Vanessa Hatje

CIENAMUniversidade Federal da Bahia

Workshop GEOTRACES BRAZILSantos - April, 2015

An introduction to the program

GEOTRACES International Programme

• Co-chairs: Reiner Schlitzer (AWI, Germany) Ed Boyle (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US)

• GEOTRACES is an international programme which aims to improve the understanding of biogeochemical cycles and large-scale distribution of trace elements and their isotopes in the marine environment

• Scientists from approximately 35 nations have been involved in the programme, which is designed to study all major ocean basins over the next decade

• GEOTRACES Science Plan (2006)

2

GEOTRACES Mission

“To identify processes and quantify fluxes that control the distributions of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) in the ocean, and to establish the sensitivity of these distributions to changing environmental conditions”

3

What are ‘key’ elements?

They include:

•Those acting as micronutrients to control ocean productivity and ecosystems(e.g. Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn)

•Those tracing modern processes in the ocean (e.g. Al, REEs, Ra and Th isotopes, 3He, 15N)

•Contaminants in the present and future ocean (e.g. Pb, Hg)

•Chemical species used as proxies to reconstruct past climate (e.g. 231Pa, 230Th, Cd, 15N, 30Si, Ba)

4

What are the antecipated benefits?

They include:

1)Identify sources and sinks and quantify internal cycling of essential micronutrients (e.g., Fe, Zn, Co, Cd, Cu).

2)Calibrate geochemical tracers used to reconstruct past ocean conditions (e.g., circulation, chemistry, biological productivity, carbon fluxes) for more reliable applications.

3)Quantify groundwater supply of dissolved materials.

4)Improve predictions of the transport and fate of contaminants.

5

6

Timeliness

Substantial interdisciplinary benefits of disciplinary study of ocean geochemistry

Now 30 years since last global program in marine geochemistry (GEOSECS)

Improved ability to sample the ocean without contamination

Increased sensitivity ofanalytical instrumentation

Advances in modeling permit rates and fluxes to be derived

GEOTRACES Themes:

• Theme 1: Fluxes and processes at ocean interfaces: atmospheric deposition; continental run-off; sediment-water boundary; ocean crust• Theme 2: Internal cycling: Uptake/removal and regeneration in water; seafloor regeneration; physical circulation• Theme 3: Development of proxies for past change

7

Highlights of timeline

2000 Group discussions at international meetings2001 Fall AGU special session and open town hall meeting2003 International Planning Workshop (Funded by NSF)

SCOR sponsorship and establishment of Planning Group2004 National planning meetings and writing of Science Plan starts2006 Science Plan published; SSC forms2007-09 First cruises; IPY and intercalibration2007 Basin planning workshops (Hawaii; Oxford; Goa)

First (of 3) Model-Data Workshop (Delmenhorst, Paris, Barcelona)

2009 First (of 3) Arctic workshops (Delmenhorst, Vancouver, Moscow)• International Project Office (IPO) set up (Toulouse);

Formal launch of GEOTRACES programme at Ocean Sciences meeting

2010-15 24 GEOTRACES Section Cruises 16 GEOTRACES Process Study Cruises; 3

compliant data2012 Latin America Workshop meeting • Launch of first Intermediate Data Product• GEOTRACES BRAZIL workshop

8

Strategy for Global Ocean Coverage

9

• International workshops define priorities for each basin

• National committees select elements based on:National prioritiesAnticipated benefitsResourcesInterests and expertise

• Coordination via international SSC

Status of GEOTRACES Section Cruises

In red: Planned Sections

In yellow: Completed Sections

In black: Sections completed as GEOTRACES contribution to the IPY

52 cruises (24 GEOTRACES Section cruises) completed

10

11

Global Ocean Coverage

CompletedGA02: Netherlands (2010/11)GA03: USA (2010/11)GA06: UK (2011)GA10: UK (2010/11)GA11: Germany (2010)GA04: Netherlands and Spain (2013)GA01: France (2014-2015)

Future plansGA08: Germany

12

What does the programme do?

