Vegetable Grafting— a Pest Management...
Transcript of Vegetable Grafting— a Pest Management...
Vegetable Grafting—
a Pest Management Perspective
Sanjun Gu
State Vegetable Specialist Lincoln University in
Missouri
Outline Vegetable Grafting: some examples Vegetable Grafting: the Concept The Pest Management and Vegetable
Grafting Grafting Methods: the very brief New challenges in Vegetable Grafting The labor concerns Vegetable Grafting Research
Lisbon, Portugal 2010 --Increase vigor and yield
Ji’nan, China 2010 --The best watermelon
• Increased vigor •Enhanced cold tolerance •Improved yield and quality •Increased disease resistance
Photo: Dr. Wayne Fish --a Fusarium infected watermelon field
China, June 2010
Overwinter cucumber • Cold resistance • Disease resistance • Much enhanced vigor •High yield
Overwinter eggplants • Cold resistance • Disease resistance • Much enhanced vigor •High yield •Enhanced color
In Japan and South Korea
Watermelon: 91% Cucumber: 79% Eggplant: 57% Tomato: 41% Greenhouse production of the above: >90%
North/Central America About 40 millions of grafted hydroponic
tomatoes (Ontario or British Columbia) Less than 100k grafted watermelons in open
fields. Mexico had over 1250 acres of grafted
tomatoes to overcome Fusarium. Mexico also has many grafted watermelons
for Fusarium resistance (Abott&Cobb) Many farmers are interested in tomato
grafting, especially with heirlooms because of the disease resistance
What is Grafting?
Scion
Graft Union Rootstock
Advantages: Pest management The phase out of Methyl Bromide Fumigation made the
control of soil-borne disease difficult
Resistance to some soil-borne diseases Fusarium wilt: melon, cucumber and tomato Bacterium wilt: tomato, eggplant. Verticillium wilt: tomato.
Resistance to root-knot nematodes: cucumber, melon, watermelon, tomato, eggplant.
Grafting can transfer resistance against the carmine spider mite from Lagenaria rootstocks to Cucurbita scions.
Some rootstocks can render grafted plants resistant to some viruses.
•Fusarium wilt: cucumber, melon, watermelon, tomato •Bacterial wilt: tomato, eggplant •Verticillium wilt: tomato, eggplant •Phytophthora blight: pepper •Nematode: tomato, melon
From Sally Miller, Ohio State Univ.
Tomato Spotted Wilt
TSW incidence (%) Non-grafted: 79.8 a Self-grafted: 79.3 a Grafted: 59.5 b Rootstock: 1.3 c
Riley et. al. 2011
Zhao, 2010. Personal communication
Root Nematodes
Ungrafted: 4.6 Self-Grafted: 4.4 Grafted: 0-0.8
Galls rated at a 0-5 scale. Zhao, 2010 personal communication
Disease Resistance of Grafted Vegetables Disease resistance /tolerance in grafted
plants: not well understood.
Tomato
(Rivard and Louws, 2008)
Tomato Rootstocks
Cucurbit Rootstocks
Rootstocks for Watermelon Grafting
Rootstocks for Cucumbers
Vigorous root systems of the rootstocks Increased uptake of water and minerals in
grafted plants Lower ion concentration in xylem sap from
grafted plants due to the increased absorption of water and possible dilution effect
Rootstocks affect uptake and translocation of N, P, Mg, Fe, and Ca.
Water and Nutrient Uptake
Vigor of “Grafted Hybrid”
Modification of endogenous plant hormone (e.g., cytokinins) status by rootstocks
Gene expressions in the scion associated with various aspects of plant metabolism can be affected by rootstocks (Zhang et al., 2008).
long-distance translocation of RNA (Kudo and Harada, 2007) and protein (Gόmez et al., 2005) through phloem in grafted plants
Rootstock-scion interaction
Select scions and rootstocks
Schedule the best time for grafting
Conduct grafting
Plant seeds
The healing process
Acclimate the healed grafts
Plant grafted transplants
Grafting Flow Chart and Methods
Tubing Grafting method
Some Pics. from NC State University website (The Peet group)
Insertion method
Cucumber: tongue approach method
Rootstock: Cucurbita ficifolia
Scion
Rootstock Scion
Cleft Method
From Xin Zhao
Management of Grafted (Tomato) plants
Graft union should be at least 1 inch above the ground when planting
Keep removing suckers or lateral shoots arising below the graft union
Keep one or two leaders depending on the rootstock varieties used
Other management the same as that for normal tomato plants
Suckers should be REMOVED
Cost Analysis
WATERMELON Non-grafted (seedless) watermelon - $0.28 Grafted (seedless) Watermelon - $0.75
$704 more per acre (1,500 plants) 12.6% return on investment when
Fusarium wilt is problematic
Adapted from Dr. Wayne Fish
Grafted and nongrafted transplant production costs were $0.59 and $0.13 in NC, and $1.25 and $0.51 in PA, respectively.
Direct costs associated with grafting (e.g., grafting labor, clips, chamber, etc.) accounted for 37% to 38% of the added cost of grafting.
Grafting labor was 11.1% to 14.4% of the cost of grafted transplant production.
Seed costs represented 52% and 33% of the added cost of grafting at the two sites.
Indirect costs (e.g., soil, trays, and heating) accounted for 10% and 30% of the added cost of grafting.
Rivard et. al. 2010
Tomato Plants
North Carolina State Univ.: tomato Ohio State Univ.: tomato, watermelon Univ. of Arizona: tomato and melon Clemson Univ.: watermelon Texas A&M: melon Univ. of Florida: watermelon and tomato USDA : watermelon and Solanaceous crops
Research Examples in the U.S.
Some info from Dr. Zhao
Research at LU
Grafting Compatibility with Heirloom Tomatoes
Grafted watermelons Training and Nutrients management of
Grafted Tomatoes
Grafting greenhouse type cucumbers
Questions?
Sanjun Gu State Horticulture Specialist Cooperative Extension and
Research Program Lincoln University of Missouri 820 Chestnut Street Jefferson City, MO 65102-0029 Phone: 573-681-5524 Fax: 573-681-5313 E-mail: [email protected]