Vegan Starter Pack

8/13/2019 Vegan Starter Pack

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Vegan Starter Pack

Why, What, and HowPeople are interested in veganism for many rea-sons. These include reducing suffering, helpingthe environment, and improving their health.

Regardless of why you are exploring veganism,your example and your choices are the mostimportant things you can do to help make the

world a better place. By not buying meat, eggs,and dairy, each individual is making a statementagainst cruelty to animals, undertaking an eco-nomic boycott, supporting the production ofnonanimal products, and supporting more sus-tainable agricultural practices. These decisions,and the message they send to others, help makesociety more humane.

As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, The time isalways ripe to do right.

Two Questions

With so many reasons tobecome vegan, its not sur-

prisingthere aremany

views ofwhat vegan-ism means.

Beyond not buying the products for which animalsare raised and slaughtered, each individual hasdifferent opinions about being vegan. Everyonetakes their own path.

Once you make the decision to oppose factoryfarms and industrial slaughterhouses, you will facea number of questions. There are two particularlydifficult questions that youll need to ask yourself:

1. What exactly is a vegan?

2. How should I deal with other people whoarent vegan?

The Impossible Quest for PurityWhen you first discover the reality of modern ani-mal agriculture, you might feel compelled to tryto root out every single product associated withanimal suffering. Unfortunately, personal purityis impossible.

All around us are items connected in some

way to animal exploitation: organic foods (animalmanure used as fertilizer), cotton (animal productsin the bleaching process), bicycles (animal fat usedin the vulcanization of tires), books (hooves andbones in binding glue), roads and buildings (animalproducts used in curing concrete), water (testedwith animal products, often filtered through bonechar), etc. Even many vegan foods result in killingsome animals during planting and harvesting.

Vegan Outreachs View:A Results-Based ApproachWe believe that framing veganism as the avoid-ance of a specific list of bad ingredients is notthe best way to achieve results. When looked atclosely, any ingredients-based definition of vegancollapses into inconsistencies. This is why westress that the essence of being vegan is workingto end cruelty to animals.

Working to end cruelty to animals is a clearmotivation that can be easily comprehended byothers. When discussing veganism, we admit there

are not always clear-cut answers and explain thatits not a matter of making the right or wrongchoice in every situation. This practical, goal-oriented approach shows that being vegan is anactive, progressive means by which we make theworld a better place.

Although all views ofvegan include withdraw-

ing support from factory farms and slaughter-houses, there are many instances where a results-based approach can help animals more than aningredients-based approach. For example, a consis-

tent vegan dedicated to an ingredients-based viewof veganism wouldnt use film (which containsgelatin) under any circumstances. Yet how muchanimal suffering has been alleviated because of

Speciesism and Animal Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vegan Foods Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Vegan Recipes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Staying a Healthy Vegan ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Vegan Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Questions & Answers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

the visual impact of the pictures and films thathave documented so many abuses?

Not Just What We Avoid

Some would argue that vegans should replacetheir current cameras with digital ones. Howewe have to ask if spending money replacing afunctional object with a new one is the best wto oppose cruelty to animals. (This is also an is

with leather and wool goods we had purchasebefore becoming vegan.) Might the extra monebe better spent creating resources to spreadvegetarianism, such as printing literature?

We believe that being vegan isnt simply aving a list of products. We seek to maximize thgood we accomplish with our decisions. As veg

what we do is as important as what we dont dSome vegans and non-vegans alike are qu

to call others hypocrites if they dont avoid a

certain hidden ingredient. But if your goal is toalleviate suffering, it isnt hypocritical to accepthat avoiding all hidden ingredients can be prohibitively expensive, time-consuming, and maveganism appear impossible to others. It is alsworth noting that animal by-products will dis-appear as the meat, dairy, and egg industries faTherefore, our time and energy are most likely ter spent focused on spreading vegetarianism ton shunning minor ingredients.

continued on p

INSIDE

OnBeingVegan

OnBeingVegan

An expanded version of

this brochure is available at

veganoutreach.org/vsp

An expanded version of

this brochure is available at

veganoutreach.org/vsp


2/122VeganOutreach.org/VSP

SPECIESISM Speciesism is the act oftreating individuals according to the species towhich they belong, rather than according tothe characteristics they possess, such as theability to suffer. Most people who consciouslysupport the exploitation of nonhuman animalsare speciesist.

In the past, there have been a numberof definitions of what constitutes a differentspecies. Today it is defined genetically. To the

defenders of speciesism who believe that onlyhumans have rights, this raises the followingquestions:

Why should rights be granted on the basisof genes?

If rights should be based on genes, whyshould the line be drawn at species ratherthan at race, order, phylum, or kingdom?

Like genes that determine ones eye color,etc., which gene(s) determines rights?

Basing rights on species is no morerational than basing rights on the pig-

mentation of skin or on gender (whichare also determined genetically).

ANIMALRIGHTS As a society,we recognize the basic right to ourlives and bodies. We consider these rights

inalienable, meaning that no one can takethem away.

Society grants humans the right to our livesbecause of our strong desire to avoid death,and our fear when our lives are threatened.We are granted control over our own bodiesbecause we suffer pain when our bodies are

mutilated, and boredom and frustrationcaged for long periods of time. Since we stand how horrible these sorts of sufferinwe protect humans from being caged, kor mutilated. As an enlightened society

condemn those who would violate theseof other humans.

Based on common physiology and be

it is safe to say that cows, pigs, chickenother animals we raise to eat also experfear when their lives are threatened, paintheir bodies are mutilated, and boredomfrustration when caged for long periods oNonhuman animals show they value theand freedom by their struggles against bcaged, mutilated, and killed. Depriving t

of life or freedom harms them in many osame ways that humans are harmed whdeprived of life or freedom.

Since animals can feel pain, and deslive as we do, shouldnt they be recogniworthy of inherent rights? Shouldnt theygiven protection for their lives and bodie

As individuals capable of acting morallycan we justify their continued exploitatiand slaughter?

Beyond Might Makes Right, a longe

essay on animal rights, is available as pour VEGANADVOCACYbooklet; A T

of Ethics, a first-principle philois available at veganoutreachANIMALLIBERATION, the classicby Peter Singer is also availab

from Vegan Outreach; SingersPRACTICALETHICS(2nd edition) is a

an excellent resource.

All the arguments toprove human superiority cannot

shatter this hard fact: in suffering,the animals are our equals.

PETER SINGERauthor ofANIMALLIBERATION

Animals whom wehave made our slaves, we do

not like to consider our equals.

CHARLES DARWINMETAPHYSICS, MATERIALISM,AND

THEEVOLUTION OFMIND

S P E C I E S I S M A N D A N I M A L R I G H T

I look at the termspecies, as one arbitrarily

given for the sake of convenienceto a set of individuals closely

resembling each other.

CHARLES DARWIN

THE ORIGIN OFSPECIES

ultimately be the best voice for the animalsAlthough some of the information regar

vegetarianism is outdated or biased, there iof solid information available to help us edu

ourselves about the issues. (We list sourcesgood information later in this booklet.) Howwe neednt be encyclopedias of facts. The sireasons for being vegan can be the most poful: I know that I dont want to suffer. TherI dont want to cause others to suffer.

