Vassilios A. TZINGOUNI(PiraeusS , Greece) · Andrea N. Soscolo Giovanni Chioni 157 . Andreas...
4
Vassilios A. TZINGOUNIS (Piraeus, Greece) A 28 MEDICINE IN ZANTE FROM THE 16TH TILL THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY A remarkable political, social and intellectual situation was blossomed in Ionian Islands during their period of occupation by Venice and other rulers (16th century till 1864 time of political union with Greece) (1, 2). Zante one of these islands, was distinguished in the progress of medicine. However, the research of this topic is very hard because the sources which were kept in the bureau of records of Zante were lost or destroyed during the catastrophic earthquake of 1953. Furthermore, in Greek literature there is not any published data dealing with the above subject (3, 4). In 1484 Zante was occupied by Venice Democracy. Venice kept the Island till 1797, year of its occupation by the French Democracy. After that period Zante and the other Ionian Islands were occupied by the Russians, Imperial French and finally by the British who kept the islands till 1864. Over that period 193 doctors practiced medicine in the island of Zante. Most of them were Greeks but also there were Italians, French and Jews. The vast majority of them were graduates of the University of Padova, Italy. We were able to write down the activities of eight doctors who practiced medicine in Zante during the 16th century (5). The most famous was Michael Hermodoros (1505-1577). He was a brilliant scholar and he taught besides medicine the Greek language in Italy. Because of his good fame Patriarch Joassaf the Magnificent (1555-1565) invited Hermodoros to practive Medicine in Constantinople. In the 17th century, 48 doctors practiced medicine in Zante (Table II). Some of them were written in the Libro d'Oro of the Island, as Georgio Cagnola who received his doctorate in 1669 at the Collegio Veneto (6, 7). Two published works of G. Cagnola are found. 1) « Virtutis et Sapientiae de nobilitate triuphus, oratio Georgii Cagnoli patritii Cretensis (...) Patavii (...) 1668 ». 2) « Constantial simulacrum (...) oratio Georgii Cagnoli patritii Cretensis (...) Patavii 1668. » Another distinguished doctor was Alexander de Rubeis. In the Historia gymnasii Patavini, published in Venice in 1726 it is written, « Alexander de Rubeis, Zacynthius, nobili genere natus, Patavii medici- naese institutionibus excoluit, contuberioysys Io. Cicalae, professorii puglici. Doctoris laurcam assecutus, medicinam féliciter fecit in patria, ubi decessisse dicitur anno 1680 » (8). In the 18th century 81 doctors practiced medicine in Zante (Table III). It is of great interest that some families gave more than two doctors (Arramiotis, Nomicos, Tagliapetra) (9). The most famous doctor during this period was Anastasio Ze Stella. He received his doctorate in Medicine and philosophy from the Collegio Veneto in June 1726. But from 1721 he had published his lecture « Geminus utilitatis ac praestantial caracter Medicinae Facultati adscriptus. Oratio prosolemni stu- diorum Instauratione felicissimis... ab Anastasio Ze Stella Zacynthio. Die 2 Novem- bris Anno Domini MDCCXXI. Patavii, Typis Sardi Almae Univers. Typographi, sup. 155
Transcript of Vassilios A. TZINGOUNI(PiraeusS , Greece) · Andrea N. Soscolo Giovanni Chioni 157 . Andreas...
Vassilios A. TZINGOUNIS (Piraeus, Greece)
A 28
MEDICINE IN ZANTE FROM THE 16TH TILL THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY
A r e m a r k a b l e poli t ical , social a n d in te l l ec tua l s i t ua t ion w a s b los somed in Ion ian I s l a n d s d u r i n g t h e i r pe r iod of occupa t ion by Venice a n d o t h e r ru l e r s (16th c e n t u r y till 1864 t i m e of pol i t ical un ion w i t h Greece) (1 , 2). Z a n t e one of t hese i s l ands , w a s d i s t ingu i shed in t h e p r o g r e s s of med ic ine . However , t h e r e s e a r c h of th is topic is very h a r d because t h e sources w h i c h w e r e kept in t h e b u r e a u of r e co rds of Z a n t e w e r e los t or de s t royed d u r i n g t h e c a t a s t r oph i c e a r t h q u a k e of 1953. F u r t h e r m o r e , in Greek l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e is n o t any pub l i shed d a t a deal ing w i t h t h e above subjec t (3, 4).