GEOTRACES science is funded and organised by individual nations

GEOTRACES as a programme is more than the sum of these national efforts

• Intercalibration• Data Management• International Project Office and Steering Committee• Planning, co-ordination and capacity building

Ensuring that data from different nations and different regions is consistent and of high quality

• Standards and Intercalibration Committee (Greg Cutter and Maeve Lohan)

• Two US-NSF funded cruises dedicated to international measurement intercalibration (2008, 2009; Cutter, Bruland, Sherrell)

• Writing of “Cook Books” including recommended (but not required) measurement practice

• Production and distribution of GEOTRACES seawater standards (Bruland et al.)

• Publication of L&O Methods Special Issue with 24 peer-reviewed papers:“Intercalibration in Chemical Oceanography” (eds. Cutter, Croot, Andersson)

• Workshops to improve intercalibration and measurement practice (e.g. Hg, particles)

Intercalibration

Data Management

Oversight by Data Management Committee – co-chaired by Andy Bowie & Alessandro Tagliabue

GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) at BODC, UK.www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/

GEOTRACES Data Manager: Abby Bullgeotraces.dac@bodc.ac.uk

International Project Office (IPO)

GEOTRACES International Project OfficerElena Masferrer Dodasipo@geotraces.org

Scientific Director: Catherine JeandelHosted at LEGOS, Toulouse

International Scientific Steering Committee co-chaired by Ed Boyle and Reiner Schlitzer representatives of 15 nations

www.geotraces.org

Capacity Building

16

Trace metal - clean sampling technology and methods

Many nations lack infrastructure and expertise for clean sampling

Principal barrier is sampling at sea, not analyses

GEOTRACES offers international assistance in design, construction and use of clean sampling systems

Planning and building

20062007

20082009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

S. America

Pacific Indian

Atlantic

Arctic 1 Arctic 3

Asian 1

SSC meetings

Regional planning

Early planning

Plus many national and cruise meetings, intercalibration meetings, conference sessions, data-model synergy meetings, COST meetings…

Arctic 2

Asian 2

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

The power of tracers: a 3D animation example of Thorium-230 along GEOTRACES North Atlantic Sections

http://vimeo.com/69990808

18

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

The amount of dissolved iron released into the ocean from continental margins displays variability not currently captured by ocean-climate prediction models. The amount of iron leaking from continental margins sediments was previously assumed to reflect rates of microbial activity within the sediments

Dr. William Homoky and co-authors found that rate of iron released from seafloor sediments close to continents is actually far more varied between regions because of local differences in weathering and erosion on land

GEOTRACES scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications

Homoky, W. B. et al. Distinct iron isotopic signatures and supply from marine sediment dissolution (2013), Nature Communications, 4:2143, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3143

19

A data synthesis effort of over 13,000 observations of dissolved iron concentrations. More than doubled the previous data compilation

Overall, more observations have been collected in the past 5 years under the auspices of the International Polar Year and GEOTRACES efforts than were collected in the prior ~15 years

Alessandro Tagliabue's and co-authors analysis was able to highlight where observations are lacking in a particular region or time of year, which they hope will assist future sampling efforts

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean

Tagliabue, A., et al. (2012) A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 2333-2349, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2333-2012.

20

Substantial intra-basin variation of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio in the different water masses of the Indian Ocean

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

The first simultaneous, full-depth, and basin-scale section-distribution of dissolved Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the Indian Ocean (GI04), show an important variability of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio among the water masses

These results question the validity of using an "extended Redfield ratio" to trace metals. The consistent mechanism yielding these variations remains to be understood.

Thi Dieu Vu, H., Sohrin, Y. (2013) Diverse stoichiometry of dissolved trace metals in the Indian Ocean, Scientific Reports 3, DOI: 10.1038/srep01745

21

Advanced Light Source x-ray spectromicroscopy (XANES) allows a fine description of the marine Fe pool chemical speciation and mineralogy

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

New beautiful results on marine particle speciation, a challenge for the GEOTRACES community...

B. P. von der Heyden, A. N. Roychoudhury, T. N. Mtshali1, T. Tyliszczak, S. C. B. Myneni. (2012). Chemically and Geographically Distinct Solid-Phase Iron Pools in the Southern Ocean: Science 338 (6111): 1199-1201.

