Value Analysis of Alternative Diesel Particulate Filter ... · August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S....
Transcript of Value Analysis of Alternative Diesel Particulate Filter ... · August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S....
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski 1
Value Analysis of Alternative Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Substrates for Future
Diesel Aftertreatment Systems
DEER ConferenceAugust 4, 2009
Steve MajkowskiGlobal Marketing Director -
Powertrain and Emissions
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski2
Outline
•
Regulations Driving New and Optimized Systems Architectures•
Aerify™
Acicular Mullite Diesel Particulate Filter •
Case 1 –
Heavy-Duty Engine•
Case 2 –
Light-Duty Engine
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski3
Tightening Emissions Regulations Drive Engine Management and Aftertreatment
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?Euro VI – ?
Increasing Fuel Economy 3-6%
SCR
Higher EGR
DPF
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?Euro VI – ?
Increasing Fuel Economy 3-6%
SCR
Higher EGR
DPF
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?Euro VI – ?
Increasing Fuel Economy 3-6%
SCR
Higher EGR
DPF
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?Euro VI – ?
Increasing Fuel Economy 3-6%
SCR
Higher EGR
DPF
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
Euro III – 2008.01
Euro IV – 2010.01?Euro V – 2012.01?
Euro VI – ?
• Engine Technology– Fuel Injection– Combustion and Control Strategy– Air Delivery / Boosting / EGR
Engine Out Trade-Off Curves
Increasing Fuel Economy
Higher EGR
But Lower Standards Push Strategies From
PM or
NOx
PM and NOx
Engine Controls Move the Trade-Off Curve
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski4
Aerify™ Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)•
Wall Flow Ceramic Filter -
High porosity substrate with excellent strength
•
Mass production begins 2011
•
Additional chemical process performed in manufacturing to create the acicular mullite unique microstructure
•
Product families include monolith and segmented parts, depending on customer requirement
•
Enables flexible value proposition
–
High Filtration Efficiency –
Both mass and particle number
–
Reduced fuel consumption
–
Reduced package size
–
Reduction of total systems cost
–
Improved systems integration
•
i.e. SCR on filter
Acicular Mullite -
Unique High porosity microstructure
Monolith & Segmented Constructions
Before Mullite Process After Mullite Process
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski5
•
“Soot-in-the-wall”
is the cause for pressure drop hysteresis•
The high porosity and permeability protects AERIFY DPF from being vulnerable in regards to “soot-in-the-wall”
•
Soot lay down on unique needle structure provides high contact area between soot and needle structure
Cordierite AERIFY
Soot Deposition In AERIFY DPF
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski7
Heavy Duty Needs
HD Market Attribute
Engine Design Goals Ways to Improve
•
Fuel is a large variable cost for the end user
• Reduced fuel consumption •
Reduce post injection occurrences • More passive regeneration•
Reduced DPF backpressure for lower pumping losses
•
Aftertreatment is a large system expense
• Reduced system cost •
Downsize the aftertreatment system• Reduce PGM usage• Integrated solutions
•
Long life –
minimize downtime due to reliability
• Reduce in-field warranty •
Reduce post injection occurrences –
less chance of uncontrolled regeneration•
Improve control system and soot mass measurement•
Improve DPF material robustness
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HD Diesel Aftertreatment -
System Architecture Trends
Euro IV / V HD On-road trucks
US 2007 On-road trucks
Engine DOC SCR
Urea dosing
Engine DOC SCR
Urea dosing
Engine DOC DPFEngine DOC DPF
Engine DOC DPFPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPFPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
Post 2013 US / EU Trend
New systems to take advantage of engine out NOx to increase passive regeneration
Engine DOC DPF/SCR
Post fuel injection Urea dosing
Engine DOC DPF/SCR
Post fuel injection Urea dosing
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski9
•
High porosity and permeability of AERIFY DPF makes the wall contribution small compared to the channel contribution
•
Optimal filter length is shorter for AERIFY DPF than for other commercially available DPF
Porous wall & soot cake flow loss
Inlet & outlet channel flow frictional lossExpansion
loss
Contractionloss
AERIFY DPF Can Be Downsized!