In 1484 Z a n t e w a s occupied by Venice Democracy . Venice kep t t he I s l and till 1797, y e a r of i t s occupa t ion by the F r e n c h Democracy . After t h a t per iod Z a n t e a n d t h e o t h e r I o n i a n I s l a n d s w e r e occupied by t h e Russ i ans , I m p e r i a l F r e n c h a n d finally by t h e Br i t i sh w h o kep t t h e i s l ands till 1864.
Over t h a t per iod 193 doc to r s p r ac t i ced m e d i c i n e in the i s land of Zan te . Most of t h e m w e r e Greeks b u t a l so t h e r e w e r e I t a l i ans , F r e n c h a n d J e w s . The vas t m a j o r i t y of t h e m w e r e g r a d u a t e s of t h e Univers i ty of Padova , I ta ly . We w e r e able t o w r i t e d o w n t h e act iv i t ies of e ight doc to r s w h o p rac t i ced med ic ine in Z a n t e d u r i n g the 16th cen tu ry (5). The m o s t f a m o u s w a s Michae l H e r m o d o r o s (1505-1577). H e w a s a b r i l l i an t s cho la r a n d h e t a u g h t bes ides m e d i c i n e t h e Greek l anguage in I t a ly . B e c a u s e of h i s good f a m e P a t r i a r c h Joassaf t h e Magnif icent (1555-1565) inv i ted H e r m o d o r o s t o p rac t ive Medic ine in Cons tan t inop le . I n t h e 17th cen tu ry , 48 d o c t o r s p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e (Table I I ) . S o m e of t h e m w e r e w r i t t e n in t h e Libro d 'Oro of t h e I s l and , a s Georgio Cagnola w h o received h is d o c t o r a t e in 1669 a t t h e Collegio Vene to (6, 7). T w o publ ished w o r k s of G. Cagnola a r e found. 1) « Vi r tu t i s et Sap ien t i ae de nobi l i t a te t r i u p h u s , o ra t io Georgii Cagnoli pa t r i t i i Cre tens i s (...) Pa tav i i (...) 1668 ». 2) « Cons tan t i a l s i m u l a c r u m (...) o ra t io Georgi i Cagnoli pa t r i t i i Cre tens i s (...) Pa tav i i 1668. » A n o t h e r d i s t ingu i shed doc to r w a s Alexander de Rubeis . In t h e Hi s to r i a gymnas i i Pa tav in i , publ i shed in Venice in 1726 i t is w r i t t e n , « Alexander de Rubeis , Zacyn th ius , nobili gene re n a t u s , Pa tav i i medic i -nae se i n s t i t u t i on ibus excolui t , con tuber ioysys Io. Cicalae, professor i i puglici . Doc tor i s l a u r c a m a s secu tu s , m e d i c i n a m fél ici ter fecit in pa t r i a , ubi decess i sse d i c i tu r a n n o 1680 » (8). I n t h e 18th c e n t u r y 81 doc to r s p r ac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e (Table I I I ) . I t is of g r e a t in t e res t t h a t s o m e famil ies gave m o r e t h a n t w o doc to r s (Ar ramio t i s , Nomicos , Tag l iape t ra ) (9). T h e m o s t f a m o u s doc to r du r ing th i s per iod w a s Anas tas io Ze Stel la . H e rece ived h i s d o c t o r a t e in Medic ine a n d phi losophy f rom t h e Collegio Vene to in J u n e 1726. B u t f rom 1721 h e h a d publ i shed h is l ec tu re « G e m i n u s u t i l i t a t i s a c p r a e s t a n t i a l c a r a c t e r Medic inae F a c u l t a t i a d s c r i p t u s . Ora t io p roso lemni s tu-d i o r u m I n s t a u r a t i o n e felicissimis. . . a b Anas tas io Ze Stel la Zacyn th io . Die 2 Novem-br i s Anno Domin i M D C C X X I . Pa tav i i , Typis S a r d i A lmae Univers . Typographi , sup .
