Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey...

Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using

the European Social Survey 2003.

S.Schwartz/E.Davidov/P.Schmidt

How we proceed:• 1) Short overview of the Value Theory of

Schwartz.

• 2) Goals of the analysis.

• 3) Overview of the ESS items.

• 4) Overview of the data in hand.

• 5) Results.

• 6) Conclusions.

Schwartz Value Theory

• The theory describes universals in the content and structure of individual’s values.

• The human values are desirable goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives.

• The values represent different three universal requirements of human existence: biological needs, social interaction and demand of group functioning.

• The theory derived 10 motivationally distinct types of values postulated to be recognized implicitly in all cultures.

The values:

• Achievement (LE) Hedonism (HE)

• Power (MA) Stimulation (ST)

• Security (SI) Self-Direction (SE)

• Conformity (KO) Universalism (UN)

• Tradition (TR) Benevolence (WO)

References:

• 1) Shalom H. Schwartz (1992). Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.

• 2) Shalom H. Schwartz and Lilach Sagiv (1995). Identifying Culture-Specifics in the Content and Structure of Values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92-116.

Relations among Values

• 1) The theory specifies dynamic relations among values. Actions in pursuit of one type of value may conflict or be compatible with the pursuit of other values. Seeking personal success may obstruct actions aimed to promote the welfare of others who need help.

• 2) Competing values correlate negatively and are in opposing directions. Compatible values correlate positively and are close.

• Although the theory discriminates 10 values, at a more basic level they form a continuum which gives rise to a circular structure.

Universalism

Benevolence

Conformity Tradition

SecurityPower

Achievement

Hedonism

Stimulation

Self-direction

Self-transcendenceOpenness to Change

ConservationSelf-enhancement

Figure 1: Structural relations among the 10 values and the four higher values (see Devos, Spini, & Schwartz, 2002).

• In empirical studies values from adjacent types may intermix rather than emerge in clearly distinct regions.

• Values that express opposing motivations should be discriminated clearly from one another.

• There are two dimensions: openness to change versus conservation: favoring change vs. submission. And: self enhancement versus self-transcendence: opposing acceptance of others as equals vs. concern for others’ welfare.

Questions:• 1) How do we assess the presence of the types of values

postulated by the theory?• 2) How do we assess the similarity of the meanings of

single values and their meanings in other samples?• 3)How do we assess the presence of the value structure?

Deviations in value types, meanings, and structure in different samples invite interpretations. However, not all deviations are meaningful.

• 4) How do we distinguish real cultural differences in value meanings and structure from unreliability of measurement?

• In the following study it is a first attempt to compare 20 countries.

Value Categories in the ESS 2003• Now I will briefly describe some people. Please listen

to each description and tell me how much each person is or is not like you.

• 1 Very much like me• 2 Like me• 3 Somewhat like me• 4 A little like me• 5 Not like me• 6 Not like me at all• 7 Refusal• 8 Don't know• 9 No answer

The 21 ESS Items for Each Value

• 1) Power (MA):• Imprich:Important to be rich, have money and

expensive things.• Iprspot: Important to get respect from others • 2) Achievement (LE): • Ipshabt: Important to show abilities and be

admired.• Ipsuces: Important to be successful and that

people recognize achievements

• 3) Hedonism (HE): • Ipgdtim: Important to have a good time • Impfun: Important to seek fun and things that give

pleasure • 4) Stimulation (ST): • Impdiff: Important to try new and different things

in life • Ipadvnt: Important to seek adventures and have an

exiting life

• 5) Self-Direcrtion (SE): • Ipcrtiv: Important to think new ideas and being creative • Impfree: Important to make own decisions and be free • 6) Universalism (UN): • Ipeqopt: Important that people are treated equally and

have equal opportunities • Ipudrst: Important to understand different people • Impenv: Important to care for nature and environment

• 7) Benevolence (WO): • Iphlppl: Important to help people and care for

others well-being • Iplylfr: Important to be loyal to friends and devote

to close people.• 8) Tradition (TR): • Ipmodst: Important to be humble and modest, not

draw attention • Imptrad: Important to follow traditions and

customs

• 9) Conformity (KO): • Ipfrule: Important to do what is told and follow

rules • Ipbhprp: Important to behave properly • 10) Security (SI): • Impsafe: Important to live in secure and safe

surroundings • Ipstrgv: Important that government is strong and

ensures safety

20 Countries (2 Missing)

• 20 countries: 1-AT (Austria), 2-BE (Belgium), 3-CH (Switzerland), 4-CZ (Czech Republic), 5-DE (Germany), 6-DK (Denmark), 7-ES (Spain), 8-FI (Finland), 9-FR (France), 10-GB (Great Britain), 11-GR (Greece), 12-HU (Hungary), 13-IE (Ireland), 14-IL (Israel), 15-IT(Italy, missing), 16-LU (Luxemburg, missing), 17-NL (Netherlands), 18-NO (Norway), 19-PL (Poland), 20-PT (Portugal), 21-SE (Sweden), 22-SI (Slovenia).

Table- N, Means and Std Deviation of 21 Items in 20 Countries

• Sweden has 6 of the weakest categories.• Greece has 10 of the strongest categories.• One can test for patterns of similarities

between Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden), Mediterranean countries (Israel, Greece, Spain), countries with a short history of democracy (Spain, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary etc.).

CH-Switzerland

CH imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.219922 0.289895 0.345383 0.152982 0.131661 0.135491 0.186416 0.135418 0.078022 -0.07168 -0.09292 -0.08603 -0.00395 0.061153 -0.08349 0.030913 0.069719iprspot 0.219922 1 0.333817 0.306938 0.160198 0.112776 0.050087 0.103524 0.060487 0.159825 0.011505 0.064182 0.168145 0.132353 0.222195 0.052566 0.219994 0.21173ipshabt 0.289895 0.333817 1 0.462675 0.18907 0.178943 0.206688 0.257682 0.138535 0.127367 0.150063 0.040812 0.045832 0.093985 0.143542 -0.10837 0.056865 0.091815ipsuces 0.345383 0.306938 0.462675 1 0.224549 0.252061 0.223299 0.26084 0.169615 0.176485 0.02301 0.01149 0.020335 0.111134 0.128027 -0.07317 0.113339 0.14589ipgdtim 0.152982 0.160198 0.18907 0.224549 1 0.486356 0.340166 0.277608 0.231443 0.34132 0.14698 0.174203 0.133185 0.189082 0.252854 0.032546 0.006737 -0.01119impfun 0.131661 0.112776 0.178943 0.252061 0.486356 1 0.326926 0.363243 0.131806 0.207908 0.061849 0.087066 0.082057 0.105638 0.158618 -0.00922 0.08504 0.074289impdiff 0.135491 0.050087 0.206688 0.223299 0.340166 0.326926 1 0.38739 0.351223 0.249543 0.119147 0.172684 0.092889 0.192852 0.165037 -0.03319 0.022263 0.005561ipadvnt 0.186416 0.103524 0.257682 0.26084 0.277608 0.363243 0.38739 1 0.224026 0.200704 0.024297 0.087179 0.013842 0.041379 0.123414 -0.12588 -0.08323 -0.05314ipcrtiv 0.135418 0.060487 0.138535 0.169615 0.231443 0.131806 0.351223 0.224026 1 0.243298 0.147831 0.1634 0.151402 0.194583 0.164751 -0.04346 0.018519 -0.04778impfree 0.078022 0.159825 0.127367 0.176485 0.34132 0.207908 0.249543 0.200704 0.243298 1 0.130908 0.168576 0.205088 0.233281 0.221525 0.023394 0.022494 -0.05218ipeqopt -0.07168 0.011505 0.150063 0.02301 0.14698 0.061849 0.119147 0.024297 0.147831 0.130908 1 0.312323 0.235098 0.234961 0.221639 0.125774 0.017762 0.007918ipudrst -0.09292 0.064182 0.040812 0.01149 0.174203 0.087066 0.172684 0.087179 0.1634 0.168576 0.312323 1 0.246567 0.304399 0.322042 0.213831 0.075002 0.056044impenv -0.08603 0.168145 0.045832 0.020335 0.133185 0.082057 0.092889 0.013842 0.151402 0.205088 0.235098 0.246567 1 0.26443 0.283992 0.123638 0.223181 0.064703iphlppl -0.00395 0.132353 0.093985 0.111134 0.189082 0.105638 0.192852 0.041379 0.194583 0.233281 0.234961 0.304399 0.26443 1 0.343566 0.180756 0.219233 0.114672iplylfr 0.061153 0.222195 0.143542 0.128027 0.252854 0.158618 0.165037 0.123414 0.164751 0.221525 0.221639 0.322042 0.283992 0.343566 1 0.133256 0.147067 0.067609ipmodst -0.08349 0.052566 -0.10837 -0.07317 0.032546 -0.00922 -0.03319 -0.12588 -0.04346 0.023394 0.125774 0.213831 0.123638 0.180756 0.133256 1 0.145047 0.2035imptrad 0.030913 0.219994 0.056865 0.113339 0.006737 0.08504 0.022263 -0.08323 0.018519 0.022494 0.017762 0.075002 0.223181 0.219233 0.147067 0.145047 1 0.280162ipfrule 0.069719 0.21173 0.091815 0.14589 -0.01119 0.074289 0.005561 -0.05314 -0.04778 -0.05218 0.007918 0.056044 0.064703 0.114672 0.067609 0.2035 0.280162 1ipbhprp 0.027687 0.272342 0.085765 0.077988 0.055183 0.028049 0.009783 -0.13339 -0.08257 -0.01979 0.119768 0.063129 0.096494 0.162516 0.141709 0.297063 0.271139 0.307861impsafe 0.121149 0.270426 0.193425 0.130794 0.08806 0.063528 0.013538 -0.15337 -0.01572 0.040966 0.106356 0.047064 0.171669 0.168137 0.144248 0.20629 0.287697 0.28616ipstrgv 0.075031 0.179324 0.076161 0.161267 0.089045 0.124241 0.034656 -0.04718 0.005915 0.062959 0.095081 0.121227 0.193141 0.195269 0.170387 0.198406 0.31122 0.32087