On Being VeganThe most important tool we have in our effagainst cruelty to animals is our positive, sithoughtful example. Looking at the long-ter

changes in society, we can know that each in our example, actions, attitudeour entirtenceis changing the world. If we could foall our energies on understanding and outrerather than on anger, the world would be scantly better. Living honestly and compassioas a vegan is an affirmation of life, a means fillment and joy. These positive aspects of vism are what we must embrace for ourselvecommunicate to others.

Dealing with OthersChoosing to stop eating animals implicitly com-municates to family, friends, and colleagues thattheir continued eating of animals is wrong. Whenvegans share their new ideas, some family andfriends not only show resistance, but can evenreact with mockery or anger. Combine this withthe fact that vegans naturally view meat eatersas supporting cruelty and causing suffering, andit is not surprising that some vegans can developa near hatred of them.

In order to prevent and alleviate suffering,however, we must let the compassion we feelfor animals shine through the pain and anger wefeel about their exploitation. Unless non-veganscan respect usas opposed to finding us coldand judgmentalthey will have little interestin veganism.

Instead of expecting others to go veganimmediately, we need to offer understanding andgive them time to deal with their unique situa-

tions. Burning bridges with anger only serves tocreate enemies and feed the stereotype of vegansas hostile, isolated misanthropes. As long as weremain respectful, our positive example of vegan-ism, as well as the information we provide, will VO

continued from page 1

Many people

agree that animal

agribusiness is

cruel, yet feel their

efforts will never make

any significant difference.

But consider the following scenario:

Suppose the current 5,000+ members of

Vegan Outreach influence one person to

become vegan every five years on average,

and these new vegans, in turn, also influenceone new person every five years. Although

the change will be imperceptible at first,

by the middle of the century, more than

ten percent of the U.S. population will have

become vegan, and far more suffering will

have been prevented than had we abolished

every other form of animal exploitation in

the country. As more people stop eating ani-

mals, there will be many more vegan options

for everyone (e.g., vegan burgers will be

cheaper and more readily available), making

it much easier for others to change. At this

pace, it will only take a few more decades

for the entire U.S. population to be vegan.


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Nutritional yeastadds a toasted nutty-cheesyflavor, as well as important nutrients, to all sortsof foods. Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula(T6635+) is fortified with vitamin B12, and avail-able as flakes or powder.

Seitan [saytan] is a meat alternative. Most ofwhat people like about meat is the texture and

the seasoning. The seasoningis easy; for texture, seitancomes closest.

Seitan, orwheat meat,is versatile, succulent, hearty,and chewy. It is availablealready prepared (frozen orrefrigerated) or in ready-to-

make mixes. Homemadeseitan is also relatively easyto prepare (see page 9 for

recipe). Given that seitan keepswell, its good to make a lot to

have on hand.The main ingredient is vital wheat

gluten (also called instant gluten flour), which cangenerally be found in the baking aisle at largergrocery stores. Be sure not to substitute any other

flourhigh gluten flour is notthe same.

Seitan can be preparedseveral different ways, eachof which has variations limitedonly by ones spice cabinet andimagination. VEGANVITTLES(see resources on page 11)has an excellent section onseitan, including recipes forground seitan, sausage-style

seitan, and seitan salami,pepperoni, and pastramiplus many helpful tips.

Soy margarine is a great substitute for butter

when baking cakes and other desserts. EarthBalance Natural Buttery Spread (nonhydrogenated

and GMO-free) is tasty on bread.

Tahini, a staple in Middle Eastern cooking, is aversatile paste made from ground hulled sesameseeds. (Sesame butter, from unhulled seeds, isthicker and more bitter.) Tahini made from roasted

seeds has a stronger flavor than the variety madefrom raw seeds. Tahini is calcium-rich, and itsnutty taste and creamy consistency are great forsauces, dips, spreads, and creamy dressings.

Tempeh is another meat alternative. It is tradi-

tionally made from fermented whole soybeans,although some commercially available varietiesare made from soybeans combined with grainsor other beans. Tempeh is richer in absorbablenutrients and more flavorful than tofu.

Tofu (bean curd) is made from the mild whitemilk of the soybean. Inexpensive and easy to find,tofu is a great source of protein.

There are two major types of tofu. Silken tofu(such as Mori-Nu brand), sold in shelf-stableaseptic packages, is used for dressings, spreads,sauces, soups, desserts, and baked goods. Regulartofu, sold water-packed and refrigerated, is gen-erally used as a meat substitute. It is firmer than

3

Egg replaceris ideal for baking

and can be used in any recipe thatcalls for eggs as a binding agent.Try Ener-G Egg Replacer, ablend of raising ingredientsand stabilizers including

potato starch and tapiocaflour. Bananas, silken tofu,and apple sauce alsoserve as egg substitutesin baking.

Meats alternatives areincreasingly available, both inthe number of varieties, and the locations wherethey are sold. There are too many to list here,

but some of our favorites include GardenburgerFlame Grilled Hamburger Style, Lightlifes FakinBacon and Gimme Lean Sausage Style andGround Beef Style, Turtle Island Foods TofurkyDeli Slices, and Yves Veggie Cuisines CanadianVeggie Bacon.

Milk alternatives can be made from nondairysources: almonds, oats, potatoes, rice, or soy.Most vegan milks are fortified with calcium, vita-mins D and B12, etc.; some contain sweetenersand come in flavored varieties like chocolate,

carob, or vanilla. Taste and richness vary widely

from brand to brand, so experiment to find yourfavorite. Youll find vegan milks in the dairy case,as well as in shelf-stable aseptic packages, whichrequire refrigeration after opening.

Although some are delicious to drink straightfrom the carton, milk alternatives are indispens-able for eating cereal and making creamed soupsand sauces, milk shakes, frozen desserts, andbaked goods. There are vegan creamers availablefor your coffee, too.

Miso is made from fermented soybeans, rice,barley, and other grains. Different types of misovary in flavor, aroma, and color.Tamari andshoyu can be used in place of dark miso forflavoring. These sauces are superior to mostcommercial soy sauces, which are unfermented.

Many people believe that eliminating anim

products will greatly narrow their menus.

according to most vegans, quite the oppo

happens. Once you start frequenting your

local health/natural food stores and co-o

perusing the dozens of vegan cookbooks,

just following the suggestions in this book

you will soon become familiar with the w

variety of options that werent a part of yprevious diet. Over time, you will also dis

cover that it is possible to follow almost a

recipe by substituting ingredients.

For those who prefer not to cook, the

are a wide variety of packaged foods from

which to choose: frozen dinners; canned

dehydrated soups, stews, and chilies; item

all sorts for quick and easy sandwiches li

vegan dogs and burgers, deli slices, baco

sausages, untuna and unchicken salads, a

soy and rice cheeses; and delicious desse

including soy yogurts and ice creams. The

variety is growing every year. You may ev

find that your local health food store has

own deli counter, stockewith prepared foods.

More and more supe

markets are starting to c

the same products that u

to be found only in speci

stores. If you do not hav

many vegan offerings in

your area, you may wan

to contact THEMAIL ORDCATALOG (800.695.2241;healthy-eating.com), a

great source for ordering meat and dairy

substitutes like soy products, seitan, TVP

nutritional yeasteven vegan broth mixe

What do vegans eatVeganFoodsGlossary

silken tofu and can be frozen, which produceschewy texture.

