Variations of Elemental Concentration in PM 10 and PM 2.5. 12 June 2007,Colombo. M.C. Shirani...

Variations of Elemental Concentration in PM 10 and PM 2.5.

12 June 2007,Colombo.

M.C. Shirani SeneviratneHead , Nulear Analytical Services Sec.

Atomic Energy Authority SRI LANKA

([email protected])

National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007

Project Team Members

Mrs. M.C.S. Seneviratne Mr. V.A. Waduge Mrs. H.L. Hadagiripathira Mrs. T.N. Attanayake Mr. C.K. Amaratunge(CEA) Mr.R.N.R Jayaratne (CEA)


Contents

Introduction

Objectives

Activities under the Project (2006)• Sample collection and Analysis• Graphical Data Presentation Data Evaluation

Conclusion


Introduction

Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) jointly with Central Environmental Authority (CEA) participates in the RCA sub project on “IAEA/RCA Subproject on Improved Urban Air quality Management through Isotope and related Techniques (RAS/7/013) since 2000.


National Objectives

To measure the elemental composition of the coarse and fine air particulates using the nuclear analytical technique ED-XRF in the selective sites to monitor the long-term trends.

Identifying the main Pollutant sources and qualifying the source contribution.

Identifying the direction of local point sources and long term pollutant dispersion.

Sample Collection And Analysis

Sampling Period: 2000 to up to date

Sampling sites: 1. Air Quality Monitoring Station

2. AEA Premises

Air Samplers : Gent PM 10 Air Sampler

Particulate Size: PM10-2.5 and PM2.5

Elemental Analysis : ED-XRF

Black Carbon : Stain Smoke Reflectometer.


Gent PM 10 Air Sampler


X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

Well Established Fast Non destructive multi-Elemental analysis cost effective Method


Time Series-PM 2.5 &PM10 (AEA)

Mean 57

Mean 24

PM 10 and PM 2.5 measurements of Air Samples at AEA site

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Date

PM

10 &

PM

2.5

(u

g/m

^3)

The average PM 2.5 and PM 10 values are 18g/m3 and 54 g/m3 which exceed the USEPA values. The average PM 2.5 particulates component of PM 10 is 42% at the AEA station. National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007

Time Series- Black Carbon (AEA)

Black Carbon measurements of Air samples of AEA site

0

5

10

15

20

25

6/1

8/2

003

7/1

6/2

003

9/1

2/2

003

10/7

/2003

11/1

8/2

003

12/4

/2003

12/2

4/2

003

2/1

1/2

004

6/2

9/2

004

9/1

0/2

004

23/1

2/2

004

8/3

/2005

7/6

/2005

12/8

/2005

25/1

1/2

005

22/1

2/2

005

21/0

2/2

006

17/0

3/2

006

23/0

5/2

006

27/0

7/2

006

4/1

0/2

006

14/1

2/2

006

Date

BC

(ug

/m3)

Variation of the black carbon measurements in the fine filters collected at AEA site is shown in above. The Average of BC is 10 g/m3.


Time Series-PM 2.5 &PM10 (AQM)

Mean 75

Mean 29

PM 10 and PM 2.5 measurements of Air Samples at AQM site

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

No

091100f

220101f

101001f

270602f

091002f

170603f

081103f

270104f

070504f

300904f

030605f

041005f

091105f

050106f

070206f

120306f

030506f

040706f

230906f

Date

The annual averages of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were measured as 50glm3 and 17 g/m3 in 2006 respectively.

This Indicates about 38% of fine particulates are in PM 10 mass fraction. National Stakeholders Forum-Sri Lanka- 2007

Time Series-Black Carbon (AQM)Black Carbon measurements of Air Samples at AQM site

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00N

o

091100f

220101f

101001f

270602f

091002f

170603f

081103f

270104f

070504f

300904f

030605f

041005f

091105f

050106f

070206f

120306f

030506f

040706f

140906f

Date

BC

valu

es (

ug

/m^3)

The average concentration of BC is 8g/m3 and it was nearly 1/2 of the total PM. 2.5 mass concentration. This indicates that the combustion source dominates in the fine fraction in this site.


Summary of PM 10, PM 2.5 and BC in two sites

PM 10, pm 2.5 AND Black Carbon variations of Air Samples at AQM site

0

50

100

150

Year2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

PM 10, PM 2.5 and Black Carbon variations of Air Samples at AEA site

0

20

40

60

80

Year

2003 2004 2005 2006


Comparison of Mass Concentration in two sites

Both size fractionated particle masses were lower in site 1 comparing the last few years.