The paper identifies a diverse array of iron particles, showing impressive variations in the oxidation state and composition of iron particles between the coasts of South Africa and Antarctica

As particle speciation is directly linked to the element solubilities, these differences may affect the production of bioavailable dissolved iron

22

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

Arsenic detoxification by phytoplankton reveals that arsenic species could be good proxies of phosphorus limitation

Some phytoplankton species have the capacity to modify surface water arsenic speciation, inhibiting its toxicity when phosphate concentrations are below those for arsenic (As)

Wurl, O., L. Zimmer, and G.A. Cutter. 2013. Arsenic and phosphorus biogeochemistry in the ocean: Arsenic species as proxies for P-limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58: 729-740.

During GEOTRACES cruise (GA03), fine determination of As speciation allowed establishing the potential use of these detoxification products as indicators of phosphorus (P) limitation

23

24

Charette et al., 2015 

Radium quartet reveals no less than four main processes along the GEOTRACES North Atlantic Ocean section (30°N)

GEOTRACES Science Highlights: Example

• Mediterranean outflow spreading rate of 0.52-0.60 cm/s derived from 228Ra,• Evidence of substantial sediment/water interaction in the benthic boundary layer along the oxygen minimum zones• Decoupling between 223Ra and the other Ra isotope sources over the mid-Atlantic Ridge, and• Significant SGD western Atlantic.

25

What is the IDP-2014?

• release a data product early in the programme

• strengthen the collaboration within the project by sharing data

• attract scientists from other communities (physical and biological oceanography, modelling)

o Aims:

26

GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014

• Digital Data Package(available at www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014/)

• eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas(available at www.egeotraces.org)

o Two parts:

o It includes hydrographic and marine geochemical data acquired during the first 3 years of the programme

27

Parameters

Classical hydrographic parametersClassical hydrographic parametersT, S, OT, S, O22, PO, PO44, NO, NO33, Silicate, CFC, SF, Silicate, CFC, SF66, Tritium, He, Tritium, He33, etc., etc.

Dissolved and particulate trace elementsDissolved and particulate trace elementsAg, Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, U, REEsAg, Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, U, REEs

Stable isotopes Stable isotopes 22H, H, 1313C, C, 1515N, N, 1818O, O, 3030Si, Si, 5656Fe, Fe, 110110Cd, Cd, 114114Cd, Cd, 143143Nd, etc.Nd, etc.

Radioactive isotopes Radioactive isotopes 210210Pb, Pb, 210210Po, Po, 230230Th, Th, 231231Pa, Pa, 232232Th, Th, 234234Th, etc.Th, etc.

• Includes 237 parameters

27

28

Geographical coverage

15 cruises15 cruises796 stations796 stations

27,366 samples27,366 samples

28

29

http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014 http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/idp2014 Where to find it:

− 450 GEOTRACES-related peer-reviewed papers included in the GEOTRACES Database available on the GEOTRACES site:

http://www.geotraces.org/library/scientific-publications/peer-reviewed-papers

GEOTRACES Publications

http://www.geotraces.org/library/scientific-publications/phd-dissertations

− 20 PhD GEOTRACES-related Dissertations included in the GEOTRACES Database available on the GEOTRACES site:

30

• Special issue of Limnology and Oceanography: Methods entitled, “Intercalibration in Chemical Oceanography” devoted to GEOTRACES Intercalibration: http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/si/intercal2012.html

• Forthcoming in Progress in Oceanography a special volume dedicated to the 2011 GEOTRACES Data Model Synergy Workshop (Barcelona, 14-17 November 2011).

• Several special issues dedicated to GEOTRACES Cruises.

o GEOTRACES Special Issues:

GEOTRACES Publications

31

GEOTRACES Researchers Analytical Expertise Database

• More than 120 researchers registered

• S&I Committee reviews and validates each new registration

• Available on the GEOTRACES web site:http://www.geotraces.org/science/geotraces-researchers-analytical-expertise-database

• Please encourage your colleagues to register! On-line form available on the GEOTRACES site

Looking for a specific expertise in the analysis of marine samples for trace elements and isotopes?

32

GEOTRACES eNewsletter

Please sign it! http://www.geotraces.org/outreach/geotraces-enewsletter

33

Thank you very much!

www.geotraces.org

GEOTRACES COMMUNITY and

International Coordination:

GEOTRACES International Project Office (LEGOS-OMP, Toulouse, France)

Catherine Jeandel (Scientific Director)Elena Masferrer Dodas (Executive Officer)

34