exitentranceflowchannelsootwalltotal PPPPP /
small strong
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Back Pressure Advantage -
CDPF -
Significant Length Downsizing (>25%)
-
Low back pressure compared to competitive materials
-
Segmented Acicular Mullite filter versus Monolith cordierite
-
Linear backpressure profile for improved soot load predictions and OBD control
-Results in improved fuel economy on the engine dyno
0102030405060708090
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110Total soot (grams)
Bac
kpre
ssur
e (m
bar)
Baseline Cordierite 12"x12"
Thin Wall Cordierite 12"x12"
DOW AERIFY 12"x12"
DOW AERIFY 12"x8.5"
12”x 12” 110g soot = 4.9 g/L 12” x 8.5” 110g soot = 7.0 g/L
0102030405060708090
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110Total soot (grams)
Bac
kpre
ssur
e (m
bar)
Baseline Cordierite 12"x12"
Thin Wall Cordierite 12"x12"
DOW AERIFY 12"x12"
DOW AERIFY 12"x8.5"
12”x 12” 110g soot = 4.9 g/L 12” x 8.5” 110g soot = 7.0 g/L
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
A Speed B Speed C Speed
25% Load50% Load75% Load
%
Fuel savings for AERIFY over Cordierite at 65 g,
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
A Speed B Speed C Speed
25% Load50% Load75% Load
%
Fuel savings for AERIFY over Cordierite at 65 g,
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Improved Strength Of High-Porosity Mullite DPF
Honeycomb Comparison
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Porosity (%)Fl
exur
al S
treng
th (M
Pa)
High-porosity Mullite exhibits higher flexural and isostatic strength compared
to Cordierite
Cordierite*
Acicular MulliteCordierite
0123456
40 50 60 70Porosity (%)
Iso.
Stre
ngth
(MP
a)
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Tmax Isotherms for Coated 12x8.5
30
40
50
60
7080
90
100
110
120
550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620
Tinlet, °C
Soot
mas
s, g
Tmax = 650CTmax = 700CTmax = 800CTmax = 900CTmax = 1000CObserved
Excellent Soot Mass Limit DTI Tests For Coated 12x8.5 Mullite DPF
•
High robustness by segmentation and downsizing
Temperature Isotherms -
100 °C/min ramp, drop-to-idle
DPF thermocouples
120 grams~ 5.5 g/L 12x12”~7.5 g/L 12x 8.5”
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski13
DPF (Cd) PGM Coating Canning Dow DPF PGM Coating Canning System CostSavings
Cd 12 in x 12 in (22.2L) Dow ACM 12 in x 8.5 in (15.7L)
Process Step
Cos
t ($/
filte
r)C
ost t
o O
E ($
)
Value Analysis –
HD (Downsized DPF)12x8.5”12x12”
AERIFY Value CreationLower Total Systems CostsDownsized package sizeLess Sensitivity to PGM price variationsBackpressure (fuel efficiency) advantagesWeight savings
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
Engine DOC DPF SCRUrea dosingPost fuel injection
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Heavy-Duty System
•
Conclusions–
Heavy duty trucks have some unmet needs•
Reduced fuel consumption•
Reduced the system cost•
Improved the system reliability–
System architectures are evolving to help meet those needs•
Aftertreatment design•
More passive regeneration•
Improved controls–
New DPF products like Acicular Mullite offer multiple improvements•
Have a higher SML and strength than cordierite –
improved robustness•
Enable system downsizing–
Lower system cost–
Less exposure to PGM pricing–
Smaller package•
Reduced system backpressure for reduced fuel consumption
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Light Duty Needs
LD Market Attribute
Engine Design Goals Ways to Improve
•
Aftertreatment is a large system expense for diesel –
competing against gasoline engines
• Reduced system cost • Reduce PGM usage•