DE imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.320921 0.448027 0.421841 0.267163 0.256619 0.231263 0.368937 0.173786 0.13724 -0.06029 -0.08825 -0.07954 -0.11185 -0.02898 -0.18934 -0.00736 0.061693iprspot 0.320921 1 0.380589 0.380002 0.137333 0.191448 0.118163 0.236394 0.143581 0.176845 -0.02215 -0.0072 0.066899 0.012127 0.119661 -0.03854 0.191699 0.210522ipshabt 0.448027 0.380589 1 0.483808 0.307137 0.288098 0.296493 0.369532 0.251004 0.188582 0.046212 0.04042 0.02864 0.020889 0.070287 -0.1647 2.34E-05 0.045168ipsuces 0.421841 0.380002 0.483808 1 0.360739 0.346288 0.337088 0.366372 0.294486 0.27876 0.051995 0.11235 0.117674 0.119075 0.177002 -0.11121 0.041464 0.125075ipgdtim 0.267163 0.137333 0.307137 0.360739 1 0.606995 0.465824 0.394544 0.255751 0.34204 0.076588 0.129956 0.109694 0.059901 0.174236 -0.08048 -0.05977 0.01511impfun 0.256619 0.191448 0.288098 0.346288 0.606995 1 0.440391 0.451676 0.213713 0.260446 0.043756 0.064732 0.089215 0.080681 0.151468 -0.06578 0.065872 0.089115impdiff 0.231263 0.118163 0.296493 0.337088 0.465824 0.440391 1 0.473352 0.370956 0.299535 0.094313 0.192488 0.119235 0.094506 0.135899 -0.11467 -0.05193 0.018437ipadvnt 0.368937 0.236394 0.369532 0.366372 0.394544 0.451676 0.473352 1 0.292756 0.22021 -0.00434 0.040375 -0.02236 -0.06745 0.041738 -0.21787 -0.10085 -0.08714ipcrtiv 0.173786 0.143581 0.251004 0.294486 0.255751 0.213713 0.370956 0.292756 1 0.35715 0.159616 0.276768 0.2031 0.169586 0.206365 -0.06089 -0.04764 -0.0731impfree 0.13724 0.176845 0.188582 0.27876 0.34204 0.260446 0.299535 0.22021 0.35715 1 0.161319 0.217203 0.24702 0.195699 0.277789 0.002242 0.009596 -0.00197ipeqopt -0.06029 -0.02215 0.046212 0.051995 0.076588 0.043756 0.094313 -0.00434 0.159616 0.161319 1 0.322466 0.253951 0.263213 0.282134 0.150521 0.03908 0.066563ipudrst -0.08825 -0.0072 0.04042 0.11235 0.129956 0.064732 0.192488 0.040375 0.276768 0.217203 0.322466 1 0.307806 0.323075 0.3254 0.196895 0.033932 0.08555impenv -0.07954 0.066899 0.02864 0.117674 0.109694 0.089215 0.119235 -0.02236 0.2031 0.24702 0.253951 0.307806 1 0.290692 0.33667 0.1472 0.198492 0.072501iphlppl -0.11185 0.012127 0.020889 0.119075 0.059901 0.080681 0.094506 -0.06745 0.169586 0.195699 0.263213 0.323075 0.290692 1 0.348072 0.256845 0.19031 0.13711iplylfr -0.02898 0.119661 0.070287 0.177002 0.174236 0.151468 0.135899 0.041738 0.206365 0.277789 0.282134 0.3254 0.33667 0.348072 1 0.156227 0.122794 0.077859ipmodst -0.18934 -0.03854 -0.1647 -0.11121 -0.08048 -0.06578 -0.11467 -0.21787 -0.06089 0.002242 0.150521 0.196895 0.1472 0.256845 0.156227 1 0.222186 0.287073imptrad -0.00736 0.191699 2.34E-05 0.041464 -0.05977 0.065872 -0.05193 -0.10085 -0.04764 0.009596 0.03908 0.033932 0.198492 0.19031 0.122794 0.222186 1 0.2861ipfrule 0.061693 0.210522 0.045168 0.125075 0.01511 0.089115 0.018437 -0.08714 -0.0731 -0.00197 0.066563 0.08555 0.072501 0.13711 0.077859 0.287073 0.2861 1ipbhprp 0.024265 0.243165 0.070057 0.139224 0.022893 0.098937 -0.03236 -0.08608 -0.03463 0.035576 0.125885 0.081682 0.158743 0.227919 0.163856 0.358883 0.302397 0.460623impsafe 0.065339 0.131904 0.128461 0.134103 0.088373 0.091345 -0.01748 -0.16865 -0.03625 0.075551 0.145486 0.107364 0.130669 0.215063 0.164412 0.254788 0.238375 0.331258ipstrgv 0.054855 0.123902 0.050619 0.209261 0.122053 0.152896 0.073006 -0.04759 0.04947 0.144564 0.166313 0.135514 0.211909 0.236821 0.240137 0.227576 0.271338 0.298173