155
P e r m i s s u (10). A n o t h e r doc to r f rom the School of Padova w a s D e m e t r i u s P s i m a r i s . H e publ ished h is w o r k in 1761. « Ora t io p ro so lemni s t u d i o r u m I n s t a u r a t i o n e Gym-nas i i Pa tav i i hab i t a in Aede Ca thed ra l i die X X I V N o v e m b r i s 1761». In 1764 P s i m a r i s received h is d o c t o r a t e f rom Collegio Vene to (11). F r o m the beg inn ing of 19th c e n t u r y till 1864, t he t i m e of pol i t ical un ion w i t h Greece , 57 d o c t o r s p r a c t i c e d m e d e c i n e in Z a n t e (Table IV) . Very ac t ive w a s George The r i anos w h o se rved as professor of pa thology a t t he Medica l School of Ion ian Academy in Corfu f rom 1825 t h r o u g h 1838. H e publ ished a lot of scient if ic w o r k s (3). Ano the r d i s t i ngu i shed doc to r w a s F r a n c e s c o Carve las w h o w r o t e in 1817 a m o n o g r a p h y on r i che t s « Consi-deraz ion i sul la r a c h i t i d e m e m o r i a di F r a n c e s c o Carvela Zacint io , d o t t o r e in medi -c ina . Padova (...) MDCCXVII (12). In th is w o r k w h i c h t r a n s l a t e d in G e r m a n in 1835 Carve las pu t d o w n h is o w n exper ience s ince h e suffered f rom r i che t s .
Dionysio Rhoidi publ i shed scientif ic a n d o t h e r papers in I t a l i an l anguage (3). Mar inos S icuros s tud ied m e d i c i n e in I ta ly a n d F r a n c e . When h e r e t u r n e d in
Z a n t e h e he lped in va r ious wa ys t h e Greek revo lu t ion aga ins t t he O t o m a n E m p i r e .
Leas t bu t no t las t °e m e n t i o n D e m e t r i u s Tag l i ape t ras , pe r sona l doc to r of t h e na t iona l poet of Greece, Dionysios So lomos(12) . Tag l i ape t ra w a s b e t w e e n t h e m o s t ac t ive doc to r s w h o he lped Greece to es tab l i sh a m o d e r n h e a l t h s y s t e m af te r 1830 w h e n Greece w a s recognised as a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t e .
I n th i s w o r k w e t r i ed t o f ind ou t t he d o c t o r s w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e f rom the 16th c e n t u r y till 1864. W e w e r e ab le to w r i t e d o w n 193 doc to r s . We c a n n o t s t a t e t h a t th is n u m b e r is def ini te . A very i n t e r e s t i ng poin t is t h a t a suff icient n u m b e r of t h e m w e r e g r a d u a t e s of p res t ig ious E u r o p e a n un ivers i t i e s a n d they s t u d i e d bes ides m e d i c i n e theology a n d phi losophy. M a n y of t h e m publ i shed scientific a n d o t h e r pape r s in Greek , I t a l i an , F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n l anguages a n d t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t he lped Greece to es tab l i sh i ts m o d e r n social h e a l t h sys t em.
