Value and Work in the Platform Economy*eLance/Odesk –Microwork –fill up working day -- AMT 2....
Transcript of Value and Work in the Platform Economy*eLance/Odesk –Microwork –fill up working day -- AMT 2....
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Value and Work in the Platform Economy*
Martin Kenney
Professor
Community and Regional Development Unit
University of California, Davis
&
Senior Project Director
Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy
&
Senior Fellow
Research Institute for the Finnish Economy (ETLA)
This presentation was first made at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte in Tijuana, Mexico on January 14, 2014. Since then it has evolved due to comments after presentations in the U.S., Europe, and Canada. John Zysman of BRIE has been instrumental in the progress of my thinking; some of the ideas are from our joint work. Thanks to Ruth Collier and Bryan Pon for comments. May 5, 2015
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My Proposition
The definition of value creation, work, and employment are changing dramatically
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My Goal
Create models for thinking about labor in the emerging platform
economy
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Setting the Stage: Digital Technologies
• Moore’s Law
• Ubiquitous connectivity
• PCssmartphonesInternet of Things
– Sense, store, process, transmit data
• Cloud computing (see Zysman 2012)
• Software eats everything (open source)
All at decreasing cost
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Digital Platforms
• Algorithm-enabled “cyberplaces” where constituents can act or transact
• Create network effects between applications and users, virtuous circles of growth
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Is “Value Creation” More than What Is Compensated?
• Surfing the internet (Terranova, Lanier et al.)?
• Putting content on Facebook, Pinterest, Youtube, LinkedIn?
• Creating open source software?
– If on GitHub?
• Sharing economy -- Wikipedia, Khan Academy
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Number of Participants
Venture Labor
Apps stores, Youtube etc.. shared advertising revenue,
Amazon self-published books, games, such as Zynga, King Digital, Supercell, etc.., affiliate marketing revenue
Open Source commercialRedhat, Github
Cyberformalglobally biddable labor monetization. Amazon, Mech Turk, oDesk, etc.
Open Source Wikipedia (no payment)
Free labor such as posting to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Youtube, Pinterest, Yelp, etc..
All activity on the net-Google, Bing, Browsers, ad networks
Compensated by employer for building website, etc..
Can become Venture Labor
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Labor, Value Creation and Capture in the Platform Economy
Can become monetized if sufficiently visited
Acknowledgements: Thanks to John Zysman, Ruth Collier, Bryan Pon and Lilly Irani for suggestions and comments on this figure.
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Liquidity event, stock options valuable, no longer Venture Labor now operating companies subject to stock market etc..
Cyberformal asset monetization. Ebay, Amazon Market, Uber Craigslist, AirBnB
These areplatform buildersand VC financed
Monetizing assets such as automobile, spare room
Platform firms funded by VCs, e.g. Google, Facebook, Uber – their direct employees
Virtual Project
Funding, Kickstarter, Indiegogo,
etc..
Copyright: Martin Kenney
Cyberformalize inforrmalmarkets, Taskrabbit, etc.
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Number of Participants
Venture Labor
Can become Venture Labor
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Compensation
Venture Labor in the Platform Economy
Acknowledgements: Thanks to John Zysman, Ruth Collier, Bryan Pon and Lilly Irani for suggestions and comments on this figure.
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Liquidity event, stock options valuable, no longer Venture Labor now operating companies subject to stock market etc..
These areplatform buildersand VC financed
Successful platform firms funded by VCs, e.g. Google, Facebook, Uber – their direct employees
Copyright: Martin Kenney
Entrepreneurs and Employees Are the
Largest Winners – if successful
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Open Source, software Wikipedia (no payment)
Number of Participants
All activity on the net- Google, Bing, Browsers, ad networks
Compensated by employer for building website, monitoring social media, etc.
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Acknowledgements: Thanks to John Zysman, Ruth Collier, Bryan Pon and Lilly Irani for suggestions and comments on this figure.
Copyright: Martin Kenney
Compensation
Free Labor in the Platform Economy –Enormous Distributed Value Creation
Free labor such as posting to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Youtube, Pinterest, Yelp, etc..