DE-Germany

AT imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.308884 0.373502 0.361362 0.23579 0.287352 0.229835 0.350617 0.254116 0.134115 -0.06292 -0.07982 -0.11824 -0.086 -0.029 -0.116 -0.07177 0.145084iprspot 0.308884 1 0.417872 0.405387 0.183751 0.096524 0.139339 0.177821 0.19516 0.179912 0.018259 0.07863 0.041889 0.085011 0.141952 0.01463 0.115086 0.264101ipshabt 0.373502 0.417872 1 0.561156 0.315186 0.245639 0.334923 0.306837 0.316715 0.250432 0.146526 0.153405 0.057178 0.134046 0.147664 -0.10974 0.044647 0.117618ipsuces 0.361362 0.405387 0.561156 1 0.309321 0.273934 0.331708 0.308687 0.317907 0.303052 0.121867 0.138882 0.134397 0.175975 0.173284 -0.09468 0.047868 0.169066ipgdtim 0.23579 0.183751 0.315186 0.309321 1 0.432948 0.447554 0.381935 0.376898 0.462566 0.237227 0.284398 0.172135 0.192171 0.279202 -0.1534 -0.05313 -0.08958impfun 0.287352 0.096524 0.245639 0.273934 0.432948 1 0.384709 0.457886 0.197543 0.221503 0.022161 0.041565 0.000533 0.038436 0.037447 -0.12478 -0.0792 -0.01187impdiff 0.229835 0.139339 0.334923 0.331708 0.447554 0.384709 1 0.543202 0.467482 0.349807 0.200612 0.257882 0.12501 0.167074 0.168164 -0.17972 -0.11833 -0.06396ipadvnt 0.350617 0.177821 0.306837 0.308687 0.381935 0.457886 0.543202 1 0.369001 0.237405 0.043149 0.098524 -0.00452 0.021235 0.014801 -0.2136 -0.21033 -0.05956ipcrtiv 0.254116 0.19516 0.316715 0.317907 0.376898 0.197543 0.467482 0.369001 1 0.470203 0.307344 0.31999 0.25194 0.233954 0.288739 -0.13958 -0.05466 -0.10486impfree 0.134115 0.179912 0.250432 0.303052 0.462566 0.221503 0.349807 0.237405 0.470203 1 0.304729 0.321841 0.305653 0.2773 0.362068 -0.10044 -0.0435 -0.09539ipeqopt -0.06292 0.018259 0.146526 0.121867 0.237227 0.022161 0.200612 0.043149 0.307344 0.304729 1 0.476544 0.437964 0.413228 0.413179 0.105334 0.103404 -0.02976ipudrst -0.07982 0.07863 0.153405 0.138882 0.284398 0.041565 0.257882 0.098524 0.31999 0.321841 0.476544 1 0.430793 0.444293 0.433499 0.090339 0.103597 0.012763impenv -0.11824 0.041889 0.057178 0.134397 0.172135 0.000533 0.12501 -0.00452 0.25194 0.305653 0.437964 0.430793 1 0.416781 0.464687 0.154634 0.231943 -0.00447iphlppl -0.086 0.085011 0.134046 0.175975 0.192171 0.038436 0.167074 0.021235 0.233954 0.2773 0.413228 0.444293 0.416781 1 0.458922 0.197051 0.218288 0.058171iplylfr -0.029 0.141952 0.147664 0.173284 0.279202 0.037447 0.168164 0.014801 0.288739 0.362068 0.413179 0.433499 0.464687 0.458922 1 0.108544 0.194357 0.014496ipmodst -0.116 0.01463 -0.10974 -0.09468 -0.1534 -0.12478 -0.17972 -0.2136 -0.13958 -0.10044 0.105334 0.090339 0.154634 0.197051 0.108544 1 0.305706 0.285868imptrad -0.07177 0.115086 0.044647 0.047868 -0.05313 -0.0792 -0.11833 -0.21033 -0.05466 -0.0435 0.103404 0.103597 0.231943 0.218288 0.194357 0.305706 1 0.305767ipfrule 0.145084 0.264101 0.117618 0.169066 -0.08958 -0.01187 -0.06396 -0.05956 -0.10486 -0.09539 -0.02976 0.012763 -0.00447 0.058171 0.014496 0.285868 0.305767 1ipbhprp -0.00665 0.252886 0.042643 0.087245 -0.10997 -0.08347 -0.1474 -0.23674 -0.12216 -0.03806 0.066916 0.025938 0.13568 0.193279 0.166496 0.412732 0.418698 0.450345impsafe 0.03073 0.215482 0.156737 0.14698 0.04751 -0.07146 -0.06243 -0.22635 -0.02648 0.039988 0.175008 0.135297 0.213649 0.18012 0.257831 0.274543 0.305457 0.338939ipstrgv 0.007592 0.166614 0.095555 0.169635 0.023864 -0.03583 -0.04436 -0.17016 -0.01312 0.061783 0.144298 0.133072 0.200968 0.217984 0.226549 0.29287 0.362957 0.334478

AT-Austria

GB-Great BritainGB imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 0.30331 1 0.407486 0.416346 0.263928 0.280566 0.193385 0.246341 0.121065 0.166957 0.059266 0.079411 0.11897 0.109269 0.267628 0.094487 0.235635 0.263403iprspot 0.399484 0.407486 1 0.587521 0.411115 0.327818 0.32929 0.323645 0.257492 0.160894 0.136725 0.121161 0.075116 0.115771 0.171702 0.007875 0.059612 0.105363ipshabt 0.440045 0.416346 0.587521 1 0.423211 0.38112 0.370154 0.439718 0.284103 0.225318 0.108272 0.124295 0.068221 0.113938 0.169011 0.003548 0.08937 0.072851ipsuces 0.412868 0.263928 0.411115 0.423211 1 0.597929 0.356907 0.434321 0.158028 0.241504 0.046413 0.093653 -0.01046 0.097451 0.149172 0.042127 0.008041 0.030621ipgdtim 0.326643 0.280566 0.327818 0.38112 0.597929 1 0.367855 0.474295 0.158039 0.261828 0.059314 0.08071 0.111352 0.154906 0.242411 0.067288 0.113555 0.025214impfun 0.21864 0.193385 0.32929 0.370154 0.356907 0.367855 1 0.485193 0.374656 0.273644 0.16319 0.258073 0.1941 0.22919 0.200557 0.089351 0.095472 0.062397impdiff 0.353115 0.246341 0.323645 0.439718 0.434321 0.474295 0.485193 1 0.261483 0.251597 0.092732 0.116631 0.058611 0.062247 0.116364 -0.00401 0.004388 -0.09417ipadvnt 0.136443 0.121065 0.257492 0.284103 0.158028 0.158039 0.374656 0.261483 1 0.34763 0.184866 0.223764 0.213282 0.224038 0.181854 0.025791 0.084029 -0.01169ipcrtiv 0.084161 0.166957 0.160894 0.225318 0.241504 0.261828 0.273644 0.251597 0.34763 1 0.220103 0.237099 0.190042 0.260473 0.196409 0.117601 0.092368 0.036267impfree -0.03151 0.059266 0.136725 0.108272 0.046413 0.059314 0.16319 0.092732 0.184866 0.220103 1 0.364999 0.266205 0.250819 0.178554 0.149096 0.047637 0.053758ipeqopt -0.0473 0.079411 0.121161 0.124295 0.093653 0.08071 0.258073 0.116631 0.223764 0.237099 0.364999 1 0.319781 0.344144 0.279793 0.256919 0.117489 0.182763ipudrst -0.0822 0.11897 0.075116 0.068221 -0.01046 0.111352 0.1941 0.058611 0.213282 0.190042 0.266205 0.319781 1 0.325422 0.325934 0.142177 0.315044 0.155153impenv -0.04253 0.109269 0.115771 0.113938 0.097451 0.154906 0.22919 0.062247 0.224038 0.260473 0.250819 0.344144 0.325422 1 0.424314 0.243166 0.257296 0.188222iphlppl 0.038653 0.267628 0.171702 0.169011 0.149172 0.242411 0.200557 0.116364 0.181854 0.196409 0.178554 0.279793 0.325934 0.424314 1 0.195283 0.298079 0.21732iplylfr -0.01561 0.094487 0.007875 0.003548 0.042127 0.067288 0.089351 -0.00401 0.025791 0.117601 0.149096 0.256919 0.142177 0.243166 0.195283 1 0.184229 0.292219ipmodst 0.006124 0.235635 0.059612 0.08937 0.008041 0.113555 0.095472 0.004388 0.084029 0.092368 0.047637 0.117489 0.315044 0.257296 0.298079 0.184229 1 0.332716imptrad 0.05478 0.263403 0.105363 0.072851 0.030621 0.025214 0.062397 -0.09417 -0.01169 0.036267 0.053758 0.182763 0.155153 0.188222 0.21732 0.292219 0.332716 1ipfrule 0.050516 0.29287 0.11566 0.10884 0.019094 0.110847 0.060439 -0.03149 0.060832 0.108314 0.141284 0.186776 0.253159 0.282044 0.332317 0.339454 0.337667 0.506203ipbhprp 0.12423 0.194081 0.277544 0.185551 0.157314 0.151575 0.125212 -0.10989 0.095981 0.121704 0.116124 0.153869 0.172796 0.248434 0.257537 0.243929 0.238455 0.31473impsafe 0.106569 0.181012 0.110643 0.156636 0.087523 0.166582 0.141088 0.068144 0.115953 0.157731 0.114986 0.213877 0.297583 0.212365 0.262922 0.182409 0.322888 0.296751ipstrgv 0.007592 0.166614 0.095555 0.169635 0.023864 -0.03583 -0.04436 -0.17016 -0.01312 0.061783 0.144298 0.133072 0.200968 0.217984 0.226549 0.29287 0.362957 0.334478