Tofus neutral taste makes it extremely vertile, allowing it to pick up flavors from herbs,spices, and other ingredients. Pressed tofu canbaked, broiled, grilled, marinated, scrambled, fried, steamed, or crumbled into salads. WhiteWave produces baked tofu in severalflavors: barbecue, Thai, Italian, etc.

Tofu is a wonderful substitutefor dairy products. You can select

from the variety of ready-made tofuproducts on the market (e.g., creamcheese, sour cream, and mayonnaise) or creat

your own dairy alternatives (e.g., mix tofu withlemon, sugar, salt, oil, basil, and garlic to makricotta-style filling for veggie lasagna). Tofu caalso be used for tasty cheesecakes, cream piepuddings, ice creams, and more!

TVP (texturized vegetable protein) is madfrom soy flour that has been cooked under presure, extruded, and dried. Since the oil has beeextracted, it has a long shelf-life. TVP is high iprotein, iron, calcium, fiber, and zinc. It can beused in recipes instead of ground meat.

Try milks and yogurts

made from soy!

Have a veggie burger

with all the fixins!


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VeganRecipes

4VeganOutreach.org/VSP

HUMMUS

3 T tahini

1 T toasted sesame oil (or olive or canola oil)

12 lemon, juiced12 C water (use a bit less for a stiffer texture)

1 large garlic clove, mashed

1 15 oz. can chickpeas, drained

salt & pepper, to taste

Slowly add water to tahini, oil, lemon juice, andgarlic. Combine sauce, chickpeas, and salt &pepper in a blender. Blend to desired consistency.

Serve with raw vegetables or chips as a dip; oncrackers as a spread; or stuff into warmed pitabread halves with grated carrots, shredded let-tuce, or fresh alfalfa sprouts on top.

Variations: Add spices such as cumin and coriander;

blend in vegetables such as red pepper; or stirin chopped olives, sun-dried tomatoes, etc.

BLACK BEAN SOUP with ORANGE JUICEfrom THECONVENIENTVEGETARIAN, V. Messina & K. Schumann, 1999

1 T canola or olive oil

2 carrots, finely diced

2 stalks celery, thinly sliced (optional)

1 medium onion, minced

1 C vegetable broth, or 1 C water + 1 T tamari(or miso or soy sauce)

2 15 oz. cans black beans or 4 C cooked12 C orange juice

2 tsp. cumin

2 tsp. ground coriander

2 limes, juiced

2 tsp. salt

1 tsp. freshly ground black pepper

In a large saucepan, heat oil over medium heat.Saut carrots, celery, and onions until tender(about 710 min.). Add broth, beans, orangejuice, and spices. Simmer covered for 10 min.,

stirring occasionally. Add lime juice,salt, and pepper.

For smoothersoup, use a

hand blenderto pure soupfor 30 sec.;or remove

portion of soupto blender

or food

processor,liquify,andreturn to

soup pot.

Its fun to find a new recipe and add it to your regular favorites. Most of the time,

though, youre too busy to cook with a recipe. You whip up dishes that are familiar

and easy to prepare. What can you make that doesnt require

any reading or measuring, but is tasty and nutritious?

Here are a few ideas:

Veggie burgers or dogs, mashed or baked potatoes,

steamed veggies

Pasta with prepared sauce, salad, bread

Canned beans, rice, steamed veggies, salad

Canned soup, salad, whole grain bread or rolls

Burritos with canned refried beans, shredded soy

cheese, chopped tomatoes, and lettuce

We use the meat, potatoes, and vegetable approach to

meal, and sauce it up! Simply pick one or more of eac

Protein sourceBeans, tempeh, tofu, seitan, vegan meat (like veg

burgers or Gimme Lean), etc.

Carbohydrate sourceBread, pasta, rice, potatoes, more exotic grai

(quinoa, amaranth), etc.

VeggiesCountless options

SauceThere areso

manycanned

or bottled

sauces avail-

able at most

supermarkets, from

the mundane (such as basic

tomato or barbecue sauce) to the exotic(such as Thai sesame lime marinade or

chocolate chili salsa).

You can marinate and cook (bake or fry)

your protein in sauce, and/or pour sauce

over your carbohydrate source and veggies

(including salad). Many sauces can be made

even more nutritious with the addition of nuts,

seeds, and/or oils

especially flaxseed

oil, which works

best in cold sauces or

dressings with an already strong flavor

With the variety of sauces availab

and the number of combinations offoods, one can easily try innumera

new recipes without ever cracki

a cookbook!

Modified by Anne Green from

THECONVENIENTVEGETARIANby Virginia Messina, R.D.

& Kate Schumann

Do you really need a recipe?

more recipes on page 9


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There are a number of nutritional issues that, ifnot attended to, could make someone feel lessthan optimal on a vegan diet. Some examples

include eating enough calories, protein, vitaminB12, calcium, and vitamin D.

Consuming an adequate amount of calories canbe a challenge for a new vegan. Someone on thestandard Western diet may only be aware ofvegan foods that are low in calories (e.g., salads,vegetables, fruits). Eating only these foods willlikely leave someone unsatisfied and thinking thevegan diet is to blame, when all they need to dois eat more high-calorie foods.

People once believed that vegans had to combineparticular foods at every meal to get the properbalance of amino acids (the building blocks ofprotein). We now know that this is not the case.

However, some vegans may not get enough totalprotein (see protein section on page 7).

Some vegan advocates emphasize that humansneed only small amounts of B12, and that it canbe stored in the body for years. It is true that, atthe time they become vegan, some people haveenough B12 stored in their liver to prevent serious

B12 deficiency for many years. However, peopleoften misinterpret this to mean that one need onlyconsume a tiny amount of B12 once every few

years. Actually, to build up such stores, it takesmany years of consuming B12 beyond ones dailyneeds. Many people do not have such stores. Thisproblem is easily solved by eating B12-fortified

foods or taking a supplement.

One can find certain studies that support the ideathat meat, eggs, and dairy are the cause of osteo-porosis. However, selectively choosing such stud-ies leaves out the majority of research publishedon the subject. Someone who evaluates moreof the research will likely conclude that vegans,like non-vegans, should ensure daily sources of

calcium and vitamin D.

There are real differences in how people respondto various diets. While many people thrive ona vegan diet, it may not be so easy for others.

When someone is committed toreducing animal suffering, there areoften solutions to these dilemmas.Affirming everyones experienceis the first step in working

with people towards amore humane diet.

Vitamin B12 There are no reliable unfortified plantsources of vitamin B12; therefore, fortifiedfoods and/or supplements are necessary forthe optimal health of vegans.31

Do not rely on any seaweed (e.g., algae, norspirulina), brewers yeast, tempeh, or livingvitamin supplement that uses plants as a sourof B12. Do not rely solely on one type of fortififood such as Red Star Vegetarian Support FormNutritional Yeast.

B12 protects the nervous system. Without it,permanent damage can result (e.g., blindness,deafness, dementia). Fatigue, and tingling in thands or feet, can be early signs of deficiency.

B12 keeps the digestive system healthy. Bylowering homocysteine levels, it also reduces risk of heart disease, stroke, neural tube defecand other diseases. Vegans who do not supplement with vitamin B12 have consistently show

elevated homocysteine levels.

Vegan infants need B12 through breast milk(their mothers must have a consistent B12 intaor formula.