Can become monetized if sufficiently visited
Observation: Enormous Amount of Value Created and No Direct Compensation
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Five Forms of Compensated Platform-Mediated Work
1. Global bidding/cyber-contracting –eLance/Odesk
– Microwork – fill up working day -- AMT
2. Industry cyber-transformed, e.g., taxi cab – Uber; hotel -- Airbnb
3. Informal work – cyber formalized, e.g., TaskRabbit, Instacart
4. Virtual consignment – Apps stores
5. Virtual project funding –Indiegogo,Udemy
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1, 2 &3. Contract Labor in the Platform Economy
Open Source CommercialRedhat, Github
1. Cyberformallabor monetization Amazon, Mech Turk, oDesk, etc.
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2. Cyberformalasset monetization. Ebay, Amazon Market, Uber Craigslist, AirBnB
Monetizing assets such as automobile, spare room, things
3. Cyber-formalize informal markets, Taskrabbit, etc.
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1. Globally Biddable Contract Labor
• Lowest price
• Contractors largely powerless– Exception if they have rare skills (Kunda and
Barley’s gurus)
• Little upside for contractor besides possibly learning– Could lead to a permanent job?
• Social Outcome: – Replace permanent employees
– More efficiently allocate people to work
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Sou
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2. Industry Cyber-Transformed• Convenience, efficiency, mobilization of slack
assets
• Often roll up fragmented industries
• Breakdown barriers to competition (taxi rules, zoning, anti-discrimination)
– But some initial advantages eroding as Airbnb pays hotel tax, Uber/Lyft get commercial insurance, etc
• Providers largely powerless vs. platform owner
– Little upside for contractor
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Airbnb –Algorithmic Big Data Model
Entire platform hosted by Amazon, etc..
Travelers –Picture, variousinformation, credit card
Credit card information Background check information
Facebook, LinkedInlinks
Airbnbvalidated pictures
AirBnB, Providers – Variousinformation includingpictures
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3. Informal Work -- Cyber-Formalized
• Cyber formalization history is long – eBay, Craigslist
• Large number of huge platforms
• Movement of control and monitoring to the Cloud
• Social Outcomes– Greater efficiency and price discovery
– Greater transparency in terms of taxation, trust etc.
– Shift of power to platform owner
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4 & 5. Virtual Consignment and Virtual Project Funding Models
4. Apps stores, Youtube etc.. shared advertising revenue,
Amazon self-published books, games, such as Zynga, King
Digital, Supercell, etc.., affiliate marketing revenue
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Can become monetized if sufficiently visited
5. Virtual Project
Funding, Kickstarter,
Indiegogo, etc..
Can Lead to Entrepreneurship and upside
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4. Virtual Consignment Model
• Platform owner gets content at no cost
• Content provider bears all costs
• Content provider has two forms of upside
– Payment through platform owner
– Ancillary income sources from audience
• Appearances, testimonials, product placements, items
• Content provider return characterized by long tail
• Social Outcome:
– Enormous opportunities for new work but WTA
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Virtual Consignment
• Apps stores have now paid out $25 billion
• YouTube – YouTube Partner Program–Created in 2007
–1M+ creators
–1,000s of channel earning $100K+
–Vidcon Convention 2014 – 19K+
• Udemy – Online courses
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Concluding Reflections
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Second Machine Age suggests much work will be displaced
New types of value creation, work, and organization thereof are
emerging
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Labor Atomized Throughout Society
• Online human activity, both work and not work, creates (or is transformed into) value
• Most “long tail” work is not sufficiently valued to produce substantial income, but forms the corpus from which some becomes valuable
– Flappy Birds etc.
• Where is the work place – potentially everywhere that there is digitization!
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Successful Platforms Are Winner Takes All
• They have a VALUE proposition
• Massive new value creation or saving
• Reinforce income inequality?
• Platform owner worker/owners benefit massively, but relatively lowly-compensated contractual workers, consignment workers with a few big winners
• Barriers to entry dissolved digitally– Zenefits (insurance brokers)
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What Is This New Economy?
• Creative economy (Florida)
• Cognitive-creative economy (Alan Scott)
• Sharing economy (Yochai Benkler)
Or Old Classes Weakened
• Gig economy (Friedman)
• Precariat (Standing)
Or Better to Think About How It Works
Platform economy
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If Platform Economy, then
• Who owns/controls the platform
–Wikipedia meets Uber meets the Danish Ag Coop
• Power will be centralized as platform controls the communication system
• Leverage to enter new fields
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If Platform Economy Is a Social Wage Proper Response?
• Extend reward for the “lucky” individual to the milieu– Many of the consignment economy winners may
be one-off “hits”
• Increase entrepreneurship? – We cannot a priori know who will win, e.g.,
Flappy Birds
• Support creative activities?
• Increase consumption?
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Thank you