Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology
-
Upload
michael-hewitt -
Category
Technology
-
view
504 -
download
6
description
Transcript of Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology
![Page 1: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal
Mining Practices and Geology
Terry W. Schmidt
• Presented at Pennsylvania Abandoned Mine Reclamation Conference, August 10, 2013.
• Terry W. Schmidt, P.E., Vice President, Engineering, Skelly And Loy, Inc., 2601 North Front Street, Harrisburg, PA 17110.
![Page 2: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation Promises
• No formulas
• Few technical terms
- (keep it simple)
• Lots of pictures
• Mostly generalizations
- (won’t dwell on exceptions)
![Page 3: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AMD Formation
Pyrite (sulfur)+
Oxygen+
Water+
Bacteria=
AMD (Coal Mine Drainage)
![Page 4: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pennsylvania Coal Fields
Source: USGS
![Page 5: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Anthracite Regional History
• Mid-1800’s – coal was extensively mined– fueled America’s industrial revolution– coal became the economic base of the region
• Post-1917– coke replaced anthracite in steel-making– demand for anthracite coal declined– coal-related employment declined
• 1950’s– many remaining active mines were flooded– major underground mining operations ceased– coal industry & regional economy collapsed within a short time
![Page 6: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Typical Anthracite Geology
![Page 7: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Typical Anthracite Cross Section
![Page 8: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WhalebackWhaleback
![Page 9: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ANTHRACITE MINING
• Underground Mining– Breast and Pillar– Room and Pillar– Retreat Mining
• Surface Mining– Contour Mining– Open Pit
![Page 10: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Anthracite Breast and Pillar Mining
![Page 11: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Anthracite Underground Mining
![Page 12: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anthracite Open Pit Mining
![Page 13: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Contour Style Surface MiningContour Style Surface Mining
![Page 14: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Actual Cross Section Through Porter and Tower City Tunnels
![Page 15: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Geology - Pit Near Porter TunnelSchuylkill County
![Page 16: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Porter Tunnel Characteristics
• Flow 700 – 7,000 gpm
• 3 pH
• 100 mg/L acidity
• 20 mg/l iron
• Low Al and Mn
![Page 17: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bear Creek, Lykens Tunnel, Dauphin County
Bear Creek, Lykens Tunnel, Dauphin County
![Page 18: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bear Creek, Lykens DriftDauphin County
![Page 19: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
RT 309 Tamaqua, Schuylkill County
RT 309 Tamaqua, Schuylkill County
![Page 20: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Nanticoke Creek, Luzerne County
Nanticoke Creek, Askam Borehole, Luzerne County
![Page 21: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Eastern Middle Anthracite Region
• 33 square-miles mining – 13 rock tunnels
• 120 square-mile surface drainage area
• Spans Carbon, Columbia, Luzerne, and Schuylkill Counties
![Page 22: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cross Section in the City of Hazleton
![Page 23: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Jeddo Tunnel
Jeddo Tunnel
9 feet wide 7 feet high
30,000 GPM
![Page 24: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Anthracite Summary
• Highly variable geologic structure
• Low levels of sulfur minerals (OB & coal)
• Tunnel/borehole control of water levels
• Vast interconnected mining complexes
• Higher discharge flows
• Lower acidity and metal concentrations
• Discharge locations often near stream
![Page 25: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
BITUMINOUS MINING OPERATIONS
• Underground Mining– Room and Pillar– Longwall
• Surface Mining– Contour Mining– Area Mining
![Page 26: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Typical Bituminous Geology
![Page 27: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Area Dragline Mining
![Page 28: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Area Dragline Mining