ES imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.227427 0.345786 0.406984 0.286301 0.231217 0.154902 0.276674 0.150232 0.126024 -0.06781 -0.05791 -0.03875 -0.00914 0.002687 -0.10619 0.065254 0.08506iprspot 0.227427 1 0.352686 0.34672 0.172447 0.1483 0.113324 0.099064 0.088961 0.227153 0.072929 0.116109 0.103832 0.155313 0.259385 0.116572 0.231255 0.225762ipshabt 0.345786 0.352686 1 0.513716 0.313036 0.267828 0.275134 0.25135 0.25709 0.273431 0.099727 0.166289 0.112667 0.171597 0.184636 0.027567 0.129249 0.175133ipsuces 0.406984 0.34672 0.513716 1 0.461181 0.435364 0.380778 0.416763 0.3205 0.312081 0.070172 0.131056 0.157626 0.168131 0.196638 -0.0045 0.075097 0.08336ipgdtim 0.286301 0.172447 0.313036 0.461181 1 0.639382 0.50064 0.477923 0.350466 0.37622 0.180461 0.25983 0.209259 0.263101 0.313725 0.046589 -0.08786 -0.09379impfun 0.231217 0.1483 0.267828 0.435364 0.639382 1 0.473242 0.517022 0.332094 0.353456 0.149258 0.22114 0.227687 0.255118 0.266799 -0.02271 -0.04548 -0.13652impdiff 0.154902 0.113324 0.275134 0.380778 0.50064 0.473242 1 0.470731 0.405275 0.351405 0.215867 0.277565 0.205486 0.242551 0.260772 0.042732 -0.0856 -0.04218ipadvnt 0.276674 0.099064 0.25135 0.416763 0.477923 0.517022 0.470731 1 0.252771 0.242055 0.018444 0.09057 0.037382 0.046646 0.0689 -0.15331 -0.21571 -0.15063ipcrtiv 0.150232 0.088961 0.25709 0.3205 0.350466 0.332094 0.405275 0.252771 1 0.456298 0.313033 0.340548 0.353914 0.306377 0.322547 0.121234 -0.02436 -0.00945impfree 0.126024 0.227153 0.273431 0.312081 0.37622 0.353456 0.351405 0.242055 0.456298 1 0.300641 0.3417 0.333649 0.345493 0.388967 0.162564 -0.02357 0.024432ipeqopt -0.06781 0.072929 0.099727 0.070172 0.180461 0.149258 0.215867 0.018444 0.313033 0.300641 1 0.448752 0.416677 0.382446 0.400653 0.347909 0.068246 0.070822ipudrst -0.05791 0.116109 0.166289 0.131056 0.25983 0.22114 0.277565 0.09057 0.340548 0.3417 0.448752 1 0.420084 0.447487 0.428752 0.39249 0.064238 0.068784impenv -0.03875 0.103832 0.112667 0.157626 0.209259 0.227687 0.205486 0.037382 0.353914 0.333649 0.416677 0.420084 1 0.441475 0.528232 0.346492 0.177383 0.094736iphlppl -0.00914 0.155313 0.171597 0.168131 0.263101 0.255118 0.242551 0.046646 0.306377 0.345493 0.382446 0.447487 0.441475 1 0.51903 0.371281 0.224401 0.102816iplylfr 0.002687 0.259385 0.184636 0.196638 0.313725 0.266799 0.260772 0.0689 0.322547 0.388967 0.400653 0.428752 0.528232 0.51903 1 0.328588 0.186365 0.087383ipmodst -0.10619 0.116572 0.027567 -0.0045 0.046589 -0.02271 0.042732 -0.15331 0.121234 0.162564 0.347909 0.39249 0.346492 0.371281 0.328588 1 0.210645 0.253937imptrad 0.065254 0.231255 0.129249 0.075097 -0.08786 -0.04548 -0.0856 -0.21571 -0.02436 -0.02357 0.068246 0.064238 0.177383 0.224401 0.186365 0.210645 1 0.331858ipfrule 0.08506 0.225762 0.175133 0.08336 -0.09379 -0.13652 -0.04218 -0.15063 -0.00945 0.024432 0.070822 0.068784 0.094736 0.102816 0.087383 0.253937 0.331858 1ipbhprp 0.028904 0.333284 0.149166 0.126207 0.050516 0.015564 0.02104 -0.14774 0.105583 0.170479 0.249421 0.241868 0.319571 0.362566 0.331174 0.412272 0.396182 0.372349impsafe 0.069189 0.267206 0.194349 0.150976 0.092348 0.079748 0.035708 -0.15099 0.158474 0.20183 0.276017 0.240497 0.286422 0.274251 0.304107 0.379185 0.369816 0.299144ipstrgv 0.060037 0.215194 0.19324 0.155783 0.078365 0.073585 0.029759 -0.13016 0.152016 0.205082 0.250142 0.253175 0.32745 0.31205 0.302623 0.288345 0.346905 0.298745

ES-Spain

IL-Israel

IL imprich iprspot ipshabt ipsuces ipgdtim impfun impdiff ipadvnt ipcrtiv impfree ipeqopt ipudrst impenv iphlppl iplylfr ipmodst imptrad ipfrule imprich 1 0.309179 0.285858 0.311895 0.333533 0.277822 0.208757 0.283429 0.183785 0.133364 0.042533 -0.04886 -0.01277 0.032326 0.041419 -0.07008 0.041629 0.100629iprspot 0.309179 1 0.311592 0.398909 0.227194 0.194996 0.132622 0.16561 0.112339 0.130871 0.089507 0.03594 0.068945 0.181847 0.20053 0.067608 0.108792 0.214992ipshabt 0.285858 0.311592 1 0.443084 0.262082 0.252736 0.274159 0.199681 0.232456 0.205994 0.21695 0.142635 0.106825 0.164521 0.190188 -0.04608 0.04246 0.066675ipsuces 0.311895 0.398909 0.443084 1 0.37722 0.367092 0.283982 0.249107 0.239498 0.305485 0.168172 0.135653 0.114744 0.280213 0.24241 0.062958 0.118637 0.120538ipgdtim 0.333533 0.227194 0.262082 0.37722 1 0.567831 0.393156 0.350048 0.184623 0.327536 0.135328 0.096347 0.107543 0.183652 0.165133 -0.01229 0.070096 0.046176impfun 0.277822 0.194996 0.252736 0.367092 0.567831 1 0.384714 0.364915 0.19349 0.29663 0.147471 0.083151 0.175807 0.175439 0.21772 0.005844 0.143351 0.044165impdiff 0.208757 0.132622 0.274159 0.283982 0.393156 0.384714 1 0.459924 0.317148 0.305187 0.173796 0.191842 0.188537 0.226276 0.174445 0.04462 0.094241 0.077874ipadvnt 0.283429 0.16561 0.199681 0.249107 0.350048 0.364915 0.459924 1 0.293157 0.20968 0.07862 0.067748 0.081019 0.110662 0.082403 -0.09473 -0.02837 -0.01172ipcrtiv 0.183785 0.112339 0.232456 0.239498 0.184623 0.19349 0.317148 0.293157 1 0.226528 0.190121 0.173777 0.178711 0.183487 0.13182 0.012039 0.03595 0.037279impfree 0.133364 0.130871 0.205994 0.305485 0.327536 0.29663 0.305187 0.20968 0.226528 1 0.225258 0.173223 0.219537 0.232367 0.273738 0.069202 0.055439 -0.00022ipeqopt 0.042533 0.089507 0.21695 0.168172 0.135328 0.147471 0.173796 0.07862 0.190121 0.225258 1 0.270096 0.251928 0.296079 0.26309 0.118904 0.06713 0.116496ipudrst -0.04886 0.03594 0.142635 0.135653 0.096347 0.083151 0.191842 0.067748 0.173777 0.173223 0.270096 1 0.262944 0.3131 0.216766 0.225587 0.10424 0.157413impenv -0.01277 0.068945 0.106825 0.114744 0.107543 0.175807 0.188537 0.081019 0.178711 0.219537 0.251928 0.262944 1 0.287219 0.267759 0.193722 0.163097 0.163306iphlppl 0.032326 0.181847 0.164521 0.280213 0.183652 0.175439 0.226276 0.110662 0.183487 0.232367 0.296079 0.3131 0.287219 1 0.320005 0.303785 0.268245 0.198167iplylfr 0.041419 0.20053 0.190188 0.24241 0.165133 0.21772 0.174445 0.082403 0.13182 0.273738 0.26309 0.216766 0.267759 0.320005 1 0.162933 0.152095 0.102445ipmodst -0.07008 0.067608 -0.04608 0.062958 -0.01229 0.005844 0.04462 -0.09473 0.012039 0.069202 0.118904 0.225587 0.193722 0.303785 0.162933 1 0.288888 0.279599imptrad 0.041629 0.108792 0.04246 0.118637 0.070096 0.143351 0.094241 -0.02837 0.03595 0.055439 0.06713 0.10424 0.163097 0.268245 0.152095 0.288888 1 0.205706ipfrule 0.100629 0.214992 0.066675 0.120538 0.046176 0.044165 0.077874 -0.01172 0.037279 -0.00022 0.116496 0.157413 0.163306 0.198167 0.102445 0.279599 0.205706 1ipbhprp 0.087687 0.270836 0.114162 0.196957 0.083952 0.09979 0.04992 -0.08047 0.006451 0.058245 0.117259 0.137765 0.186692 0.274789 0.224266 0.367047 0.297892 0.417357impsafe 0.169417 0.272901 0.278124 0.262582 0.188571 0.167722 0.108197 -0.05276 0.045598 0.126715 0.201946 0.103381 0.110852 0.242987 0.188473 0.237299 0.234656 0.264515ipstrgv 0.107489 0.139312 0.203108 0.206095 0.146352 0.163564 0.113758 0.00363 0.079386 0.205444 0.231061 0.215653 0.247652 0.266269 0.272417 0.163814 0.177754 0.167581