Vitamin B12 Recommendations

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

vitamin B12 is 2.4 micrograms for adults (abbrated as mcg or g; 1,000 g = 1 mg).

In fortified foods, the amount listed on the

nutrition label is based on 6 g/day. For exam25% of the Daily Value = .25 * 6 g = 1.5 g.

Follow steps 1 and 2 below if you have not ha regular source of B12 for some time; if you hgo directly to step 2.

Step 1. Buy a bottle of sublingual B12 and dissolve 2,000 mcg under your tongue, once a dafor two weeks. The following are vegan:

Solgar 1,000 mcg nuggets

VegLife 1,000 mcg lozenges

Freeda Vitamins 500 mcg lozenges Natures Bounty 2,500 mcg tablets

Step 2. Follow one of these daily recommendtions to maximize your B12 status:

Eat two 35 mcg servings of fortified foods(spaced at least six hours apart)

Take one 10100 mcg supplement

Take two 5 mcg supplements(spaced at least six hours apart)

Note: Tablets from step 1 can be broken fosmaller doses until you finish the bottle. Itsokay to take more than recommended.

The following is an abridged version ofStaying a Healthy Vegan. For details and

references, please see the full article and

endnotes at veganoutreach.org/shv.

The vegan diet appears to be arelatively new experiment in thehistory of human eating. It hasonly been since the mid-1940sthat it has been practiced in an

organized fashion in the Westernworld. So far, the experiment appears to be

successful: vegans in developed countries havebeen shown to have the same overall mortalityrates as meat eaters with healthy lifestyles (lowsmoking and alcohol intake).2 These mortalityrates (deaths per year before age 90) are about50% lower than those of the general population.2

In their 1997 position paper on vegetarian diets,the American Dietetic Association states:

Scientific data suggest positive relationships

between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for

several chronic degenerative diseases and condi-

tions, including obesity, coronary artery disease,

hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and some types

of cancer.Well-planned vegan and lacto-ovo-

vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stagesof the life cycle, including during pregnancy

and lactation. Appropriately planned vegan and

lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets satisfy nutrient needs

of infants, children, and adolescents and promote

normal growth.30

Health Benefits of a Vegetarian Diet, a 1999 papercoauthored by two experts on the mortality ratesof vegetarians, concludes:

Compared with non-vegetarians, Western

vegetarians have a lower mean BMI (by about

1 kg/m2), a lower mean plasma total cholesterol

concentration (by about 0.5 mmol/l [19 mg/dl]),

and a lower mortality from IHD [ischemic heart

disease] (by about 25%). They may also havea lower risk for some other diseases such as

diverticular disease, gallstones and appendicitis.

No differences in mortality from common can-

cers have been established. There is no evidence

of adverse effects on mortality. Much more

information is needed, particularly on other

causes of death, osteoporosis, and long-term

health in vegans.35

A study of 34,192 members of the Seventh-dayAdventist (SDA) church living in SouthernCalifornia1 showed them to be the longest-lived

formally studied population in the world (with anaverage life span of 78.5 years for men, 82.3 for

women).27 Twenty-nine percent were vegetarian,710% of which were vegan. Compared to the non-vegetarians, SDA vegetarian men

had a 38% lower heart disease rate(no difference for the women);

lived 3.21 years longer, and the women

lived 2.52 years longer.

SDA vegetarians had about

half the high blood pressure and diabetes;

half the colon cancer;

two-thirds the rheumatoid arthritis andprostate cancer.

Introduction:Research on Vegetarian

and Vegan Diets

I Was Vegan for a While, But

Nutrients That NeedAttention in Vegan Diets

Stayinga Healthy

Vegan

Stayinga Healthy

Veganby Jack Norris, R.D.

President, Vegan Outreach


6/126VeganOutreach.org/SHV

Fats

The following is a quick summary about fatsintended simply to give basic recommendations.For a more comprehensive discussion, see The

Challenge of Defining Optimal Fat Intake byVirginia Messina, M.P.H., R.D. (available atwww.andrews.edu/NUFS/vndpg.html).

SATURATEDFATS

Many saturated fats raise the risk of heart disease.

Saturated fats are found in high amounts inanimal products, as well as in coconut and palmkernel oils.

Saturated fats are stable at high temperatures.If you are going to fry foods at high temperatures,palm oil may be the best vegan choice for its sta-bility. However, deep-fried foods should be limited.

TRANS FATS

Trans fats are found mostly in foods made withhydrogenatedand/orpartially hydrogenatedoils,including many margarines, shortenings, com-mercial frying fats, crackers, cookies, and othersnacks. (Read the label to determine whether theproduct contains hydrogenated oils.)

Butter and animal fat can also contain trans fatsfrom bacterial fermentation.33

The consensus among nutritional professionalsis that trans fats increase the risk of heart disease

and many other diseases.

MONOUNSATURATEDFATS (MUFA) MUFA improve cholesterol levels.

MUFA are abundant in olive oil, canola oil,high oleicsunflower oil, hazelnut oil,high oleic

safflower oil, and almond oil.

Olive may be the best oil for cooking at moder-ate temperatures. It is not as refined as other oils,

making it a reliable source of vitamin E. It hasstood the test of time as the primary oil used inthe healthy Mediterranean diet. If you do not likethe taste of olive oil in some dishes, try other oilshigh in MUFA.

Beans and Nuts In addition to being excellentsources of protein, beans and nuts have many other

benefits such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, and other

chemicals that may prevent cancer and heart dis-

ease.28,29 Nuts also contain monounsaturated fats,

which are healthy for the heart. In one study, eating

nuts (including peanuts)34 five or more times per week

reduced heart disease by about 50%!1

Fruits and Vegetables High fruit and vegetableconsumption has been associated with a reduced risk

for cardiovascular disease, several common cancers,and other chronic diseases (such as macular degenera-

tion and cataracts).

Whole Grains Whole-grain consumption has beenassociated with a reduced risk for heart disease, dia-

betes, hypertension, and stomach and colon cancers.

Whole grains include brown rice, whole-wheat bread,

barley, oatmeal, corn, quinoa, and millet.

Some Benefits of Selected Vegan Foods

Avocados and many nuts (almonds, cashews,

filberts/hazelnuts, macadamias, peanuts, pecans)are high in MUFA. Because nuts are high in nutri-ents and other protective compounds, adults can

benefit from eating them on a daily basis.

POLYUNSATURATEDFATS (PUFA)

There are two main families of PUFA: omega-6sand omega-3s.

Omega-6s (n-6 fatty acids)

Omega-6s are building blocks for hormones

that increase inflammation and blood clotting.

Linoleic acid is the most prevalent omega-6 inplant foods.

Omega-6s are prevalent in corn, sunflower,vegetable, and safflower oils. Since most vegansget too many n-6s, they should consume a limitedamount of these oils.39

Omega-3s (n-3 fatty acids)

There are three important omega-3 fatty acids:

Alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) is found mainly inflaxseeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, soybeans, andtheir oils, as well as in canola oil. It reducesblood clotting, improves artery flexibility, andmay also reduce heart arrhythmias. LNA showsa strong association with reduced cardio-vascular mortality rates, including those fromheart attack and stroke.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), found mainly infatty fish, serves as a precursor for the eicosa-

noids (hormonelike substances that act onlocal tissues) that reduce inflammation, bloodclotting, and cholesterol.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found mainlyin fatty fish and seaweed, is a major structuralcomponent of the gray matter of the brain, theretina of the eye, and cell membranes. LowDHA levels are associated with depression.