Table I
Doctors w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e d u r i n g t h e 16th cen t u ry
Antonio Anapol i tanos Georgios Gabrie lopoulos J acob D. Comou tos Michael H e r m o d o r o s L e s t a r c h o s
Chebron io Manteva P e t r o s Mar t inegos Bevi laqua Sabba ta i
Table I I
Doctors w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e d u r i n g t h e 17th c e n t u r y
Andron ico At ineo Ioann i s V a l s a m o s Giovanni V e n e t a n t o Pe t ro G. V e n e t a n t o Ioann i s (Andreas ) N . Vo l t e r r a s Ioann i s A. G a b a r a s Ioann i s Herak l io t i s Marcos A. I o a k i m Joseph K a m i t s B a r t h o l o m e o G. Cagnola Georgio B . Cagnola Theodoros Caroussos
T h e o d o r o s L. Mel iss inos Po rphyr ios Missokovi t i s Varva r igos S. Mis tor i s George Mora i t i s Nicholaos N o m i c o s Marcos S. X a n t h o p o u l o s Georgio Pa l l ada Alexander de Rubeis Michae l Th. Rousmel i s Cami l lo B. R o m a Ioann i s Ross is Nicolo S a n g u i n a t s o
156
Pau l Capsas D e m e t r i o s J. Comou tos S t a m a t e l l o s D. C o m o u t o s Nicolaos Conton is J u d a Cor(r )e E p h r e m Cor( r )e A n d r e a s Cormoys M e t h e w C o s m a s D e m e t r i o s G. Cour t so las Deme t r io s K o u k a l a s George M a n t o u k a r i s A thanass ios Marave l ak i s
E m m o s C h a n t u r Alexandra S i cu ro H e c t o r A. S icuro Nuch io S. S i cu ro Angelo S u m m a c h i o Marco S u m m a c h i o El ias S u r a n o Nicholaos I. Thiopoulos J acobo Tzogia Antonio F red i an i Nicholaos F. Chionis Joseph Choul is
TABLE I I I
Doc tors w h o p r ac t i c ed med ic ine in Z a n t e d u r i n g the 18th c e n t u r y
Andreas N . Avramio t i s Antonios N. Avramio t i s Dionyssios-Ioannis A. Avramio t i s (Gian Dionisio Avramio t t i ) Nicolo At ineo Jacob Albron Ioann i s D. Anacreo t i s Anas tass ios Andr i t s i s Phi l ippos Axent is Demet r io s I. Arvan i t ak i s Cons tan t i s Arvani t i s Win te r Georgio G. Vin to t t i Va ld i s se ra A. Vol te rà Andreas A. Gai tas Theodoros P. Gai tas Marcos G. Gai tas Andreas C. Ginis S a m a r t i n Da lmedegos Antonio-Anthimo Damou l i agno D i a m a n t i s Z u p a m o s Stel io I rac l io t i s J u ü a n i Ioann i s Can toun i s Aloise A. Cao to r t e Luis-Aloise A. Cao to r t e I oann i s Ch. Capniss is Athanass ios N . C a t r a m i n o s M a r c Cohen Lauen t io G. Coccini Anas tas s ios Cotziis Anas tass ios N . Couval ias F r a n c i s c o G. Quer ino Anas tas s ios G. Couse las D i a m a n t i n o G. Civeto Angelo P. Lasa r i s