AnalysesFirst Question

• How do we assess the presence of the types of values postulated by the theory?

• We will start with analyses of 6 countries: three German Speaking countries: Germany(DE), Austria(AT), Switzerland(CH); 2 Mediterranean countries: Spain(ES) and Israel(IL); and a country with a long history of democracy: United Kingdom (GB).

• Then we will try to do the same with the 20 countries.

ach1

Achievement =1

ach2

ach3

uni1

Universalism

=1

uni2

sd1

Self-direction =1

sd2

sd3

hed1

Hedonism =1

hed2

hed3

ben1

Benevolence =1

ben2

ben3

stm1

Stimulation =1

stm2

stm3

sec1

Security =1

sec2

sec3

trad1

Tradition

=1

trad2

pow1

Power =1

pow2

pow3

con1

Conformity =1

con2

con3

FIGURE 4: Measurement model with correlated latent variables

.89

LE

.63

HE

.67

ST

.30

SE

.22

UN

.28

WO

.21

TR

.53

KO

.75

SI

.24

MA

ipshabt

1.11d3

1.00

1

ipsuces

.88d4

.96

1

ipgdtim

.55d5

1.00

1

impfun

.92d6

1.09

1

impdiff

1.09d7

1.00 1

ipadvnt

1.16d8

1.05 1imprich

1.07d1

1.001iprspot

1.36d2 1.421

impsafe

.88d20

1.001ipstrgv

.88d21 .911

ipfrule

1.39d18

1.001ipbhprp

1.27d19 1.121

ipmodst

1.24d16

1.00

1imptrad

1.63d17

1.17

1iphlppl

.54d14

1.00

1iplylfr

.36d15

.82

1

ipeqopt

.79d111.00

1

ipudrst

.52d12

1.08 1

ipcrtiv

.99d9

1.00

impfree

.59d10

.82 1

impenv

.59d13

.961

Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Switzerland (CH)

1

.18

.33

.48

.30

.12

.19

.04

.05

.13

.16

.37

.10

.16

-.09

-.08

-.07

.15

.43

.16

.21

.01

-.07

.03

.13

.24

.23

.14

.08

.14

.01

.05

.15

.20

.11.15

.41

.39

.08.00

.53

.21.18

.23.26

.46

Modifications of the Model of Switzerland (CH)

Modification Modification Index Chi Square/DF

0. Modification 7.4

1. Modification imprich - TR 65 6.6

2. Modification D3-d11 51 6.2


4. Modification Impdiff-TR 42 5.4

5. Modification Imptrad-LE 36 5.0






Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.039 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.98 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=730.9 (Sat.=462.0 ); CAIC=1,371.6 (Sat.=1987.8 )

LE HE

ST

SE

UN

WOTR

KO

SI

MA

ipshabt

d3

1

1

ipsuces

d4

1

ipgdtim

d5

1

1

impfun

d6

1

impdiff d71 1

ipadvnt d81imprichd1

11iprspotd2

1

impsafed20

11ipstrgvd21

1

ipfruled18

11ipbhprpd19

1

ipmodst

d16

1

1imptrad

d17

1iphlppl

d14

1

1iplylfr

d15

1

ipeqopt d1111

ipudrst d121

ipcrtiv d91

impfree d101

impenv d131

Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Switzerland (CH)

1

Standardized Regression Weights (CH)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .673ipsuces ---< LE .686ipgdtim ---< HE .782impfun ---< HE .627impdiff ---< ST .737ipadvnt ---< ST .635imprich ---< MA .459iprspot ---< MA .551impsafe ---< SI .668ipstrgv ---< SI .660ipfrule ---< KO .514ipbhprp ---< KO .598ipmodst ---< TR .443imptrad ---< TR .439iphlppl ---< WO .589iplylfr ---< WO .584ipeqopt ---< UN .461ipudrst ---< UN .550ipcrtiv ---< SE .462impfree ---< SE .527impenv ---< UN .514imprich ---< TR .-301impdiff ---< TR .272imptrad ---< LE .265

Correlations(CH)

Estimate

TR >--< WO .572LE >--< HE .414HE >--< ST .618HE >--< SE .689HE >--< UN .340HE >--< WO .445HE >--< TR .-033HE >--< KO .081HE >--< SI .183HE >--< MA .379ST >--< SE .688ST >--< UN .122ST >--< WO .220ST >--< TR .-538ST >--< KO .-314ST >--< SI .-227ST >--< MA .210LE >--< ST .559UN >--< SE .644WO >--< SE .708TR >--< SE .-101KO >--< SE .-171SI >--< SE .075MA >--< SE .419LE >--< SE .453WO >--< UN .915TR >--< UN .660KO >--< UN .249SI >--< UN .363MA >--< UN .149LE >--< UN .072

KO >--< WO .383SI >--< WO .438MA >--< WO .528LE >--< WO .302KO >--< TR .978SI >--< TR .733MA >--< TR .203LE >--< TR .-308SI >--< KO .838MA >--< KO .803LE >--< KO .254MA >--< SI .757LE >--< SI .367LE >--< MA .850d3 >--< d11 .192d7 >--< d9 .188d17 >--< d11 .-136d2 >--< d13 .151d6 >--< d8 .191d3 >--< d21 .-159d2 >--< d21 .-160

Modifications of the Model of Germany (DE)


0. Modification 9.8

1. Modification Impdiff-UN 99 8.7

2. Modification Iprspot-TR 92 7.7

3. Modification Imptrad-MA 51 7.1





Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.042 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.96 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=1,004.7 (Sat.=462 ); CAIC=1,657.4 (Sat.=2,065.9)

Standardized Regression Weights (DE)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .683ipsuces ---< LE .715ipgdtim ---< HE .766impfun ---< HE .791impdiff ---< ST .633ipadvnt ---< ST .746imprich ---< MA .649iprspot ---< MA .685impsafe ---< SI .674ipstrgv ---< SI .647ipfrule ---< KO .627ipbhprp ---< KO .735ipmodst ---< TR .575imptrad ---< TR .520iphlppl ---< WO .597iplylfr ---< WO .583ipeqopt ---< UN .482ipudrst ---< UN .599ipcrtiv ---< SE .632impfree ---< SE .561impenv ---< UN .543impdiff ---< UN .271iprspot ---< TR .338imptrad ---< MA .259