![Page 29: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Contour and Area Mining Reclamation
![Page 30: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bituminous Surface MiningSomerset County
![Page 31: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bituminous UndergroundBituminous Underground
![Page 32: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PROJECT LOCATION MAP
![Page 33: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Down Dip versus Up Dip, Clearfield County
Yorkshire #1 (down dip)
• Clarion “A” seam coal• 10 degree dip (S/SE)• Completed 1942• 540 acres• 50 % coal recovery• 3% sulfur in coal• 300’ maximum to surface• 2 discharges
Shoff Mine (up dip)
• Clarion “A” seam coal• 10 degree dip (S/SE)• Completed late 1930s• 428 acres• 35-100% coal recovery• 3% sulfur in coal• 300’ maximum to surface• 5 discharges
![Page 34: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Down Dip versus Up Dip
Yorkshire #1 (down dip)
• 90% workings inundated• 129 mg/L acidity• 107 mg/L iron• 1,009 mg/L sulfate• 7.3 mg/L aluminum
Shoff Mine (up dip)
• <10% workings inundated• 1,408 mg/L acidity• 365 mg/L iron• 1,398 mg/L sulfate• 6.8 mg/L aluminum
![Page 35: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cold Stream
• Watershed Area of 21 Square Miles• Over 10 miles Length in Centre County• Extensive Mining in Lower 2.5 Miles• Over 30 Known Underground Mine
Openings along Cold Stream• Upper Reach Classified as High Quality
Cold Water Fishery (HQ-CWF)• Lower Reach Supports NO Fishery
![Page 36: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Glass City, Cold Stream Centre County
FLOW RATE: 0 – 1400 gpmTOTAL IRON: 40 – 50 mg/LpH: 2.5 – 3.0NET ACIDITY: 400-500 mg/LMANGANESE: 1 – 7 mg/LSULFATES: 100 – 600 mg/LALUMINUM: 15 – 25 mg/L
![Page 38: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cold Stream, Mine Drift, Centre County
Cold Stream, Mine Drift, Centre County
![Page 39: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hubler Run Clearfield County
Raw water quality– Q AVG = 19 GPM– Q MAX = 45 GPM– Average Acidity = 115 mg/L– Average iron < 1 mg/L– Average Aluminum = 17 mg/L
![Page 40: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Elk Creek, Elk County
Average Raw AMD:Flow = 10 gpmpH = 5.5Fe = 15 mg/LAcidity = 100 mg/L
![Page 41: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
St. Michael Discharge,Cambria County
• primary discharge emanates from the St. Michael Shaft located along Topper Run
• represents the largest pollutant loading to the Little Conemaugh River
• shaft extends 600 feet to the Lower Kittanning Coal Seam
• results from artesian pressure in the mine pool
![Page 42: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS
• Flow rates range from 2,000 to 4,000 gallons per minute (GPM)
• Unites States Geologic Survey (U.S.G.S.) sample data indicated:- dissolved oxygen = 0.4 milligrams per liter (mg/L); - field pH = 5.4; - acidity = 380 mg/L; - aluminum = 0.6 mg/L; and - iron = 174 mg/L.
![Page 43: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cessna Run, Indiana County
• Average Raw AMD:
• Flow = 90 gpm
• pH = 5.5
• Al = 6 mg/L
• Fe < 2 mg/L
• Acidity = 120 mg/L
![Page 44: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Blacklegs Creek #7Indiana County
Average Raw AMD:Flow = 800 gpmFe = 1 mg/LAl = 15 mg/LHot Acidity = 150 mg/L
![Page 45: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Blacklegs Creek #8 Drainage Tunnel, Indiana County
![Page 46: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Blacklegs Creek Kolb Indiana County
![Page 47: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Kolb Site
• Located in Indiana County, Pennsylvania• Abandoned underground mine discharge• High flow (approximately 1,000 gallons per
minute)• DO concentration at the underground mine
was typically less than 1 mg/L• Elevation drop of 40 feet from the mine
discharge to treatment location
![Page 48: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Boyce Park, Allegheny County
• BP 2• pH = 4.8 • Fe < 1.0 mg/L• Al = 24 mg/L• acidity = 77 mg/L
• BP 3• pH = 3.3• Fe = 4 mg/L• Al = 23 mg/L• acidity = 265 mg/L
• BP 4• pH = 4.8 • Fe = 17 mg/L• Mn < 1.0 mg/L• Al = 79 mg/L• acidity = 488 mg/L
![Page 49: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Dunkard Creek – Greene County
Site 2A:Flow = 35 gpmpH = 3.7Fe = 25 mg/LAl = 23 mg/LHot Acidity = 220 mg/L
![Page 50: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Dunkard Creek – Greene County
Site 2BFlow = 390 gpmpH = 3.1Fe = 41 mg/LAl = 33 mg/LHot Acidity = 380 mg/L
