 West, Libby, MT 53 pp. Warren, N., technical editor. 1990. Old-growth habitats and associated wildlife species in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA, Forest Service, Missoula, MT. Weaver, John L., Paul C. Paquet, and Leonard F. Ruggiero. 1996. Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology Vol. 10, No. 4 August 1996. pp. 963-976 Werner, J. K., and J.D. Reichel. 1994. Amphibian and reptile surveys of the Kootenai National Forest, 1994. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena MT. 104pp Werner, J.K. and J.D. Reichel. 1996. Amphibian and reptile monitoring/survey of the Kootenai National Forest: 1995. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program. 115 p. Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath.. 2004. Amphibians and Reptiles of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company.

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Weydemeyer, W., and D. Weydemeyer. 1928. The woodpeckers of Lincoln County, Montana. The Condor, Vol. XXX, 339-346. Whitaker, J. O., C. E. Maser, and L. E. Keller. 1977. Food habits of bats of western Oregon. Northwest Sci. 51:46-55. Wilson, Mark R. 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service March 6, 2001 Concurrence letter on maps of threatened and endangered species potential distribution on the Kootenai National Forest. 2 pp. (plus attachments), USFWS Montana Field Office, Helena, MT. Witmer, Gary W., Sandra K. Martin, and Rodney D. Sayler. 1998. Forest carnivore conservation and management in the interior Columbia basin: Issues and environmental correlates. USDA Forest Service, Pacific NW Res. Station, Portland, OR. Gen. Tech. Report PNW-GTR-420. 51 pp. Wittinger, Tom, W. Kasworm, W. Wakkinen, T. Manley, B. Summerfield, L. Young and B. Ralphs. 2002. Grizzly bear distribution outside of recovery zones. U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Idaho Fish and Game. 2 page memo plus maps of the Cabinet Yaak Ecosystem. Wright, V. 1996. Multi-scale analysis of flammulated owl habitat use: owl distribution, habitat management, and conservation. M.S. Thesis. University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 91 pages Wright, V., S. J. Hejl, and R. L. Hutto. 1997. Conservation implications of a multi-scale study of flammulated owls (Otus flammeolus) habitat use in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Pgs. 506-516 in J. R. Duncan, D. H. Johnson, and T. H. Nicholls, editors. Biology and Conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. U.S.D. A. Forest Service General Technical Report NC-190.

Hydrology Johnson, S.R. 1990. Kootenai National Forest Hydraulic Guide. Page 41. Johnson, S.R. 1991. Clarification of Forest Plan Water Yield Analysis Procedure. Internal Document, Unpublished. 3pp. Johnson, S.R. 1992. Overview of KNF Watershed Sensitivity Analysis. Internal Document, Unpublished. 3pp. King, J.G. 1989. Streamflow Responses to Road Building and Harvesting: a Comparision with the Equivalent Clearcut Area Procedure. Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper INT-401 13 pp. Montana DEQ. 1996. Montana List of Waterbodies in Need of Total Maximum Daily Load Development. Helena, Montana. Montana DEQ. 2006. Montana List of Waterbodies in Need of Total Maximum Daily Load Development. Helena, Montana. Phankuch, D. 1975. Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region Missoula, MT. 26 pp. Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22 (1994) pp. 169-199.

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Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO. p. 1-3, 6-30, and 8-9. Troendle, C.A. 1987. The Potential Effect of Cutting and Thinning on Streamflow from the Subalpine Forest. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station RM-274. 9pp. USDA Forest Service. 1995. Soil Survey of Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service. Place of publication unknown. pp. 17-18, 20-21, and 26-27. Vaneck, M. 1975. Crosscuts and Rails: The history of three pioneer communities, White Pine, Belknap, and Alger. p. 152. Wegner, S. 1999. Monitoring results of Quartz Creek wateshed restoration activities. In 1999 Summer Specialty Conference Proceedings. Bozeman, MT. 8 pp.