Correlations(DE)

Estimate

TR >--< WO .614LE >--< HE .604HE >--< ST .769HE >--< SE .527HE >--< UN .224HE >--< WO .247HE >--< TR .-250HE >--< KO .108HE >--< SI .206HE >--< MA .462ST >--< SE .594ST >--< UN .006ST >--< WO .-055ST >--< TR .-560ST >--< KO .-159ST >--< SI .-183ST >--< MA .692LE >--< ST .689UN >--< SE .660WO >--< SE .589TR >--< SE .-146KO >--< SE .-036SI >--< SE .123MA >--< SE .417LE >--< SE .617

WO >--< UN .936TR >--< UN .454KO >--< UN .274SI >--< UN .409MA >--< UN .-244LE >--< UN .178KO >--< WO .396SI >--< WO .536MA >--< WO .-167LE >--< WO .246KO >--< TR .801SI >--< TR .616MA >--< TR .-506LE >--< TR .-362SI >--< KO .772MA >--< KO .082LE >--< KO .204MA >--< SI .073LE >--< SI .336LE >--< MA .956d17 >--< d13 .152d3 >--< d21 .-181d5 >--< d10 .163d6 >--< d17 .156

Modifications of the Model of Austria (AT)


0. Modification 9.7

1. Modification Impfun-UN 85 8.8


3. Modification Imprich-TR 83 6.6



6. Modification Ipfrul-ST 27 5.6

7. Modification Ipfrul-UN 36 5.3

Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.043 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.96 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.95; AIC=907.6 (Sat.=462); CAIC=1,539.3 (Sat.=2,014.3)

Standardized Regression Weights (AT)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .741ipsuces ---< LE .758ipgdtim ---< HE .709impfun ---< HE .761impdiff ---< ST .671ipadvnt ---< ST .789imprich ---< MA .593iprspot ---< MA .603impsafe ---< SI .716ipstrgv ---< SI .704ipfrule ---< KO .705ipbhprp ---< KO .751ipmodst ---< TR .537imptrad ---< TR .547iphlppl ---< WO .662iplylfr ---< WO .693ipeqopt ---< UN .658ipudrst ---< UN .673ipcrtiv ---< SE .728impfree ---< SE .642impenv ---< UN .658impfun ---< UN .-326impdiff ---< UN .263imprich ---< TR .-337ipfrule ---< ST .200ipfrule ---< UN .-174

) AT(Correlations

Estimate

TR >--< WO .510LE >--< HE .581HE >--< ST .751HE >--< SE .707HE >--< UN .486HE >--< WO .481HE >--< TR .-187HE >--< KO .-175HE >--< SI .053HE >--< MA .461ST >--< SE .601ST >--< UN .072ST >--< WO .016ST >--< TR .-528ST >--< KO .-380ST >--< SI .-318ST >--< MA .388LE >--< ST .540UN >--< SE .669WO >--< SE .614TR >--< SE .-206KO >--< SE .-178SI >--< SE .019MA >--< SE .415LE >--< SE .580WO >--< UN .956TR >--< UN .369KO >--< UN .164SI >--< UN .364MA >--< UN .042LE >--< UN .255

KO >--< WO .333SI >--< WO .460MA >--< WO .218LE >--< WO .312KO >--< TR 1.010SI >--< TR .793MA >--< TR .250LE >--< TR .-045SI >--< KO .857MA >--< KO .584LE >--< KO .143MA >--< SI .471LE >--< SI .269LE >--< MA .854d5 >--< d10 .247d6 >--< d2 .-188

Correlation over 1 between KO and TR

• Solution would be to unite them. They seem to be very close and unseparable in Austria.

LE HE

ST

SE

UN

WO

KO

SI

MA

ipshabt

d3

1

1

ipsuces

d4

1

ipgdtim

d5

1

1

impfun

d6

1

impdiff d71 1

ipadvnt d81imprichd1

11iprspotd2

1

impsafed20

11ipstrgvd21

1

ipfruled18

11ipbhprpd19

1

ipmodst

d16

1imptrad

d17

1iphlppl

d14

1

1iplylfr

d15

1

ipeqopt d1111

ipudrst d121

ipcrtiv d91

impfree d101

impenv d131

Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Austria(modified and unified factors)

1

Correlations(AT modified unified factors)FIT- is a bit worse

Estimate

LE >--< HE .582HE >--< ST .745HE >--< SE .702HE >--< UN .488HE >--< WO .483HE >--< KO .-172HE >--< SI .063HE >--< MA .557ST >--< SE .603ST >--< UN .074ST >--< WO .014ST >--< KO .-440ST >--< SI .-317ST >--< MA .584LE >--< ST .546UN >--< SE .669WO >--< SE .615KO >--< SE .-183SI >--< SE .020MA >--< SE .509LE >--< SE .580

WO >--< UN .958KO >--< UN .239SI >--< UN .362MA >--< UN .-073LE >--< UN .250KO >--< WO .393SI >--< WO .461MA >--< WO .082LE >--< WO .312SI >--< KO .841MA >--< KO .199LE >--< KO .074MA >--< SI .269LE >--< SI .269LE >--< MA .933d5 >--< d10 .247d6 >--< d2 .-183

Modifications of the Model of Great Britain (GB)


0. Modification 8.1



3. Modification Iprspot-KO 56 5.7




Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.047 ; P-CLOSE=0.92 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.94; AIC=865 (Sat.=462); CAIC=1,468.0 (Sat.=1960.0)

Standardized Regression Weights(GB)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .723ipsuces ---< LE .807ipgdtim ---< HE .776impfun ---< HE .770impdiff ---< ST .569ipadvnt ---< ST .776imprich ---< MA .602iprspot ---< MA .454impsafe ---< SI .585ipstrgv ---< SI .626ipfrule ---< KO .665ipbhprp ---< KO .762ipmodst ---< TR .419imptrad ---< TR .453iphlppl ---< WO .667iplylfr ---< WO .634ipeqopt ---< UN .482ipudrst ---< UN .623ipcrtiv ---< SE .618impfree ---< SE .562impenv ---< UN .573impdiff ---< UN .292iprspot ---< KO .327

Correlations(GB)

Estimate

TR >--< WO .867LE >--< HE .650HE >--< ST .759HE >--< SE .437HE >--< UN .146HE >--< WO .318HE >--< TR .175HE >--< KO .083HE >--< SI .298HE >--< MA .760ST >--< SE .578ST >--< UN .175ST >--< WO .182ST >--< TR .028ST >--< KO .-097ST >--< SI .140ST >--< MA .746LE >--< ST .671UN >--< SE .643WO >--< SE .555TR >--< SE .310KO >--< SE .134SI >--< SE .335MA >--< SE .364LE >--< SE .526

WO >--< UN .781TR >--< UN .629KO >--< UN .442SI >--< UN .530MA >--< UN .-106LE >--< UN .238KO >--< WO .565SI >--< WO .623MA >--< WO .009LE >--< WO .273KO >--< TR 1.036SI >--< TR .922MA >--< TR .031LE >--< TR .141SI >--< KO .770MA >--< KO .121LE >--< KO .190MA >--< SI .243LE >--< SI .336LE >--< MA .951d8 >--< d20 .-338d17 >--< d13 .191d3 >--< d20 .186d2 >--< d15 .173

Modifications of the Model of Spain (ES)


0. Modification 7.5



3. Modification Ipfrule-WO 41 4.7

4. Modification Imptrad-UN 38 3.9



Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.038 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.97 ; GFI=.98 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=662.9 (Sat.=462.0); CAIC=1,262.2 (Sat.=1,950.6)

Standardized Regression Weights (ES)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .644ipsuces ---< LE .798ipgdtim ---< HE .808impfun ---< HE .791impdiff ---< ST .595ipadvnt ---< ST .763imprich ---< MA .647iprspot ---< MA .528impsafe ---< SI .739ipstrgv ---< SI .697ipfrule ---< KO .767ipbhprp ---< KO .713ipmodst ---< TR .589imptrad ---< TR .934iphlppl ---< WO .724iplylfr ---< WO .719ipeqopt ---< UN .631ipudrst ---< UN .675ipcrtiv ---< SE .670impfree ---< SE .681impenv ---< UN .661impdiff ---< UN .322imprich ---< TR .-402ipfrule ---< WO .-372imptrad ---< UN .-626