![Page 51: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dunkard Creek – Greene County
![Page 52: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sagamore Site
• Located in Fayette County, Pennsylvania• First documented use of a windmill aerator at
a passive treatment system• Two discharges treated with a flow rate of
100 gpm• Net-alkaline with iron concentrations of 15 to
20 mg/L• Little elevation drop
![Page 53: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Broad Top Township, Bedford County
![Page 55: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Broad Top Township, Bedford County Over 80 identified AMD discharges
Flows <1 - >500 GPM, highly variable chemistry
30 passive treatment systems (10% of PA systems)
Three 303(d)-listed watersheds (28 square miles):
-Longs Run, Six Mile Run, Sandy Run
Historic underground mining (approx. 184 mine entries) and surface coal mining legacy of isolated Broad Top coal field since the 1800’s
Abandoned underground mines filled with water and drainage from partially reclaimed surface mines have created AMD throughout the Township
![Page 56: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Finleyville – Primarily Aluminum
![Page 58: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
LR0-D14: Primarily Iron
AMD Discharge
Longs Run
Aerobic Wetland (0.1
acre)
Net alkaline discharge with moderate flow and high Fe2+, but very limited space removes ~ 50% of iron; wetland was slightly enlarged &
Aero-Troff added to promote aeration in place of rock-lined channel
![Page 59: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
LR0-D10: VFW w/ Automatic Inline
Structures
LR0-D10 , flow = 30 gpmacidity = 440 mg/L,Fe = 145 mg/L, Al = 10 mg/L
System Constructed in 2006, Performed One Compost O&M Event Since 2006 on VFW
![Page 60: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
SX0-D8 Before Treatment
![Page 61: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SX2-D5: Preliminary Construction
Exposed Mine Entry/Source of AMD
![Page 62: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
SX0-D6: Exposed Buried Mine Entries – Two?
![Page 63: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
SX0-D16 Exposed Mine Entry
Average Raw AMD:Flow = 50 gpmpH = 3.2Fe = 1.0 mg/LAl = 6.3 mg/LHot Acidity = 107 mg/L
![Page 64: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
SX0-D16 Passive AMD Treatment System Using FLBs & Settling Ponds
Final Outfall (Aug 2009):pH = 7.7Fe = <0.1 mg/LAl = 0.2 mg/LHot Acidity = -26 mg/LAlkalinity = 38 mg/L
![Page 65: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
SX8-D1
• flow = 120 gpm
• pH = 3.5
• Al = 2 mg/L
• Fe = 30 mg/L
• Acidity = 125 mg/L
![Page 66: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
SA0-D4 VFW-Based Passive Treatment
Average Raw AMD:Flow = 25 gpmpH = 3.0Fe = 99 mg/LAl = 38 mg/LHot Acidity = 476 mg/L
![Page 67: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
SA0-D5: Exposed Vertical Shaft
Average Raw AMD:Flow = 70 gpmpH = 3.1Fe = 15 mg/LAl = 16 mg/LHot Acidity = 195 mg/L
![Page 68: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bituminous Summary
• Flatter lying geologic structure
• Variable sulfur mineral levels (OB & coal)
• Groundwater control of water levels
• More smaller mining complexes
• Lower discharge flows
• Higher acidity and metal concentrations
• Variable discharge locations
![Page 69: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
PA Coal Mine Discharge Comparison
Bituminous
• Regular Geology• Variable Sulfur Content• GW/Entry Control• Isolated UG Complexes• Lower Discharge Flows• Higher Contaminant Levels• Discharge locations vary
Anthracite
• Complex Geology• Lower Sulfur Content• Tunnel/Borehole Control• Vast UG Complexes• Higher Discharge Flows• Lower Contaminant Levels• Discharges near streams
![Page 70: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Factors Influencing Coal Mine Drainage
• Availability of sulfur bearing minerals
- coal, overburden, bottom rock
• Availability of water
- rainwater, groundwater
• Availability of oxygen
- inundation, fluctuation in water levels
• Availability of bacteria
![Page 71: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
AMD Formation
Pyrite (sulfur)+
Oxygen+
Water+
Bacteria=
AMD (Coal Mine Drainage)
![Page 72: Variability of Coal Mine Drainage in Pennsylvania Resulting from Coal Mining Practices and Geology](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062319/55571647d8b42a274d8b53ba/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Comments Or QuestionsComments Or Questions