Downsize the aftertreatment system• Integration of aftertreatment
• Emission regulation • Improved efficiency• Reduce light-off time
• Improved catalyst technology• Lower thermal mass substrates
• CO2 regulation • Reduced fuel consumption •
Reduce post injection occurrences –
more passive regeneration•Reduced DPF backpressure for lower pumping losses
• Customer satisfaction •
Maintain / reduce warranty while implementing new substrate materials
•
Find appropriate high porosity substrate materials
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski17
LD Diesel Aftertreatment -
System Architecture Trends
Euro IV / V LD
Euro 6 / US Tier 2 Bin 5
Integrated Solutions
Engine DOC DPF
(U/F Location)
Engine DOC DPF
(U/F Location)
Engine DOC DPFEngine DOC DPF
SCR / LNTUrea dosing
Engine DOC DPF SCR / LNTUrea dosing
Engine DOC DPFEngine DOC DPF
Engine DOC SCR (Heavy veh)
/ LNT (Lighter veh) DPFUrea dosing
Engine DOC SCR (Heavy veh)
/ LNT (Lighter veh) DPFUrea dosing
SCR / LNTUrea dosing
Engine DPF / DOC SCR / LNTUrea dosing
Engine DPF / DOC
DPFEngine DOC / LNT DPFEngine DOC / LNT
Engine DOC DPF/SCRUrea dosing
Engine DOC DPF/SCRUrea dosingIntegration critical to
reduce aftertreatment costs to maintain diesel engine competitiveness
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Superior Coatability and Strength at High Porosity-
Enables Multi-function Substrates without FE penalty
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250Washcoat Concentration (g/L)
Rel
ativ
e Pr
essu
re D
rop
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250Washcoat Concentration (g/L)
Rel
ativ
e Pr
essu
re D
rop
Standard AERIFY Product
Optimized AERIFY(Optimized Pore Size and Distribution)
Advanced AERIFY(Optimized Porosity & Pores)
(CDPF & Lower Loadings) (SCR & Multi-Functional Loadings)
Standard AERIFY : Low backpressure at low & moderate coating concentrationsAdv AERIFY: Add’l backpressure advantages at high coating concentrations
AERIFYMicrostructureOptimization
Stan
dard
CD
PF C
oatin
g R
ange
sSt
anda
rd C
DPF
Coa
ting
Ran
ges
Curves are a combination of modeling and test data
Coatability Strength
Honeycomb Comparison
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Porosity (%)
Flex
ural
Stre
ngth
(MP
a)
Honeycomb Comparison
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Porosity (%)
Flex
ural
Stre
ngth
(MP
a)
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski19
SCR (Cd) DPF (SiC) PGM Coating (2) Canning (2) IntegratedDPF/SCR
PGM Coating (1) Canning (1) System CostSavings
Cd 5.66 in x 6 in (2.5L) & SiC 5.66 in x 6 in (2.5L) Dow ACM 5.66 in x 6 in (2.5L)
Process Step
Cos
t ($/
filte
r)
Value Analysis –
LD (Integrated DPF/SCR)
Value CreationDownsized package sizeLower Total Systems CostLess Sensitivity to PGM variationsBackpressure (fuel efficiency) advantagesWeight savingsLower thermal mass (faster light-off)
Engine DOC DPF/SCRUrea dosing
Engine DOC DPF/SCRUrea dosing
Cos
t to
OE
($)
Engine DOC SCR DPFUrea dosing
Engine DOC SCR DPFUrea dosing
August 4, 2009 DEER Conference, S. Majkowski20
Light-Duty System
•
Conclusions–
Light-duty vehicles have some unmet needs•
Reducing the system cost•
Reducing CO2 / fuel consumption due to regulation•
Maintain durability performance–
System architectures are evolving to help meet those needs•
Integrated solutions are the trend•
Improved controls enable high porosity solutions–
New DPF products like Acicular Mullite meet multiple needs•
Enable high washcoat loadings while minimizing backpressure on DPF•
Eliminate separate substrates and cans to enable system cost savings•
Provide higher soot mass limits and durability than other materials at the same porosity