For some of its benefits, LNA must be convertedto EPA, which in turn must be converted to eicosa-noids or DHA. DHA can also beretroconverted

into EPA at a rate of about 10%.37 Although there

is no clear evidence that vegans require supments of DHA or EPA, vegan supplements oare available:

NuTrus O-Mega-Zen3 300 mg gelcaps(nutru.com/omega.htm; can be purchasfrom veganstore.com or veganessential

Genestras Neurogen DHA 100 mg capsu(marketed by Seroyal out of Toronto, Oncall 800.263.5861)

Note: Neuromins DHA is available at mohealth food stores, but it comes in capsu

made from animal gelatin.

About Flaxseeds

Flaxseed oil is the most concentrated souof LNA.

One teaspoon of flaxseed oil contains 2.5LNA. Cooking flaxseed oil damages the LNAit can be put on warm food such as toast. F

seed oil should be kept in the refrigerator.

One tablespoon of flaxseeds contains 2.1LNA. If flaxseeds are not ground, they may ndigested. They can be ground in a blender (best with a large amount) or coffee grinder

then stored in the freezer. Ground flaxseedsbe sprinkled on cereal or used in baked goo

PUFA Recommendations

Be sure to follow the table below, as manvegans do not get enough n-3 fatty acids.15

Limiting n-6 intake is important for maximthe conversion of n-3s. You should aim for to n-3 ratio of 4:1 or less.

Flaxseed oil goes a long way in correctingimbalance in a typical vegan diet, but you sonly take the recommended amounts. If youfer oils on foods such as bread, I recommenolive or raw canola oil to minimize your n-n-3 ratio, as well as for other benefits.

People with diabetes do not efficiently conLNA to EPA and DHA. Diabetic vegans shoureplace .3 g of LNA with 300 mg of DHA per

Age LNA Flaxseed O(yrs.) (g/day) (rounded ts

.56 .92.0

>7 2.23.3

Pregnant*

2nd Trimester extra .3 extra

3rd Trimester extra .3 extra

Lactating* extra .6 extra

*Pregnant and lactating women should considreplacing the extra 12 tsp. of flaxseed oil wit300 mg (.3 g) of DHA because infants havemore difficulty converting n-3s.

Source of n-3 n-6:

Flaxseed oil

Canola oil

English walnuts 4:1

Walnut oil

Soybean oil 7.

Black walnuts 1*Approximate.


7/127

Calcium

Recent small studies have shown vegans to havethe same or slightly worse bone mineral densityas non-vegans.5,6,7,8,9 Factors that can prevent

osteoporosis include

weight-bearing exercise throughout oneslifetime (one of the most important);

adequate calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K,protein, potassium, magnesium, andboron intakes;

adequate estrogen levels (for women).

Factors that can contribute to osteoporosis include

high sodium and caffeine intakes;

smoking;

too much, or too little, protein.

Plant foods that provide calcium offer othernutrients that are good for bones: vitamin K inleafy greens; and vitamin C, potassium, and mag-

nesium in calcium-fortified orange juice. Beans,nuts, leafy green vegetables, and noncitrus fruitsare good sources of boron.10

The absorbability of the calcium in kale, broc-

coli, collard greens, and soymilk is about the sameas that in cows milk, which contains 300 mg/C.

The calcium in spinach, Swiss chard, and beetgreens is not well absorbed, due to their highcontent of oxalates, which bind calcium.

Many nondairy milks are now fortified withcalcium, vitamin D, and/or vitamin B12.

Many orange juices are fortified with calcium.

Calcium supplements inhibit iron absorption ifeaten at the same time.23

Calcium Recommendations

The Daily Value for calcium on food labels is1,000 mg. If a food label says 25% of the Daily

Value, it has 250 mg of calcium per serving.

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for calcium:

Vitamin D

Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption andexcretion, especially when calcium intake is low.

Vitamin D can be made by the action of sun-light (UV rays) on skin. Light-skinned nonelderlyadults exposing their hands and faces to sunlightfor 1015 minutes, two to three times per weekcan get enough vitamin D.

Elderly people may need up to four times theamount of sunlight exposure listed above,18 and

dark-skinned people may need up to six timesthis amount in order to meet vitamin D needsthrough sunshine alone.

According to some experts, dark-skinned, breast-fed babies should have vitamin D supplements.18

Above the 42nd latitude (which runs throughDenver, Indianapolis, and Philadelphia), vitaminD is not synthesized during the winter.18 Veganswho do not get much sunlight exposure shouldsupplement with vitamin D, especially during thewinter or cloudy months.

One small recent study found an increase inlumbar spine density in four out of five vegans in

Finland (a northern country where sunlight doesnot activate vitamin D during the winter) whotook 5 mcg/day of vitamin D2 for 11 months.4

Vitamin D Recommendations

The Daily Value for vitamin D is 10 mcg (400 IU).If a food label says 25% of the Daily Value, it has2.5 mcg (100 IU) per serving. Typicalfortifiedsoy,almond, and rice milks have 23 mcg (80120 IU)per cup.

Country Life and Thompson Nutritional Productsmake a vitamin D of ergocalciferol, which comesfrom plants; others are available.

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for vitamin D:

Iodine

Iodine is needed for healthy thyroid function,which regulates metabolism.

Receiving an adequate amount of iodinethrough foods is not as much of a problem forU.S. vegans as it is for European vegans,19,20

whose food supply contains less iodine.

Iodine Recommendations

Since its very hard to predict how much

iodine is in any given persons food supply, NorthAmerican vegans should take a modest supple-ment on a regular basis to ensure they are meet-ing requirements; 75150 mcg every few daysshould be ample.

Food Serving Ca (mg)

Orange juice, fortified 1 C 250300

Soymilk, fortified 1 C 200300Tofu (if calcium-set)* 12 C 120300

Figs, dried 5 258

Blackstrap molasses 1 T 187

Collard greens 12 C 178

Sesame seeds 2 T 176

Veg. baked beans 1 C 128

Navy beans 1 C 128

Broccoli 12 C 50

Almonds 2 T 50

Kale 12 C 47

*Read the label for calcium amounts.Cooked.

Age (yrs.) DRI (mg) Upper L imit* (mg)

13 500 2,500

48 800 2,500

918 1,300 2,500

1950 1,000 2,500

>50 1,200 2,500

*Do not exceed the upper limit.

Age DRI Upper Limit*(yrs.) (mcg [IU]) (mcg [IU])

70 15 (600) 50 (2,000)

*Do not exceed the upper limit.mcg = microgram = g.Including during pregnancy.

RDA for iodine:

Protein

The plant foods highest in protein are legum(beans, peanuts, soyfoods such as tofu) and nbut grains and vegetables also contain significamounts. Here are some high-protein plant fo

Vegans may not meet their protein needs,resulting in loss of muscle mass and/or reducimmunity, if

food intake does not meet energy needs, sas in cases of anorexia nervosa, depressiopoverty, illness,3 or dieting;

higher-protein plant foods are not includedsufficient amounts. This can happen when

most food eaten is junk food such as

French fries, soda, etc.;

beans are avoided3 (in which case, othhigh-protein foods should be used inste

protein is believed to be unimportant ohigher-protein foods are avoided (suchin some fruitarian or raw-food diets).