Giovani B a t i s t a de Lovier Theodoros D. Mel iss inos Ioann i s Mel iss inos Nicolo G. Merca t i Nicolo P. Merca t i Marcos A. Messa las Giovani B. Milichi Georgio Barozzi E m m a n u e l e S. Barozzi Demet r io s L. N o m i c o s E u s t a t h i o s L. N o m i c o s Paul L. Nomicos Davizes Octavio A. P a p a d a t o Sebas t iano-Leopoldo A. P a p a d a t o Franc i sco-Eleonor io A. P a p a d a t o George I. P l an i t e ros Ga i t ano de Rubeis Antonio S. Rousmel i A lexandre Rossi Nicolo Th. Ro ta Nicolaos Sace l la r ios I oann i s S igouros Cons t an t inos Sigouros-Cal lonas Angelo Tagl iap ie t ra F ranc i sco Tagl iap ie t ra Basi l io F . Terce t i N a t h a n a e l Terce t i Anas t a s io Zen Ste l la Anas tas io Gorge t to Georgio G. T r i a n o Georgio G. Trobet i Nicholaos S. F l abou r i a r i s Alexandre D. F r a n g i Pau lo G. Frec io Andrea N . Soscolo Giovanni Chioni
157
A n d r e a s Logothe t i s G e r o n i m o G. Logothe t i s Anas tas io F . Lugi
Georgios I. Chr i sop leur i s D e m e t r i o N . P s i m a r i
T A B L E IV
Doc to r s w h o p rac t i ced m e d i c i n e in Z a n t e f rom 1801-1864
J. Bacane l lo Anas t a s io Corne l io Vassi l ios D. Varv ian i s S. C r a s s a n N . Varvianis -Capsas Lavoa Arsenis Vegner i s Mavr i anos Dionysio B e r e t t a Angelos Mel iss inos Spyr ido F. B e r e t t a N. Michos F r a n c i s c o B e r e t t a Cons t an t inos I. B a h o m i s Anas tas s ios I. Ver ich io Deme t r io s C. B a h o m i s Ju l io G. Ver ich io Antonio B u o n o c u o r e Ioann i s Vios Georgios C. N a r a n t z i s Pau l Voutos Spyr idon C. N a r a n t z i s Luis Garel l i P a n t a s i s Dionysio C. G u r g u r a c h i D e m e t r i o s Pe lecass is Giovanni G u r g u r a c h i I o a n n i s G. Pe t a s Lab r inos Dikopoulos Cons t an t inos P lan i t e ros Mar inos Dikopouols Dionisio Roidi Cons t an t i nos Dragonas Pau l Romane l l i s P. Dragonas Georgio de Rossi , A. Joseph P. Zav lan i s H é c t o r S i cu ro Georgio T h e r i a n o M a r i n o H. S i cu ro Nicholaos G. Cal ivas D. S eli vas Agost ino Cand io to Nicholaos Spa th i s Spyr idon Carve las S ty l ianos N . Spa th i s Granc i sco Carve la Panayot i s -Mar inos S t e p h a n o u D. Capsocephalos Dionisio L. Tagl iap ie t ra A. Conomos Pe t ro -Franc i sco Gorge t to Giovanni Corco Alfio F e r r a r a A. Focas Pe t ros N. F l e m o t o m o s
REFERENCES
1. BOUBOULIDES F.K. — Zacynthinan Historiography, Hellenic Creation VIII, 233, 1951. 2. EMMANUEL E. — Pharmaceutics in Zante, Proceding of Athens Academy III, 2, 1934. 3. ZOIS L, Ch. — History of Zante, Athens 1955, p. 370.
4. PENTOGALLOS G-M. — The Medical School of Ionian Academy, Thesis, Salónica 1980.
5. RANGABE R.E. — Livre d'Or de la Noblesse Ionienne III, 70, Amenes, 1927. 6. PLUMIDIS G. — Gli Scolari « Oltramarini » a Padova, nei secoli XVI e XVI « Revue
des Etudes Sud-Est Européennes » X 268, 1972. 7. LEGRAND E. — Bibliographic Hellénique XVII s., t. I l l Paris 1910, p . 393. 8. PAPADOPULI C.N. — Historia gymnasii Patavini, Venetia 1726, t. II, p. 316. 9. MORDO LÁZARO de. — Nozioni miscellanee intorno a Coreica (...), Corfu, 1808, p. 71.
10. STERGELLIS A. — Publications of Greek studients of the University of Padova in 17th and 18th century, Athens 1970, p. 173-216.
11. BOUBOULIDES F.K. — Manuscripts of Loverdos Library, Athens 1961, p . 54.
158
