Strategic Cost Management

USOL, PU, Chandigarh19 November , 2013

Standard costing

• Management control can be exercised only if benchmarks or norms exists against which actual performance can be measured

• For an organization as a whole, the strategic planning exercise provides the basis for developing performance expectations.

Standard, Standard Cost and Standard Costing

• A standard is a predetermined estimate of quantities of input namely material, labour, and others and the prices or usage rates.

• Acc to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), “ A standard is a predetermined measurable quantity set in defined conditions against which actual performance can be compared, usually for an element of work, operations or activity.

Continue..• Standard cost: are carefully predetermined costs that are

usually expressed on a per unit basis. They are target costs basically.

• Acc to CIMA, “a predetermined calculations of how much costs should be under specified working conditions

• It is built up from an assessment of the value of the cost elements and correlates technical specifications and the quantification of material, labour and other cost to the prices/ wage rates expected to apply during the period in which the standard cost is intended to be used

Standard Costing• Standard costing: acc to CIMA, “ a technique which uses standard for

costs and revenue for the purpose of control through variance analysis”

• Utilities of Standard costingCost controlRevenue decisions and diagnosisinventory valuationmotivationAid to record keeping and cost reductionmanagement by exceptionperformance measurement

Variance and variance analysis

• Variance: acc to CIMA, “ the difference between planned, budgeted or standard costs and actual costs.

• Variance analysis: acc. to CIMA, “the analysis of variance arising in a standard costing system into their constituent parts”

Types of VA

• Variance analysis– DM variance– DL variance– Overhead variance

DM cost variance analysis

Material cost variance

Price variance Usage variance

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Usage variance

Yield variance Mix variance

formulae

• DM cost variance: difference between standard cost of actual quantity of goods manufactured and the actual material cost

• It shows the saving or excess cost in purchase and use of direct material.

• DM variance= (SC* actual output)- actual material cost of input

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• Material price variance: is the difference between the standard price and the actual price of materials used in the production.

• Material price variance= AQ( SP- AP)

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• Material usage variance: difference between standard quantity of material prescribed for actual production and actual quantity used

• Represents the efficiency with which the materials have been used in the manufacturing process.

• Material usage variance= SQ used in actual production- actual quantity used

• Standard quantity used in actual production= Standard material quantity* actual production/standard production

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• Material yield variance: is a subdivision of the material usage variance

• Difference between standard quantity of production based on actual input and actual quantity produced

• = Standard cost( standard yield/output based on actual input- actual output)

• Standard output based on actual input= Standard output* actual material input/ standard material input

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• Material mix variance: difference between standard mix of materials and the actual mix of materials.

• Highlights the cost incidence of the difference between the actual quantity used quantity that should have been used if the total quantity of input was mixed in accordance with standard proportion.

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• = standard cost of standard mix- standard cost of actual mix

• Standard mix= standard quantity of each material in a mix* actual total input/ standard total quantity of materials in a mix.

DL cost variance analysis

DL cost variance

Efficiency variance Mix variance Idle time

variance Rate variance

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• DL cost variance: difference between standard direct labour cost of actual quantity of goods produced and the actual direct labour cost

= (SR* Standard lab hr. used)- (AR*actual direct labour used)

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• Direct labour rate variance: difference between standard wage rate and the actual wage rate per hour of labour employed in manufacturing.

• = Actual hours( SR- AR)

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• Direct labour mix variance: sub division of direct labour usage variance

• Difference between standard composition and the actual composition of direct labour.

• = standard cost of standard mix- standard cost of actual mix

• Standard mix= standard time for each grade of labour* actual time taken/ standard total time

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• Direct labour idle time variance: difference between actual hours paid and hours actually worked

• = standard wage rate per hour* abnormal idle hours

Overhead varianceOverhead variances

Variable overhead variance

Variable overhead spending variance

Variable overhead efficiency variances

Fixed overhead variance

Fixed overhead budget variances

Fixed overhead volume variances

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• Variable overhead spending variance= (Standard variable overhead rate* actual hours

worked)- actual variable overhead

Standard variable overhead rate per hour=Budgeted variable overhead/ budgeted hours

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• Variable overhead efficiency varianceis the difference between the standard time allowed for actual production and actual time taken.Highlights the cost incidence of the difference between the actual efficiency and the standard efficiency

=Standard variable overhead rate per hour( actual output in terms of standard hours- Actual hours worked)

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• Fixed overhead variance analysis difference between the budgeted fixed

overhead and actual fixed overhead= (standard fixed overhead rate* actual

production)- actual fixed overheads

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• Fixed overhead budget variance=budgeted fixed overhead- actual fixed

overheadsFixed overhead volume variance=Standard fixed overhead rate( budgeted output-

actual output)

Thank you!