Correlations(ES)

Estimate

TR >--< WO .862LE >--< HE .664HE >--< ST .816HE >--< SE .655HE >--< UN .379HE >--< WO .481HE >--< TR .104HE >--< KO .054HE >--< SI .142HE >--< MA .491ST >--< SE .500ST >--< UN .069ST >--< WO .102ST >--< TR .-287ST >--< KO .-230ST >--< SI .-248ST >--< MA .308LE >--< ST .642UN >--< SE .736WO >--< SE .695TR >--< SE .413KO >--< SE .318SI >--< SE .370MA >--< SE .519LE >--< SE .593

WO >--< UN .888TR >--< UN .867KO >--< UN .591SI >--< UN .564MA >--< UN .325LE >--< UN .222KO >--< WO .658SI >--< WO .568MA >--< WO .482LE >--< WO .321KO >--< TR .998SI >--< TR .873MA >--< TR .545LE >--< TR .195SI >--< KO .816MA >--< KO .771LE >--< KO .300MA >--< SI .664LE >--< SI .310LE >--< MA .904d15 >--< d13 .187d2 >--< d15 .151

Modifications of the Model of Israel (IL)


0. Modification 6.8

1. Modification Ipadvnt-TR 63 6.2


3. Modification Ipstrgv-UN 30 5.1

4. Modification Imptrad-HE 27 4.8


Other Fit Measures: RMSEA=.040 ; P-CLOSE=1.0 ; CFI=.95 ; GFI=.97 ; AGFI =.96; AIC=833.2 (Sat.=462.0); CAIC= 1,451.9 (Sat.=2,015.4)

Standardized Regression Weights (IL)

Estimate

ipshabt ---< LE .605ipsuces ---< LE .732ipgdtim ---< HE .764impfun ---< HE .744impdiff ---< ST .719ipadvnt ---< ST .656imprich ---< MA .600iprspot ---< MA .584impsafe ---< SI .743ipstrgv ---< SI .339ipfrule ---< KO .553ipbhprp ---< KO .755ipmodst ---< TR .583imptrad ---< TR .440iphlppl ---< WO .626iplylfr ---< WO .511ipeqopt ---< UN .505ipudrst ---< UN .517ipcrtiv ---< SE .448impfree ---< SE .506impenv ---< UN .529ipadvnt ---< TR .-249imprich ---< TR .-296ipstrgv ---< UN .305imptrad ---< HE .155

Correlations(IL)

Estimate

TR >--< WO .727LE >--< HE .637HE >--< ST .710HE >--< SE .706HE >--< UN .312HE >--< WO .420HE >--< TR .-050HE >--< KO .148HE >--< SI .320HE >--< MA .574ST >--< SE .866ST >--< UN .451ST >--< WO .512ST >--< TR .065ST >--< KO .145ST >--< SI .147ST >--< MA .495LE >--< ST .571UN >--< SE .779WO >--< SE .755TR >--< SE .087KO >--< SE .088SI >--< SE .248MA >--< SE .515LE >--< SE .777

WO >--< UN .931TR >--< UN .526KO >--< UN .414SI >--< UN .365MA >--< UN .229LE >--< UN .410KO >--< WO .561SI >--< WO .515MA >--< WO .509LE >--< WO .582KO >--< TR .819SI >--< TR .567MA >--< TR .238LE >--< TR .141SI >--< KO .664MA >--< KO .626LE >--< KO .308MA >--< SI .649LE >--< SI .526LE >--< MA .859d3 >--< d16 .-141

Answer to First Question

• 1) We could assess the presence of the types of values postulated by the theory by a confirmatory factor analysis.

• 2) Items were highly related to their factors. The types of values could be assessed for the countries.

2nd Question

• How do we assess the similarity of the meanings of single values and their meanings in other samples?

• We will conduct a multiple-group comparison and test for invariance between countries.

Multiple-Group Comparison

• 6 countries: CH, DE, AT, GB, ES, IL

• Basic model: we look at the fit measures- can we believe this model is correct?

Model Fit:

• Chi square/DF=8.2

• GFI=.95

• AGFI=.92

• CFI=.91

• RMSEA=.024

• Pclose=1.0

• AIC=8,148.8 (Sat=2,772.0)