Protein Recommendations

Experts recommend that adult vegans eat .4of protein per day for every pound of healthybody weight.22

Protein recommendations for young vegans

Age (yrs.) RDA (mcg)* Upper Limit (mcg

13 90 200

48 90 300

913 120 600

1418 150 900

>18 150 1,100

Pregnant

18 220 900

>18 220 1,100

Lactating

18 290 900>18 290 1,100

*mcg = microgram = g.Important: Do not exceed the upper limit.

Food Serving Protein (g

Tofu 12 C 1020

Veggie dog/burger 1 618

Soybeans* 12 C 14.3

Texturized soy protein 12 C 1

Soymilk 1 C 510

Lentils* 12 C 8.9

Peanut butter 2 T 8.0

Chickpeas* 12 C 7.5

Sunflower seeds 2 T 5.0

Brown rice 1 C 4.9

Potato 1 med. 4.5

*Cooked.

Age (yrs.) Females (g/day) Males (g/day

12 1819 1819

23 1821 1821

46 2628 2628

710 3134 3134

1114 5155 5054

1518 5055 6673


8/128VeganOutreach.org/SHV

Amino Acids

Taurine, carnitine, and creatine are found eitherprimarily or only in animal products. However,since the body can make these molecules, extrasupplementation isnt generally needed for vegans.

Iron

Iron-deficient anemia is probably one of the

most inaccurately self-diagnosed illnesses. It isa serious disease, and those who think they may

be suffering from it should see a doctor.

Iron-deficiency symptoms include pale skin,brittle fingernails, fatigue, weakness, difficulty

breathing upon exertion, inadequate temperatureregulation, loss of appetite, and apathy.

Iron in vegetarian diets is a somewhat contro-versial topic for a number of reasons:

Although vegetariansferritin (the storage formof iron) levels are normally lower than non-vegetarians, they are no more likely to haveiron-deficiency anemia.

Low iron stores are associated with higherglucose tolerance and therefore could pre-

vent diabetes. High iron stores are associated with cancer

and, to a lesser extent, heart disease.

Before someone actively tries to increase theiriron absorption, they should have their ferritinlevels checked to make sure they do not have adisease that increases iron storage (e.g., hemo-chromatosis). (Because of blood loss, menstruatingvegan women do not need their serum ferritinlevels checked; they can go ahead and take stepsto increase iron absorption.)

Vegans tend to have iron intakes at least ashigh as non-vegetarians. However, plant iron isgenerally not absorbed as well as iron from meat.

Vitamin C significantly aids in plant-iron absorp-tion (they must be eaten at the same meal). A34-cup serving (6 fl. oz.) of orange juice contains93 mg of vitamin C.

In one study, vegetarian children with iron-deficiency anemia were given 100 mg tablets ofvitamin C at both lunch and dinner for 60 days.They saw a drastic improvement in their anemia,with most making a full recovery.40

Calcium supplements, coffee, and tea inhibitiron absorption if eaten at the same time.23

Infants The American Dietetic Association and the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics agree that well-planned vegan diets can satisfythe nutrient needs and normal growth of infants.25 For more informa-

tion on the needs of vegan infants, please refer to BECOMINGVEGAN(see nutrition resources listing below).

Fiber and Children Vegan children can easily exceedthe upper limit for fiber. Therefore, it is recommended

they eat half of their servings of grains as refined(e.g., white pasta, white rice, white bread).26 Veganchildren may benefit from some other low-fiber foods

such as peeled fruits and vegetables, nut butters, andadded oils.26 For younger children, be sure to chop

or grind nuts well enough to prevent choking.

Young VegansVitamin A

Preformed vitamin A exists only in animaucts. However, there are about 50 carotenothat the body can convert into vitamin A; th

common is beta-carotene.

The vitamin A content of foods is now staretinol activity equivalents (RAE). The RDA ofRAE for men and 700 RAE for women can b

with one of the following foods:

Other sources of vitamin A include kale, mspinach, butternut squash, and various gree

Multivitamins and Other Nutri

Some people may have specific problems aing or utilizing particular nutrients regardletheir diets. There are certain nutrients that amally provided adequately by a varied vega

but can be low in some. Riboflavin (vitaminand pyridoxine (vitamin B6) are two such nents. Many well-respected health professionsuggest that everyone takes a modest (251of the RDA) multivitamin supplement to be safe side. For a list of vegan multivitamins, see full article at veganoutreach.org/shv.

Food Serving R

Pumpkin* 1 C 1,

Cantaloupe 23 med. 1,2

Sweet potato* 1 med. 1,2

Carrot 1 med. 1,

*Cooked.

Recommended Daily Int

Vitamin B12 3100 mcg (g)

Omega-3 fats 2.23.3 g

Calcium 1,0001,200 mg

Vitamin D 515 mcg (200600 IU)

Iodine 75150 mcg every few da

General health Plenty of green and yellowvegetables, other vegetablfruits, nuts, legumes, andwhole grains

*See specific sections above for needs of otheage groups.

Easily obtained through 1 tsp. of flaxseed oil

Summary ofDaily Recommendations fo

Vegan Adults

Iron Recommendations

You probably do not need to worry about iron if

you are otherwise healthy and eat a varied vegandiet. If you suspect an iron deficiency, see a doc-tor. If your doctor thinks your iron stores are toolow, eating meat (which is unnecessary) or takingan iron supplement may be suggested. Taking a100 mg tablet of vitamin C with two meals a dayfor 60 days should improve the anemia.

Zinc Zinc is not found in large amounts in plantfoods, but vegetarians tend to have adequate

zinc status.

Symptoms of zinc deficiency include poorgrowth and delayed sexual maturation in chil-dren, poor wound healing, hair loss, impaired

immune function, and dermatitis (especiallyaround body orifices).23

Sources of zinc include corn, peas, cashews,peanuts, peanut butter, pumpkin seeds, and sun-flower seeds; cereals are often fortified with zinc.

The leavening of bread (most bread is leavened)

and fermenting of soyfoods (tempeh and miso)enhance zinc absorption.26

Selenium

Selenium intake is more related to the seleniumcontent of the soil than to dietary pattern. U.S. andCanadian soil appears to be adequate in selenium.Studies of vegetarians and vegans in the UnitedStates have shown them to have adequate intakes.

Selenium is found in many foods, but in higheramounts in Brazil nuts, whole grains (whole-wheatbread, oatmeal, barley), white rice, and beans.22

Vitamin B12: Are You Getting It? by Jack Norris, R.D. and What EveryShould Know about Vitamin B12: An Open Letter from Health ProfessionaVegan Organizations; available at veganoutreach.org/health.

A Recipe for Abundant Vegan Health by Dr. Stephen Walsh & Dr. Glynis Chapman; THE VEGAN, autumnU.K. Vegan Society; available at vegansociety.com/articles/aut01recipe.htm.

Vegetarian Diet for Exercise and Athletic Training and Performing: An Update by D. EnetteLarson, M.S., R.D., L.D.; available at www.andrews.edu/NUFS/vegathletes.htm.

BECOMING VEGAN by Brenda Davis, R.D. & Vesanto Melina, M.S., R.D.; can be ordered fromveganoutreach.org/catalog or by phoning the Book Publishing Company at 888.260.8458.