Fisheries Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. Am. Fish. Soc. Monograph No. 6. 275 pp. Belt G.H., J. O'Laughlin and T. Merrill. 1992. Design of Forest Riparian Buffer Strips for the Protection of Water Quality: Analysis of Scientific Literature. Idaho Forest Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group, Report No.8, Idaho Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho. Bjornn, T. C. and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. Pages 83-138 in W. R. Meehan ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fish and their habitat. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:83-138, 1991. De Staso, J. III and F.J. Rahel. 1994. Influence of water temperature on interactions between young Colorado River cutthroat trout and brook trout in a laboratory stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:289-297. Downs, C. C., and Robert Jakubowski. 2003. Lake Pend Oreille/Clark Fork River fishery research and monitoring, Progress Report 2002. Idaho Tributary Habitat and Acquisition Program, Appendix A. Report to Avista Corporation, Spokane, WA. Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game, Clark Fork, ID and Avista Corp., Noxon, MT. Griffith, J. S. 1988. Review of competition between cutthroat trout and other salmonids. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:134-140. Hillman, T. W., J. S. Griffith & W. S. Platts, 1987. Summer and winter habitat selection by juvenile chinook salmon in a highly sedimented Idaho stream. Trans. am. Fish. Soc. 116: 185–195. Lee, D. C., J. R. Sedell, B. E. Rieman, R. F. Thurow, and J. E. Williams. 1997. Broad scale assessment of aquatic species and habitats. An assessment of ecosystem components in the

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interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Vol. 3, Chap. 4. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405. Liknes, G. A., and P. J. Graham. 1988. Westslope cutthroat trout in Montana: life history, status, and management. American Fisheries Symposium, 4:53-60. Montana Bull Trout Scientific Group (MBTSG). 1998. The relationship between land management activities and habitat requirements of bull trout. Report prepared for the Montana Bull Trout Restoration Team, Helena, Montana. Moran, S. 2005. Fisheries Surveys of the Beaver Creek drainage, Montana – 2004 Final Report. 61 pp. Prepared for Avista Corporation, Noxon, Montana. Murphy M. L., and William R. Meehan 1991. Stream ecosystems, pp. 17-46, in Meehan [ed.] Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitat. American Fisheries Society Publication 19, Bethesda, Maryland. Pratt, K.L. and J.E. Huston. 1993. Status of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Lake Pend Oreille and lower Clark Fork River: DRAFT. Washington Water Power, Spokane, Washington. Rieman, B. E., and K. A. Apperson. 1989. Status and analysis of salmonids fisheries: westslope cutthroat trout synopsis and analysis of fishery information, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID. Job Performance Report, Project F-73-R-11, Subproject II, Job 1. Rieman, B.E., and J.D. McIntyre. 1993. Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. General Technical Report INT-302, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology. Pagosa Springs, CO. Shepard B. S., S. Leathe, T. Weaver, and M. Enk. 1984. Monitoring Levels of Fine Sediment within Tributaries to Flathead Lake and Impacts of Fine Sediment on Bull Trout Recruitment. IN: Proceedings of the Wild Trout III Symposium. Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Sept. 24-25, 1984. Shepard, B.B., R. Spoon, and L. Nelson. 2001. Response of an extant westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) population following physical removal of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and restoration of habitat in White’s Creek, Montana. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks and Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Smith, R.W., T.E. Vore, E.M. Pannier, and G.E. Hendrix. 1995. Tributary Survey, Lower Clark Fork River Drainage. Stream Rehabilitation Project: Little Beaver Creek, Montana. Prepared for the Washington Water Power Company, Spokane WA. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS). 1987. Kootenai National Forest Plan, Vol. 1. USDA Forest Service, Libby, Montana, pp. III26-III31. ______. 1995. Environmental Assessment: Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact. Interim Strategies for managing fish-producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington,

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Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction C-21 Appendix C

Idaho, western Montana and portions of Nevada (Inland Native Fish Strategy). USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Regions. ______. 1998. Beaver Creek Ecosystem Management Project and Associated Timber Sales Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Washington Water Power. 1996. Lower Clark Fork River Tributary Survey. Washington Water Power Company, Spokane, WA. pp. 161-180, 225-226; Appendix B pp. 272-295. Weaver, T.M. and J.J Fraley. 1991. Fisheries Habitat and Fish Populations. Report to the Flathead Basin Commission, Water Quality and Fisheries Cooperative Program. Flathead Basin Commission. Kalispell, MT.