The following factors can be stated for negative trends for particulates pollution.

Better management practice for motor traffic control.

Introducing the standards of vehicular emissions and on spot emission testing.

Improving the Public transportation. Phasing out the old vehicles from the main

roads with regards to quality of emissions.


Box plot for Elemental Concentration in Fine Filters (AEA)

BC S K Si FeNa Cl Al ZnCaCu Br Pb Sr Cr Ti Ni

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n(u

g/m

3)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100


Box plot for Elemental Concentration in Fine Filters (AQM)

BC S K Si FeNa Cl Al ZnCaCu Br Pb Sr Cr Ti Ni

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n( u

g/m

3)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100


Summary of Elemental Concentration

Sulphate and BC are dominant elements in the fine fraction collected from both sites.

K and Zn are significant in the fine particles when compared with the other anthropogenic elements.

Zn is released and is often observed as a white smoke coming from the two strokes engine exhausts.

Pb is not significant in the fine fraction when compare with the other elements., ( unleaded fuel was introduced in 2001 to improve the air quality.)


Source Apportionment of the Fine particulate matter collected from AEA Station

The elemental Concentration measured on 100 fine filters from AQM Station were used for PMF Analysis.

- 28 key elements analyzed by ED-XRF were selected for

PMF.

- Data Quality control using Box & whisker of Statgraphics.


Source Identification (PMF)

Soil

40%

Sea

Salt+Vehi

cular

33%

Sulfer

12%

AEA –Fine Fraction (Average RCM 26ug/m3)


Identified Sources and Finger Print Elements from PMF –AEA Site

PMF Factors

High loading Mass contribution

Main sources

Potential source

location

1 S, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sn, Ti

40% Soil Point source and long term dispersion are not identified.

2 V, Sc, K, S, P 27% Sulphate /Smoke

3 BC, Cl, K, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La,Pb

33% Vehicular Emission/R

efineries


Sea Salt

33%

Soil

8%

Sulfer

29%

Vehicular

30%

AQM- Fine Fraction

(Average RCM 29 ug/m3)

Source Identification (PMF)


Identified Sources and Finger Print Elements from PMF –AQM Site

PMF Factors

High loading Mass contribution

Main sources

Potential source

location

1 Al, Si, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe

8% Soil Point source and long term dispersion are not identified.

2 Na, Mg, Cl 33% Seaspray

3 P, S, V 29% Sulphate

4 BC, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb,Sr, Cd, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Pb

30% Vehicular Emission


Air data with local meteorology

The local meteorological information could be useful in interpreting source apportionment results.

Multiple methods (CPF and NPR) are available to combine the compositional data with meteorological data to explore the directionality of possible sources or source areas that are contributing to the PM Concentrates observed at the sampling site.

PM 2.5 and EC concentration were treated with meteorological data to identify the source direction.


Comparison between CPF and NPR plots for the BC in AQM site

NPR CPF

These plots indicate actual direction of a fuel burning electricity production plant and emissions from the direction of the central railway station in Colombo city.


Use of HYSPLIT-4 Back Trajectory Model.

Dispersion models describe the transport of the particles from a source to the sampling location and it can be used to examine the motion of the atmosphere forward or backward in time.

One of the uses for the trajectories is to examine the origins of observed spike in the time series of element or source species.


Time series plot of S at AEA site

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Date

S (ug

/m^3

)

Time Series of S measured in AEA.

It can be suggested that both event are associated with ship’s emissions from this major shipping route due to large ocean- going ships burning low grade residue oils which have influence on long term sulphate in PM 2.5


Conclusions

I This project continues positively in Sri Lanka for the last few years in Collaboration with the End-user Institution.

I Data of PM 10, PM 2.5 and elements and results of the Source Apportionment Technique can be utilized for:

the identification of long-term trends of pollution contribution of major pollutants local and long term transport pathways of specific

sources. I The findings will be helpful to implement the air quality

management strategies by the relevant Authorities.. I The participation of AEA in this project complements the on

going national air quality monitoring programme effectively.


Acknowledgement

The Technical Assistance provided by IAEA and in kind contribution to analyze our samples by EDXRF at Prof. Hopke’s laboratory are acknowledged.


Thank you


Variations of Elemental Concentration in PM 10 and PM 2.5. 12 June 2007,Colombo. M.C. Shirani...

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