VEGETARIAN NUTRITION & HEALTH LETTER published by Loma Linda University; the onlyuniversity nutrition newsletter dedicated to vegetarian and vegan issues; visit www.llu.edu/llu/vegetarian/subscribe.htm or call 888.558.8703 to subscribe (10 issues/year for $24).

NutritionResources


9/12


10/1210VeganOutreach.org/VSP

BEST and FASTEST CHILIfrom THECONVENIENTVEGETARIAN, V. Messina & K. Schumann, 1999

just under 1 C boiling water

1 C TVP (texturized vegetable protein)

1 T canola or olive oil

1 onion, coarsely chopped

1 green bell pepper, diced

2 T chili powder

2 tsp. ground cumin

2 tsp. garlic powder2 tsp. dried oregano14 tsp. allspice (optional)

2 15 oz. cans diced or crushed tomatoes

1 15 oz. can pinto, kidney, or black beans

1 3 oz. can tomato paste

1 2 oz. can diced jalapeo chile,or 2 fresh hot chiles, diced

In a small bowl, pour boiling water over texturizedvegetable protein. Set aside.

In a large skillet, heat oil over medium heat. Sautonion and bell pepper until tender (about8 min.). Add texturized vegetable protein and

remaining ingredients. Mix thoroughly.Simmer 30 min. Serve alone or over a cooked grain

of your choice. You can substitute two thawedand crumbled veggie burgers for the reconsti-tuted texturized vegetable protein.

HOPPIN JOHNfrom THECONVENIENTVEGETARIAN, V. Messina & K. Schumann, 1999

1 15 oz. can black beans, drained,or 2 C cooked, drained

2 C cooked brown or white rice12 C finely chopped mild red onion

(or other onion)

1 C salsa (spice level to taste)

1 4 oz. can diced green chiles

or 14 C diced fresh (or more salsa)12 C chopped scallions (green onions),

including green portion (optional)

In a medium bowl, toss beans, rice, red onion, salsa,and chiles. Place in cooking container. Microwave

on high for 23 min. or bakeat 350 for 25 min. Topwith scallions justbefore serving.

ROASTED ROOT VEGETABLESfromA TASTE OFVITALITY, a shareware cookbook by Mark Foy(available at www.vitalita.com)

1 large onion, thinly sliced

2 large potatoes, cut into 2" pieces

312 lbs. sweet potatoes, cut into 2" pieces(about 4 large sweet potatoes)

2 large carrots, cut into 1" pieces

5 garlic cloves, crushed

112 tsp. olive oil

2 T dried dill weed1 tsp. sea salt

Toss cut vegetables, garlic, oil, dill, and salt in abowl. Transfer to baking sheet (it should notneed to be oiled since the vegetables are oiled).Roast in a 450 oven (no need to preheat oven)for about 50 min., or until the vegetables are not

hard and have browned. During the last 30 min.of roasting, toss vegetables every 10 min. toensure they do not burn on any one side.

Variations: Use different types of herbs or spicesin place of dill weed (such as rosemary or basil,or garam masala for an Indian flavor).

EASY NUTRITIONAL YEAST CHEESE

34 C nutritional yeast flakes14 C flour

1 tsp. salt12 tsp. garlic powder

2 C water14 C vegan margarine

1 tsp. mustard

Mix dry ingredients in a saucepan. Whisk in water.Cook over medium heat, whisking until mixture

thickens and bubbles. Cook an additional 30 sec.;remove from heat. Stir in margarine and mustard.

Note: Cheese will thicken as it cools, or you mayadd water to thin it.

CROCK CHEEZEfrom VEGANVITTLES, J. Stepaniak, 1997

12 lb. regular tofu (firm), rinsed, patted dry,and crumbled

3 T nutritional yeast flakes

2 T tahini

2 T fresh lemon juice

112 T sweet white miso

1 tsp. onion powder34 tsp. salt12 tsp. paprika14 tsp. garlic powder14 tsp. dry mustard

Place all the ingredients in a food processor fittedwith a metal blade and

process until very

smooth. Chill forat least an hourbefore serving.

BEST (and Easiest) CHOCOLATE PUDfrom VEGANVITTLES, J. Stepaniak, 1997

1 1012 oz. package silken tofu (firm), crum23 C unbleached cane sugar13 C unsweetened cocoa powder

2 tsp. vanilla extract

pinch of salt

Place all the ingredients in a food processor fwith a metal blade and process until smo

creamy, and thick. Chill in the refrigeratorserving time.

CHOCOLATE PIE

2 1012 oz. packages silken tofu (soft)

1 1012 oz. package vegan chocolate chi

1 vegan graham cracker piecrust(store-bought or homemade)

Pure the tofu in a blender until completely smHeat the chocolate chips in a double boil

microwave oven just enough to melt (be cnot to burn them). Combine melted chipstofu in the blender. Pour the mixture intopiecrust. Chill for at least 2 hours before s

Variations: Add a few tablespoons of peanut to the mixture while blending or add nutberries to the mixture once it is in the cru

CHOCOLATE CAKE

112 C flour

1 C sugar

3 T cocoa or carob powder

1 tsp. baking soda18 tsp. salt

4 T oil

1 tsp. vanilla1 T vinegar

1 C cold water

In adequate mixing bowl, combine dry ingredIn mixture, create three holes. Put oil in thhole, vanilla in the second, and vinegar inthird. Cover with water and mix thorough

Place the batter in an oiled or nonstick 9" cakor equivalent. Bake at 350 for 35 min. Rmakes one layer. Cake batter can also be

for cupcakes; bake for 25 min.


11/1211

VeganVEGAN ON-LINE/MAIL-ORDER CATALO

Pangea Shoes, clothing, bags, books, persocare, etc. 800.340.1200; veganstore.com

The Vegetarian Site 520.529.8691;thevegetariansite.com

Vegan Mercantile veganmercantile.com

Vegan Essentials veganessentials.com

CLASSIC COOKBOOKS

Available at veganstore.com and many books

TOFUCOOKERY by Louise Hagler

THE UNCHEESE COOKBOOK by Joanne Step

THENEWFARMVEGETARIANCOOKBOOKedited by Louise Hagler and Dorothy R. B

LEATHER ALTERNATIVES

Nonleather shoes, purses, etc. can be found many mainstream stores, and most athletic companies offer nonleather options. For moinformation, see vrg.org/nutshell/leather.htm

PRODUCTS NOT TESTEDON ANIMALS

Most products sold innatural food stores aremade by companiesthat do not test onanimals; check the

packaging for infor-mation. Some brands

sold in supermarkets arealso not animal-tested (e.g.,Safeway brand, Toms of Maine).

For links to the above and other resources,please see veganoutreach.org/resources .

PAMPHLETS

In addition to our VEGANSTARTERPACK, we offerthe following booklets. (Suggested donation:20/booklet.)

WHYVEGAN?

VEGETARIANLIVING

VEGANADVOCACY

POR QU VEGANO? Spanish-language versionof WHYVEGAN?

WHATWOULDJESUSEATTODAY? from theChristian Vegetarian Association

DISPLAY MATERIALS

11" x 17" Display Posters Set of 3$10.

812" x 11" Display Prints Set of 10$11.

Booklet Display Rack for WHYVEGAN?orVEGETARIANLIVINGfree!

VIDEOS

When available, video is possibly the most per-suasive medium for convincing people to adopta vegan diet for ethical reasons.