Soils Amaranthus, M. P.; J. M. Trappe and R. J. Molina. 1989. Long-term forest productivity and the living soil. In: Maintaining the long-term productivity of Pacific northwest forest ecosystems. D. A. Perry, ed. pp. 36 and 48. Arno, Stephen F. 1996. The Concept: Restoring Ecological Structure and Process in Ponderosa Pine Forests. In: The Use of fire in Forest Restoration. Hardy, C. C., and S. F. Arno. 1996. USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, UT. INT-GTR-341. Brady, Nyle C., and Ray R. Weil. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Thirteenth Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Pp 928-929. Brooks, K., P. Ffolliott, H. Gregersen, and L. DeBabo. 1997. Hydrology and Management of Watersheds. 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press. Ames, IA. 502 pp. Brown, J.K., E.D. Reinhardt, and K.A. Kramer. 2003. Coarse woody debris: managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105, July, 16 pp. Certini, G., 2005. Effects of Fire on Properties of Forest Soils: A Review. Oecologis. 143: 1-10 Choromanska, U., and T. H. DeLuca. 2001. Prescribed Fire Alters the Impact of Wildfire on Soil Biochemical Properties in a Ponderosa Pine Forest. Published in Soil Sci. Soc. AM. J. 65:232-238. DeBano, L.F. 1991. The effect of fire on soil properties. In: Proceedings- -Management and Productivity of Western Montane Forest Soils. Harvey, A and L. Neuenschwander, compilers. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Pp. 151-155. DeBano, L.F. 1981. Water repellant soils: a state-of-the-art. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-46, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., USDA Forest Service, Berkeley, CA. 21 pp. Dyrness C.T. 1976. Effect of wildfire on soil wettability in the high Cascades of Oregon. Res. Pap. PNW-202. 18 pp. Hart, S., T. H. , G. S. Newman, M. D. MacKenzie, and S. I. Boyle. 2005. Post-fire Vegetation Dynamics for Microbial Community Structure and Function in Forest Soils. Forest Ecology and Management. 220: 166-184.

APPENDIX C

C-22 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

Garrison, M. T. and J. A. Moore. 1998. Nutrient management: a summary and review. In: Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Garrison-Johnston, M. T., J. A. Moore and G. J. Niehoff. 2001. Cooperative Supplemental Report 98: 5. Graham, R. T., A. E. Harvey, M. F. Jurgenson, T. B. Jain, J. R. Tonn and D. S. Page-Dumroese. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Research paper INT-RP-477. Goodwin, K, and R. Sheley. October 2002. Revegetation Guidelines for Western Montana. Draft, MSU – Bozeman. Harvey, A.E., M.F. Jurgensen, M.J. Larsen, and J.A. Schlieter. 1986. Distribution of active ectomycorrhizal short roots in forest soils of the Inland Northwest: effects of site and disturbance. Research Paper INT-374, 9 pp. Huffmann, E.L., L.H. MacDonald, and J.D. Stednick. 2001. Strength and persistence of fire-induced soil hydrophobicity under ponderosa and lodgepole pine, Colorado Front Range. Hydrol. Process. 15: 2877-2892. Kuennen, Louis 2009. personal conversation with the KNF Soil Scientist regarding DSD following harvest activity Kuennen, Louis. 2007. Thirty-Five Years of Studying, Learning about, and Interpreting Soil on the Kootenai National Forest. White Paper. Kuennen, Louis. 1988-2005. On-Going Soil Monitoring regarding harvest activities and related soil disturbance values on the Kootenai National Forest. White Paper. Kuennen, Louis. 2003. Monitoring Averages/Recommendations. Internal Document. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Kuennen, Louis. 2000. Fires effects on soils. Appendix E in: Forest Assessment of 2000 Major Fires. Kootenai National Forest. Kuennen, Louis, and Marci Nielsen-Gerhardt. 1995. Soil Survey of the Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Libby, MT. Kuennen, Louis, and Marci Nielsen-Gerhardt. 1984. Kootenai National Forest Land System Inventory. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Megahan, W.F. 1990. Erosion and site productivity in western-Montana forest ecosystems. In: Proceedings, Management and Productivity of Western-Montana Forest Soils. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. pp. 146-150. Mehringer, P.J., Jr. 1985. Late quaternary pollen records from the interior Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Basin of the United States. In Bryant, V.M., Jr. and Holloway, R.G., eds. Pollen records of late Quaternary North American sediments. Dallas, TX: Am. Assoc. of Strat. Palynologists, p. 167-189.