CH DE AT GB ES

ipshabt <--- LE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

ipsuces <--- LE .960 1.021 .975 1.119 1.219 1.146

ipgdtim <--- HE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

impfun <--- HE 1.087 1.142 .866 .970 .963 .986

impdiff <--- ST 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

ipadvnt <--- ST 1.055 1.090 1.044 1.240 1.094 1.043

imprich <--- MA 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

iprspot <--- MA 1.417 .929 1.020 1.040 1.047 .999

impsafe <--- SI 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

ipstrgv <--- SI .909 .973 1.006 .970 1.042 .750

ipfrule <--- KO 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

ipbhprp <--- KO 1.122 1.069 1.197 1.054 1.113 1.229

ipmodst <--- TR 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

imptrad <--- TR 1.171 .805 1.031 1.229 1.036 .932

iphlppl <--- WO 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

iplylfr <--- WO .817 .838 .905 .909 1.058 .642

ipeqopt <--- UN 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

ipudrst <--- UN 1.077 1.245 1.119 1.221 1.152 1.103

ipcrtiv <--- SE 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

impfree <--- SE .822 .786 .794 .808 .904 .910

Unstandardized Regression Coefficients- 6 Countries

IL

Covariances- 6 countries

CH DE AT GB ES

TR >--< WO .244 .276 .244 .342 .317 .399

LE >--< HE .533 .516 .533 .706 .683 .493

HE >--< ST .796 .688 .796 .702 .978 .743

HE >--< SE .631 .375 .631 .366 .620 .409

HE >--< UN .233 .098 .233 .088 .270 .169

HE >--< WO .243 .142 .243 .240 .368 .291

HE >--< TR -.187 -.074 -.187 .102 -.040 .072

HE >--< KO -.145 .093 -.145 .090 -.022 .122

HE >--< SI .010 .164 .010 .249 .123 .292

HE >--< MA .365 .358 .365 .578 .403 .495

ST >--< SE .667 .456 .667 .446 .528 .494

ST >--< UN .175 .083 .175 .160 .165 .202

ST >--< WO .131 .058 .131 .180 .190 .274

ST >--< TR -.335 -.257 -.335 .057 -.181 .005

ST >--< KO -.247 -.092 -.247 -.015 -.126 .007

ST >--< SI -.221 -.080 -.221 .057 -.096 .087

ST >--< MA .409 .449 .409 .405 .309 .409

LE >--< ST .588 .592 .588 .586 .603 .426

UN >--< SE .422 .240 .422 .267 .371 .235

WO >--< SE .399 .252 .399 .303 .397 .294

TR >--< SE -.151 -.048 -.151 .129 .098 .075

KO >--< SE -.144 -.027 -.144 .090 .130 .041

SI >--< SE .020 .074 .020 .198 .236 .174

MA >--< SE .339 .251 .339 .212 .252 .236

LE >--< SE .525 .399 .525 .404 .450 .337

IL

WO >--< UN .471 .292 .471 .304 .377 .335

TR >--< UN .183 .187 .183 .218 .266 .221

KO >--< UN .059 .126 .059 .216 .208 .176

SI >--< UN .218 .166 .218 .222 .263 .231

MA >--< UN -.025 -.049 -.025 .018 .032 .046

LE >--< UN .175 .087 .175 .130 .137 .165

KO >--< WO .161 .216 .161 .366 .271 .313

SI >--< WO .286 .262 .286 .333 .297 .367

MA >--< WO .044 -.018 .044 .121 .139 .200

LE >--< WO .216 .135 .216 .197 .208 .304

KO >--< TR .598 .602 .598 .534 .479 .522

SI >--< TR .509 .431 .509 .397 .441 .381

MA >--< TR -.022 -.093 -.022 .131 .122 .065

LE >--< TR -.049 -.141 -.049 .072 .067 .075

SI >--< KO .624 .567 .624 .555 .440 .457

MA >--< KO .245 .213 .245 .268 .265 .302

LE >--< KO .149 .173 .149 .169 .169 .191

MA >--< SI .176 .146 .176 .243 .229 .340

LE >--< SI .234 .213 .234 .299 .216 .349

LE >--< MA .675 .724 .675 .694 .609 .540

DE CH AT GB ES

LE .834 .834 .976 1.006 .823 .582HE .880 .880 .900 1.172 1.286 1.025ST .817 .817 1.053 .723 .933 1.012SE .502 .502 .837 .595 .697 .324UN .267 .267 .498 .301 .352 .270WO .360 .360 .494 .495 .459 .473TR .508 .508 .538 .298 .304 .627KO .828 .828 .709 .858 .508 .664SI .640 .640 .779 .566 .585 .577MA .600 .600 .534 .497 .425 .643d3 1.013 1.013 .794 .868 1.157 .989d4 .807 .807 .697 .699 .703 .679d5 .598 .598 .703 .777 .689 .722d6 .706 .706 1.346 .752 .707 .817d7 1.041 1.041 .911 .994 1.220 1.070d8 .935 .935 .936 .878 1.068 1.428d1 1.001 1.001 1.244 1.097 1.548 1.601d2 1.366 1.366 1.193 1.286 1.477 1.284d20 .766 .766 .758 .947 .491 .870d21 .850 .850 .783 1.043 .666 .833d18 1.278 1.278 1.263 1.081 1.376 1.513d19 .807 .807 .787 .694 .593 .754d16 1.182 1.182 1.219 1.472 .985 1.049d17 1.676 1.676 1.305 1.782 1.405 1.897d14 .657 .657 .632 .627 .462 .710d15 .485 .485 .439 .593 .437 .566d11 .872 .872 .634 1.004 .589 .776d12 .738 .738 .730 .726 .628 .935d9 .798 .798 .830 .979 .856 1.278d10 .629 .629 .671 .826 .659 .788d13 .740 .740 .585 .811 .555 1.050

Variances-6 countriesIL

Descriptive Comparison

• Countries seem to vary in factor loadings, covariances and variances.

• So far we have found configural invariance. A statistical comparison of invariance would provide an answer, if models in different countries are fully invariant, partially invariant or only configurally invariant.

Steps in testing for Measurement Invariance

• Configural Invariance

• Factor loadings Invariance

• Invariance of Factor Variances

• Invariance of Factor Covariances

• Invariance of latent Means (given there is factor loading invariance)

• Invariance of measurement errors



• Same model structure in both groups

• Most important test (apples & oranges)









• Equal factor loadings

• Presumption for the comparison of latent means





Full vs. Partial Invariance

• Concept of ‘partial invariance’ introduced by Byrne, Shavelson & Muthén (1989)

• Procedure

• Constrain complete matrix

• Use modification indices to find non-invariant parameters and then relax the constraint

• Compare with the unrestricted model

• Steenkamp & Baumgartner (1998): Two indicators with invariant loadings and intercepts are sufficient for mean comparisons

• In our case there are only two items for each construct, so we cannot test for partial invariance.

Chi square/D

F (ind=56.6

3)

GFI (sat=1.0, ind=.5)

AGFI (ind=.45

)

CFI (sat=1.0)

RMSEA (ind=.066

)

P-Close (ind=0.0

)

AIC (sat= 2,772.0)

Unconstrained model 8.223 .949 .919 .911 .024 1.000 8148.847

Factor Loadings

equal across countries

8.008 .947 .921 .908 .023 1.000 8293.283

FL and covariances equal across

countries7.883 .931 .920 .883 .023 1.000 9796.401

FL, covariances

and measurement errors equal

across countries

9.133 .916 .910 .849 .025 1.00012038.08

7

Fit measures of different models

Nested Model ComparisonsAssuming model Unconstrained to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1IFI

Delta-2RFI

rho-1TLI

rho2

Measurement weights 55 254.436 .000 .004 .004 -.004 -.004

Structural covariances 330 2307.554 .000 .032 .033 -.006 -.006

Measurement residuals 435 4759.240 .000 .067 .068 .016 .016

Assuming model Measurement weights to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1IFI

Delta-2RFI

rho-1TLI

rho2

Structural covariances 275 2053.118 .000 .029 .029 -.002 -.002

Measurement residuals 380 4504.803 .000 .063 .064 .020 .020Assuming model Structural covariances to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1IFI

Delta-2RFI

rho-1TLI

rho2

Measurement residuals 105 2451.685 .000 .034 .035 .022 .022

Chi square/DF (ind=49.7

68)

GFI (sat=1.0, ind=.49

5)

AGFI (ind=.44

4)

CFI (sat=1.0

)

RMSEA (ind=.06

6)

P-Close (ind=1.0

)

AIC (sat= 9,240.0;

ind=209,867.6)

Unconstrained model 7,782 ,946 ,913 .911 ,013 1.000 25892,180

Factor Loadings

equal across countries

7,606 ,943 ,915 .908 ,013 1.000 26557,360

FL and covariances equal across

countries7,768 ,921 ,912 .883 ,013 1.000 33083,803

FL, covariances

and measurement errors equal

across countries

10,026 ,894 ,892 .849 ,016 1.000 45621,392

Fir Measures for 20 countries

Model Comparison

Assuming model Unconstrained to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1

IFIDelta-

2

RFIrho-

1

TLIrho2

Measurement weights 209 1083,179,00

0,005 ,005 ,-004

,-004

Structural covariances125

49699,622

,000

,046 ,047 ,000 ,000

Measurement residuals

1653

23035,212

,000

,110 ,112 ,045 ,046

Assuming model Measurement weights to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1

IFIDelta-

2

RFIrho-

1

TLIrho

2

Structural covariances104

58616,443

,000

,041 ,042 ,003 ,003


1444

21952,033

,000

,105 ,107 ,049 ,050

Assuming model structural covariances to be correct:

Model DF CMIN PNFI

Delta-1

IFIDelta-

2

RFIrho-

1

TLIrho

2


399

13335,590

,000

,064 ,065 ,045 ,046

To answer Question 2

• Countries seem to differ in the meaning of values due to variance in the factor loadings across countries. AIC goes up in the invariance tests, therefore we reject invariance.

To answer Question 3• We asked: How do we assess the presence of the value

structure? Deviations in value types, meanings, and structure in different samples invite interpretations. However, not all deviations are meaningful.

• Possible answer: Covariances between values differ across countries. So we do have configural invariance, but “distances” in terms of covariances seem to differ in European countries. One has to find the reasons for the differences: can we base these differences on geographical dispersion: mediterranean vs. north Europe? Long vs. shorter history of democracy?

• Some values in some countries correlate very highly, and in later analyses we will need to unify them into a smaller number of values. These correlations are different across countries.

To answer Question 4

• We asked: How do we distinguish real cultural differences in value meanings and structure from unreliability of measurement?

• Answer: if factor loadings are equal we can guarantee equal meaning of constructs. Differential measurement errors in the different countries is corrected by correction for attenuation in the SEM approach. In our case f”l are different, so the meaning of the factors may be different between some countries.

Conclusions/Next Steps• Considering to modify the models in the multiple

group comparison to improve the fit.• Finding reasons for differences: geographical,

historical, political.• When we tried to do it with the 20 countries-as is

in the next slide, the model did not converge, and it is not clear why. Therefore, one should still be cautious as to the substantial meaning of the results so far.

vvv2_5

HE

vvv3_5

ST

vvv4_5

SE

vvv5_5

UN

vvv8_5

KO

vvv9_5

SI

vvv10_5

MA

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Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse Deutschland

1

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MenWomen

Achievement----

Self-Direction3.263.26

Hedonism3.383.47

Benevolence3.403.57

Universalism3.293.50

Stimulation2.242.11

Security----

Tradition----

Power2.532.33

Conformity3.213.31

Gender Mean Comparison (by Steinmetz, Schmidt, Tina-Booh and Wieczorek)

Data collected in a telephone survey in Germany on part time jobs, N=1,677.

• Consider variance/invariance across gender groups. Maybe socio-demographic characteristics are responsible for more variance than cultural differences.

• Maybe people are more different within countries than countries themselves in Europe?

Thank you very much for your attention!!!!

Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey...

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Transcript of Values in Europe: A Multiple Group Comparison with 20 Countries Using the European Social Survey...