MEETYOURMEAT Explicit footage of factoryfarms and slaughterhouses. VHS; 12-minutesegment, looped ten times for a 2-hourtabling edition$5.

A COW ATMYTABLE Documentary with some

graphic footage, but well interspersed withinterviews. VHS; 81 minutes$20.

BOOKS

ANIMALLIBERATION Professor Peter Singersbest-selling book, which lays down an ethicalfoundation for animal protection$10.

BECOMING VEGAN Comprehensive book foradopting a healthy vegan diet, with the latestnutritional research; by Brenda Davis, R.D. &Vesanto Melina, M.S., R.D.$15.

THE CONVENIENTVEGETARIAN Quick and easymeatless cooking, with a guide to setting up avegan kitchen for maximum convenience; by

Virginia Messina, R.D. & Kate Schumann$11.VEGANVITTLES A wealth of innovative vegan

recipes for meats, milks, uncheeses,soups, quick breads, and desserts that are

exciting, healthful, and simple to prepare;by Joanne Stepaniak$11.

Order at veganoutreach.org/catalog or sendorders to Vegan Outreach, 211 Indian Drive,Pittsburgh, PA 15238. Please include $4.00 for

your first item, and $1.50 for each subsequentitem. (PA residents add 7% sales tax.)

Available from Vegan Outreach Other recommendations

Resources

Please visitveganoutreach.

further discussi

vegan-relatedand links to o

web sites. To

and links incl

photos and v

campaigns, a

rescues, free

farms, slaug

houses, woo

leather, prod

testing, and

environment

For more information


12/12

211 Indian Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238phone412.968.0268web siteveganoutreach.orgemailvegan@veganoutre

V OM f h h i hi b kl id d 100% l d

So, you think its wrong to eat meat?

Its not a question of being right or wrong. Ifyou do not want animals to suffer and be slaugh-

tered, then you can stop supportingsuch practices by not buyinganimal products.

Dont plants suffer, too?

Of course plants canrespond to stimuli in

their environment. But

there is no evidence thatplants possess the sortof organized tissue

required to perceive thestimulation as the subjective

experience ofpain.

What about honey, and insectskilled by pesticides or during harvest?

People often define vegan assomeone who doesnot use animal products. But it is not clear whichorganisms are considered animals. According toBIOLOGY(3rd edition, Campbell, 1993), Constructinga good definition of animals is not as easy as itmight first appear. There are exceptions to nearly

every criterion for distinguishing an animal fromother life forms.

If vegans are going to follow a technical orscientific definition of the word animal, thensponges (Porifera) are included. They cannot feel

pain or suffer any more than plants. So whatwould be the point of including sponges in avegan definition of animal?

It is possible to compare the human brain tothe brains of animals that are closely related tothe animals from which humans have evolved.Because of similarities in brain structure, it is pos-sible to conclude that cows, pigs, chickens, andother animals we raise to eat, most likely do feelpain and can suffer.

The evolutionary path of invertebrates (such

as mollusks and insects) diverged from ours longbefore the evolution of fish, the oldest verte-brates. In fact, humans are more closely relatedto starfish than to squid and octopi, who have thelargest brains of all the invertebrates. Since theirnervous systems developed along a differentpath, it is hard to know if they have conscious,subjective experiences.

Insects (including bees) have brains. But theirbrains are not highly developed, and they may

not be large enough to facilitate consciousness inorder to have the subjective experience of suffer-ing. So, is honey vegan?

Our best answer is Wedont know. To be onthe safe side, the bestthing to do would be toavoid causing insects and otherinvertebrates harm wheneverpossible. For more discussion,see veganoutreach.org/insectcog.html.

Doesnt the Bible say its okay to eat meat?

The Bible does not say that we are required

to eat animals. Just because the Bible doesntexplicitly forbid something doesnt make it right.For example:

When your brother is reduced to poverty and

sells himself to you, you shall not use him to

work for you as a slave.Such slaves as you

have, male or female, shall come from the

nations round about you; from them you may

buy slaves. You may also buy the children of

those who have settled and lodge with you and

such of their family as are born in the land.

These may become your property, and you may

leave them to your sons after you; you may use

them as slaves permanently.

LEVITICUS25:3946

There are plenty of devout Christians who arevegetarian or vegan. Most theologians wouldagree that a benevolent God is not going to sendsomeone to hell for trying to be compassionate to

animals. Therefore, the Bible cannot be used as anexcuse for turning a blind eye to the cruelty andkilling in animal agribusiness. Contact us for thebooklet WHATWOULDJESUSEATTODAY?and/orvisit christianveg.com for more information.

What do you think about abortion?

Whatever our opinion on abortion, each one ofus can reduce suffering by not buying meat, eggs,and dairy.

What about free-range animal products?

The Associated Press reported on March 11, 1998:

Free-range chickens conjure up in some con-

sumers minds pictures of contented fowl

strolling around the barnyard, but the truth is,

all a chicken grower needs to do is give the

birds some access to the outdoors. [W]hether

the chickens decide to take a gambol or stay

inside with hundreds or thousands of other

birds, under government rules growers are free

to label them free-range.

In general, birds raised on free-range farmsare subjected to debeaking, and male chicks are

still killed at egg producing facilities. Becauseanimals raised on commercial free-range farms

are still viewed as objects to be used for food,they are subject to abusive handling, transport,and slaughter. Like all animals used for food,they are slaughtered at a fraction of their normallife expectancies. For more information, seeupc-online.org/freerange.html.

If we dont eat the animals, wont theoverpopulate?

We dont kill and eat these animals to save from dying a natural death. They are bredtoin factory farms and die in industrial slaughhouses. This will stop when peoplestop buying meat,eggs, and dairy.

Why shouldpeople sacrifice

convenience for thesake of an animal?

We claim to be moralbeings who do not actmerely to satisfy selfishimpulses. We would notwant to live in a societywhere people pursued theircravings with no limits, where the

stronger could take advantage of theweaker if it were convenient to do so.

Isnt veganism expensive?

There is nothing inherent to the vegan lifesthat is more costly (beans and rice are less

expensive than beef or pork; a bean burritoless expensive than a Big Mac).

Why should I concern myself with ansuffering when there are so many peosuffering in the world?

Peter Singer writes inANIMALLIBERATION:

[P]ain is pain, and the importance of prevunnecessary pain and suffering does not d

ish because the being that suffers is not aber of our species. What would we think o

someone who said that whites come first

that therefore poverty in Africa does not pserious a problem as poverty in Europe?

Most reasonable people want to preveracial inequality, poverty, and unemploym

the problem is that we have been trying tovent these things for years, and now we h

to admit that, for the most part, we dont know how to do it. By comparison, the red

of the suffering of nonhuman animals at thands of humans will be relatively easy, ohuman beings set themselves to do it.

In any case, the idea that humans comis more often used as an excuse for not do

anything about either human or nonhumanimals than as a genuine choice between

incompatible alternatives. For the truth is there is no incompatibility herethere is n

to stop those who devote their time and eto human problems from joining the boyc

the products of agribusiness cruelty.[W]non-vegetarians say that human problemfirst, I cannot help wondering what exact

that they are doing for human beings thapels them to continue to support the wast

ruthless exploitation of farm animals.

Answers to Commonly AskedQuestions regarding Veganism

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