REFERENCES

Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction C-23 Appendix C

Mehringer, R.T., Jr. E. Blinman, and K.L. Petersen. 1977. Pollen influx and volcanic ash. Science 198(4314):257-261. Powers, R. F. 1990. Are we maintaining the productivity of Forest lands? Establishing guidelines through a network of long-term studies. In: Harvey, A. E. and L. F. Neuenschwander (Eds.). Proceedings-Management Productivity of Western Montane Soils. USDA, Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. pp. 70-81. R1 Clarrification of Soil Quality Standards, 2008. Draft Version, U.S. Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service, XX pp. USDA Forest Service, 2003. Kootenai National Forest, 2002 Forest Plan Monitoring Report. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Item F4. USDA FS. 1999. Region 1 Soil Quality Standards. 2554.03-R1 Suppl. 2500-99-1. 6p. USDA Forest Service, 1998. Kootenai National Forest, 1997 Forest Plan Monitoring Report. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Item F4. USDA Forest Service 1995. Soil Survey of the Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. USDA. Forest Service and Natural Resource Conservation Service. Place of publication unknown. pp. 17-18, 20-21, and 26-27. USDA Forest Service 1995b. Inland Native Fish Strategy Environmental Assessment, Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact, Intermountain, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Regions, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA, 1988b. Soil and Water Conservation Practices Handbook. FSH 2509.22 R1/R4 5/88. – I need 2509.18 USDA FS. 1987. Kootenai National Forest, Forest Plan, Northern Region, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, September 1987, pp. II-7. USDA Forest Service, 1976. National Forest Management Act (NFMA), US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, 19XX, Forest Service Manual 2554.1, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, 1960. National Forest Multiple-Sustained Use Yield Act of 1960, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, 19XX. US Department of Forest Service, Burned-Area Emergency Rehabilitation Handbook FSH 2509.13. Wells, C.G., R.E. Campbell, L.F. DeBano, C.E. Lewis, R.L. Fredriksen, E.C. Franklin, R.C. Froelich and D.H. Dunn. 1979. Effects of Fire on Soil: A State of the Knowledge Review. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7. p.26.

Scenic

APPENDIX C

C-24 Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction Appendix C

USDA Forest Service, KNF Forest Plan, 1987a, II-2 USDA Forest Service, KNF Forest Plan, 1987a, II-5 The Forest Plan USDA Forest Service, 1987a, VI-23 USDA Forest Service, December 1995, Agriculture Handbook Number 701: Landscape Asthetics, A Handbook for Scenery Management.

Cultural Resources Draszt, Joan M. Echoes of Crosscuts and Rails. 1998. Historic Overview of the Kootenai National Forest, Northern Region, 1994; Miss, Christian J. ed. Kootenai National Forest Publication. Malouf, C.I. 1982. A Study of the Prehistoric and Historic Sites Along the Lower Clark Fork River Valley, Western Montana. Contributions to Anthropology, No. 7. University of Montana, Missoula. Crowley, F. A. 1963. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Mines and Mineral Deposits (except fuels) Sanders County, Montana. Bulletin 34, pg. 56. Timmons, Rebecca S., et al 1997, revised 2007. Kootenai National Forest Heritage Resource Guidelines for Site Survey Strategy. Ms. on file at Kootenai National Forest, Libby, Montana.

Sensitive Plants Clearwater National Forest-Clustered Lady’s Slipper, report on line at http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/clearwater/terra_org/plants/sensitive/htm/cppriped.htm Kootenai National Forest Sensitive Plant Field Guide, March 2005, fifth edition. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, KNF. Leavell, Dan, Triepke, Jack, 1995. Sensitive Plant Program for the Kootenai National Forest, Policy and Methodology for PETS Plant Species Management. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Lichthardt, J. 2003. Conservation strategy for Clustered Lady’s-Slipper Orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum) in U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Draft). Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Natural Resource Policy Bureau, 600 South Walnut, P.O. Box 25, Boise, Idaho 83707. 25 pages with Appendices Montana Natural Heritage Program (MNHP) Montana Rare Plant Field Guide, on-line at http://fieldguide.mt.gov. Vanderhorst, J. 1997. Status review of Clarkia rhomboidea in Montana. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, 1101 US Hwy 2 West, Libby, Montana 59923. 19 pages and Appendices

REFERENCES

Little Beaver Hazardous Fuels Reduction C-25 Appendix C

Air Quality

Barrows, J.S., D.V. Sandberg and J.D. Hart. Lightning fires in northern Rocky Mountain Forest. USDA: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and the Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State University. 1977 p.31. Ward, D. E., C.K. McMahon, and R.W. Johanson. An update on particulate emission from forest fires. Paper 67-2.2, Portland OR 15p. 176. Environmental Protection Agency Report AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Chapter 13 p. 13 1-5. A Desk Reference for Air Quality Analysis. P.3.1.2-1

Economics Russell, John C., Peggy Adams-Russell, Ellen Frament, and Mike Niccolucci. 2006. Conditions and Trends: Social and Economic Systems for the Kootenai and Idaho Panhandle Plan Revision Zone, Libby, MT, Kootenai National Forest.