Variations on a Theme. What characteristics are Shared by each of these Species? Species...
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Variations on a Theme
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What characteristics areShared by each of these Species?
Species Characteristics
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Individualcharacteristics-make a person unique
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Although your genes carry your
master plan there are other factors
that makeyou
YOU!
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Like What?
Environment Spiritual life
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Genetics- The Study of Heredity
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Genes
A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait (the recipe for a protein)
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Chromosomes
Threadlike structures composed of DNA
and proteins found in the nucleus of the
cell.
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• Chromatid- one of the identical halves of the chromosome
• Centromere- constricted area where chromatids are joined
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Homologous Pairs and Homologues
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MITOSIS MEIOSIS
• Diploid- has two of each chromosome- 2n- product of mitosis
• Haploid- 1 of each chromosome- 1n- product of meiosis
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Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes
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Fruit Flies
8 chromosomes or 4 pairs
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Goldfish
• 100 chromosomes or 50 pair
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Crayfish
• 200 chromosomes or 100 pair
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Lilies, Tomatoes, White Pines
• All have 24 chromosomes or 12 pair
• It’s not the chromosome number that determines the species but the genes on the chromosomes
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What is a Karyotype?
• A photograph or stained, separated and sorted chromosomes
•
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How many chromosomes would there be in a human diploid cell? A haploid cell?
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Haploid cells are for reproduction
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What is the difference between a gene and a chromosome?
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Cell DivisionAnd the Cell Cycle
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What is the cell cycle?
The life cycle of a cell
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Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
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Mitosis
• The division of a cell to produce two identical daughter cells
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Interphase•Chromosomes are copied•Appear as “threadlike”coils (chromatin)at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase.
•Chromatid
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Prophase•Mitosis begins•Centrioles appear•Spindle fibers form between the poles
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Metaphase•Chromatids attach to spindle fibers in center
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Anaphase•Chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite sides of the cell
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Telophase•Two nuclei form•Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods•Mitosis ends
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Cytokinesis•Membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells with identical chromosomes
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Prophase
Whitefish Onion
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Metaphase
Whitefish Onion
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Anaphase
Whitefish Onion
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Telophase
Whitefish Onion
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All Together Now
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Uses of Mitosis
• Growth
• Repair and replace old or damaged cells
• Asexual reproduction
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MEIOSIS
Forming Gametes for Sexual Reproduction
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Who discovered meiosis?
Van Beneden Studying Ascaris
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Meiosis Vocabulary
• Zygote- a diploid cell formed by the union of a haploid sperm and egg
• Meiosis- the forming of sexual gametes by reducing the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid through two divisions.
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Meiosis- two divisions
• 1st division reduces the # of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
• 2nd division doubles the number of cells
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Meiosis
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Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
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Compare Metaphase:Mitosis Metaphase Meiosis Metaphase I
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Compare Anaphase
Mitosis Anaphase Meiosis Anaphase I
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Compare Daughter Cells Produced:
Mitosis Meiosis
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Purpose of Meiosis
• To form gametes for sexual reproduction
• Four viable sperm are produced from spermatogenesis
• One viable egg produced from oogenesis
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Meiosis Vocabulary
• Gametes- haploid cells that, when united, form a diploid zygote- ex. sperm, eg
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Meiosis Vocabulary
• Fertilization- the process of forming a zygote
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Meiosis Vocabulary
• Sperm- male gamete
• Egg- female gamete
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Meiosis Vocabulary
Forming of Sperm Forming of Eggs
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Meiosis Vocabulary
• Sexual Reproduction-The fertilization (union) of haploid gametes to produce offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent