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    Valentino PittoniFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Valentino Pittoni

    Valentino Pittoni c.1907

    Member of theAustrian Imperial Council

    In office

    19071918

    Constituency Trieste(Old City and San Giacomo)

    Personal details

    Born May 23, 1872

    Brazzano, Cormons

    Died April 11, 1933 (aged 60)

    Vienna

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    Political party Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria

    Children

    Bianca Pittoni (19041993)

    Nerina Pittoni

    Valentino Pittoni(German:Valentin Pittoni; May 23, 1872April 11, 1933) was a socialist politicianfromTrieste,who was mainly active inAustria-Hungary.As a follower ofAustromarxismand militantof theSocial Democratic Workers Party of Austria(SDAP), he came to oppose bothItalianirredentismandSlovenian nationalism.In the early 20th century he emerged as the key leader of thesocialist movement in theAustrian Littoralregion.[1]Pittoni represented Trieste in theImperialCouncil,where he became known as a proponent of electoral democracy, and was additionally amember of Trieste's Municipal Council. He set up acooperative movement,as one of severalventures ensuring inter-ethnic solidarity in the Littoral.

    Increasingly isolated after World War I, Pittoni was uncompromising in demanding Trieste'sautonomy within Austria, and eventually its independence from theKingdom of Italy.He was a notedadversary ofItalian fascism,who lived his later life in exile inVienna.His final contributions were asa newspaper editor and doctrinaire of interwar Austrian socialism.

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Early life

    2 Parliamentarian

    3 World War

    4 Exile

    5 Notes

    6 References

    Early life[edit]Pittoni was born on May 23, 1872, in Brazzano, part of the Cormonsmunicipality. His father was atextile trader. During his childhood the family moved to Trieste.[2]He studied at the Trade Academy(Accademia di Commercio e Nautica) in Trieste,[1]and worked on his father's business.[2]During hisyouth, Pittoni sympathized with irredentism.[1]He was called for military service in theAustro-Hungarian Army,and was discharged with the rank of Second Lieutenant.[2]

    Later, Pittoni joined the Trieste Workers Society, which, despite the name, was a moderatenationalist group with only some socialist members.[3]In 1896 he befriended the Austrian socialistleaderVictor Adler,who invited him to join SDAP that same year.[4]For the next twenty years,Pittoni was strongly influenced by Adler's Austromarxist ideological line.[1][5]He lobbied for thetransformation of the Austro-Hungarian empire into aDanubian Confederationof non-territorialnationalities.[1][6]A staunchinternationalist,he opposed any Italian irredentist moves.[7][8][9]ForPittoni, irredentism was promoted by Italian capitalists to weaken unity of the workingclass.[10]Nonetheless, he and his movement had only marginal contacts withtheSloveneneighbours, as Pittoni resented Slovenian nationalism and opposed the Slavic claimsover Trieste (or "urban Slavism").[11]

    Pittoni joined the Social Democratic League, a Triestine branch of the SDAP, and, by 1902, wasinvolved in mediating between the socialists and organised labour. That year, he helped the seniorsocialist leader Carlo Ucekar in directing thesterreichischer Lloydstokers strike, but lost control ofit to anarchist agitators.[12]The strike ended in bloodshed. The authorities were lenient toward the

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    socialists, and willing to blame the strike on anarchists, but made a point of warning Pittoni to complyin the future.[13]

    Later that year, Ucekar died; Pittoni vied for and won the post as leader of the Social DemocraticLeague.[4][14][15]With Pittoni at the helm, the Triestine socialists closer to the Austromarxistcentre,[4][14][16]holding the 1905 anti-war and anti-irredentist demonstration which coincided with theofficial launch ofSMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max.[9]

    Parliamentarian[edit]

    The1907 Austrian general electionwas the first to be held with universal male suffrage. Pittoni waselected to theImperial Councilwith an absolute majority, representing the first constituency ofTrieste (covering the old city and the suburb of San Giacomo).[17][18]Although this was a majorvictory for his version of socialism, Pittoni noted that his League lacked cadres, and reached out tomembers ofItalian Socialist Party(PSI), in theKingdom of Italy,proposing that they should relocatetheir militancy to Trieste.[19]He allowed a measure of nationalism to seep into his discourse, noting:"It is up to us to also deal with the national issue."[20]In August, he represented his party attheStuttgart Congressof theSecond International.[19]

    Like other SDAP deputies, Pittoni demanded the introduction of universal suffrage

    inTransleithania,which was administered by theGyula Andrssygovernment inBudapest.As henoted in a parliamentary address of October 10, 1908: "it can no longer be indifferent to the nationsof Austria if the disenfranchised peoples and classes of Hungary still fail to receive the rights we owethem."[21]Together with Adler,Etbin Kristan,Engelbert PernerstorferandJosef Steiner,he presidedover an SDAP Conference which demanded "freedom in Hungary".[22]

    From 1907 onwards Cesare Battisti, a left-wing intellectual inside the party fromTrentino,emergedas prominent leader of Trieste's League. Battisti and Pittoni clashed on political issues, especiallyfollowing the 1908Bosnian crisis.[10][15]The latter incident had created a dissonance between thegoals of socialist internationalism and those ofAustrian nationalism,[23]but Pittoni played it down,arguing that manyBosniakswere already subjects of the Austrian monarchy, inCroatia-Slavonia.[24]He also noted that, contrary to the indignation in Italy, Italians had nothing tofear.[25]Against Pittoni, Battisti maintained an anti-militarist and separatist position.[10][15]Pittoni also

    found himself criticised byClaudio Treves,Leonida Bissolati[25]andGaetano Salvemini,[26]irredentistpoliticians of the PSI.

    Pittoni was elected municipal councillor of Trieste in 1909,[27]and promotedlabourmanagementinitiatives. Chief editor of the party organ,Il Lavoratore,and a key figure in the SocialStudies Circle, Pittoni also founded the Workers Cooperative of Trieste,IstriaandFriulia.[1][28]Hisparticipation in such causes increased the cultural and educational prestige of socialism, solvingmany of the movement's teething problems, and helping to spread the cooperative ideals among theSlovene population.[29]He conditioned affiliation to these cooperatives on the desegregation andinter-ethnic solidarity of candidate unions.[30]He also campaigned for the establishment of WorkersClub and anItalian universityin Trieste.[1]

    Pittoni retained his parliamentary seat in the1911 Austrian general election.This time he wassupported by mainstreamSlavic parties,opposed toFelice Venezian's Italian national-liberals,[18]butcould not count on the regular Slovene voters, who withdrew their support.[11]As leader of the Italianparliamentary club,[1][4]Pittoni supported an inquiry into the affairs of Transleithania, where,according to fellow deputyGeorge Grigorovici,theHungarian Postwas censoring thecorrespondence of left-wing opponents, including Austrian subjects.[31]

    Like the rest of his party, Pittoni issued protests againstRudolf Montecuccoli's plan to modernizeand increase theAustro-Hungarian Navy.[32]Together with Adler and with members of the PSI, heco-founded an anti-war congress that would report on any rearmament on either side of the Italian

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    Austrian conflict.[4]During October 1912, he participated in the mass rallies opposing Austria-Hungary's involvement in theFirst Balkan War,and petitioned the government on that subject.[33]

    World War[edit]

    TheItalian Frontin August 1916

    In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Pittoni began cooperating with theYugoslav Social-Democratic Party(JSDS), which had recently relocated in Trieste, and set up a shared bureau tooversee common operations. However, he insisted that the common slogan was that of "nationaltoleration [and] workers solidarity", and that the status of Trieste as an Austrian port could not expectto change.[34]

    In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. The violence of the subsequent "Mountain War"demoralized Pittoni,[35]who pleaded with his government for the fair treatment of Italian captives andrefugees.[1]He and the SloveneHenrik Tumaconceived of an abortive plan to establish a bi-nationalTrieste as part of the Austrian monarchy.[36]It was to includeMonfalcone,San Dorligo dellaValle,Muggiaand other rural localities, which were supposed to form an anti-irredentist cordon of

    Slovenes and Friulians.[37]

    In mid 1916, they joined hands with other JSDS moderates,reestablishing the newspaper Zarja, which, against the SDAP party line, advocated the end ofwar.[38]The PittoniTuma project was opposed by theYugoslavistwing of the JSDS, whoseleaderJosip Ferfoljaaccused the internationalists of facilitating the his people's "death as anation".[39]

    Probably as a result of this nonconformism, Pittoni was again conscripted into the Austro-HungarianArmy and sent to the front, before returning to Trieste as cooperative leader, working to ensure thecity's supply in food and basic goods.[40]He regained his seat in the Imperial Council in summer1917, when it reopened its sessions,[41]and declared himself willing to represent the Austrian

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    workers at an international peace conference that was planned inStockholm.[42]At odds with Adler,who supported continuing the war, he moved closer toKarl Renner's faction, which stood by the oldconfederation programme, but he also issued messages of sympathy toward therevolutionary,Bolshevikand "maximalist", groups.[43]He notably demanded freedom for Adler'ssonFriedrich,jailed for his assassination ofMinister-Presidentvon Strgkh.[44]

    Faced with the challenges of Yugoslavism and Austro-Hungarian dissolution, Pittoni called for thecreation of an independent Istrian state[45]or a "Republic of Venezia Giulia".[46]It was to demandprotection from theLeague of Nations,[47]but Pittoni also spoke of other diplomatic alternatives,including an American or a Bolshevik occupation.[48]In late 1918, as the Slovene National Councilprepared to assume control of the region, he publicized the manifesto ofEmperor Charles,whichproposed an Austrian confederation and a special role for Trieste.[49]However, he faced increasedopposition within the Trieste socialist movement from the Giuseppe TuntarIvan Regent faction(which favoured an Italo-Slavic Soviet Republic)[46]and from irredentist or "socialist-nationalists"such asEdmondo Puecher,who had organised the strike of January 1918.[8]He responded bypurging Il Lavoratorestaff of suspected irredentists, including writerBruno Piazza.[8]

    In October 1918, during theBattle of Vittorio Veneto,the Imperial Council's Italian club dissolved: a"national fascio" was formed, unilaterally proclaiming the annexation of Istria andSouth Tyrolby theKingdom of Italy. Pittoni condemned the move, as did the Friulian deputiesLuigi

    FaiduttiandGiuseppe Bugatto.[50]However, he agreed to become a member of the Italian deputies'Permanent Commission, which was led by the fascio's spokesman,Enrico Conci.[51]Althoughstranded inVienna,he communicated with his Triestine faction: his second-in-command, AlfredoCallini, was a member of the Committee of Public Safety, formed after GovernorAlfred von Fries-Skeneabandoned Trieste.[52]Pittoni had by then lost all footing inside the JSDS, with Ferfoljaaccusing him of being a covert irredentist.[53]

    Exile[edit]

    In 1919, Pittoni protested as theArditiand theFasci Italiani di Combattimentotook over inTrieste.[54]The city was soon placed under the governorship ofCarlo Petitti di Roreto,who tried totalk Pittoni into accepting the national unification and the Trieste Social Democratic League's

    integration with the PSI.

    [55]

    By mid 1919 many of Pittoni's followers, Callini included, had deserted tothe irredentist camp.[56][50]Pittoni himself radicalised his opposition to Italian integration, and from1920 argued that Trieste should form a state within the newRepublic of Austria.[57]

    In 1922 Pittoni resigned from his posts in the party, complaining that the socialist movement hadfallen prey to "the most arrogant and greedy kind of capitalism".[58]By then, he had lost control of IlLavoratoreto a Bolshevik faction which was eventually absorbed into theItalian CommunistParty.[59]Pittoni moved toMilan,where he managed a Consorzio Italianoconsumerscooperative.[1][60]He campaigned for the unification of Italian cooperatives into "a few hundredpowerful organisms", which, as he explained in a February 1922 article for La CooperazioneSiciliana, were to form the basis of "a new society".[61]His daughter Bianca (born in Trieste on March20, 1904) also became politically active, joiningAnna Kuliscioff's socialist circle in Milan.[62]

    Pittoni remained in Italy after thefascist coup,but was eventually driven out by the regime's violent

    actions in 1925.[63]

    He moved back to Vienna, and lived the rest of his life in relativepoverty.[1]Granted protection by the municipal government ofKarl Seitz,[64]he became editor oftheArbeiter-Zeitung.[1][65]Like other Italian emigrants, among themAngelica Balabanoff,he managedto influence SDAP doctrines, contributing to its strong show ofanti-fascism.[66]In the conflictbetween Italian resistance groups, Pittoni raised funds forFilippo Turati'sUnited Socialists.[67]BiancaPittoni, who also left Italy in 1927, became Turati's secretary and confidante, and then workedwithGiuseppe Saragatin Vienna.[62]Such activities irritatedBenito Mussolini,the Italian fascistleader, who repeatedly urged theAustrian Christian Social Partyto liquidate the Viennese socialist"canker".[66]

    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    Pittoni died in Vienna on April 11, 1933.[1][4]The funeral oration was given by SDAPcolleagueWilhelm Ellenbogen,who called Pittoni's fight against irredentism "one of the mostglorious actions in the history of Austria's workers movement", and praised his "intimate affinity withthe Austro-German thought and sentiment".[68]As argued by researcher Gilbert Bosetti, Pittoni'sdeath "put an end to all hopes of a reform-minded Triestine socialism that supported peace amongpeoples."[58]

    Bianca went on to fight for theInternational Brigadesin theSpanish Civil War.During World War II,pursued byOVRAand theGestapo,she joined theFrench ResistanceinPoitou-Charentes.[62]From1944, she was employed by theEmbassy of the Republic of Italy in Paris,where she died in1993.[62]Pittoni's other relatives were still residing in Italian Trieste, and then in theFree Territory.They include his other daughter, Nerina,[69]and his nieceAnita Pittoni,founder of Lo Zibaldonepublishing house.[70]Nerina's son, Luciano Manfredi, was Anita Pittoni's heir.[69]

    Notes[edit]

    1. ^Jump up to:abcdefghijklmE. Maserati,"Pittoni, Valentino (18721933), Politiker",entry inthesterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 18151950,Vol. 8

    2. ^Jump up to:abcGiuseppe Piemontese (1974).Il Movimento operaio a Trieste: dalle origini all'avvento del fascismo....Editori Riuniti. p. 146.

    3. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 1954. ^Jump up to:abcdefKlinger, p. 855. Jump up^Cuomo, pp. 3132, 72; Klinger, pp. 85886. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 8586; Sluga, p. 247. Jump up^Apih, pp. 9295; Bosetti, pp. 197198; Cuomo, pp. 3132; Klinger, pp. 85, 88, 105,

    1081098. ^Jump up to:abcRisa B. Sodi (2007).Narrative and Imperative: The First Fifty Years of Italian

    Holocaust Writing (19441994).Peter Lang AG. pp. 9293.ISBN978-0-8204-8872-1.9. ^Jump up to:ab"Congresul internaional socialist".Tribuna Poporului(Arad). May 25, 1905. p. 4.10. ^Jump up to:abcLabour History Review.Society for the Study of Labour History. 1992. p. 22.11. ^Jump up to:abCuomo, p. 32

    12. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 828313. Jump up^Sondhaus, pp. 15415514. ^Jump up to:abGraeme Morton; Robert John Morris; B. M. A. de Vries (2006). Civil Society,

    Associations, and Urban Places: Class, Nation, and Culture in Nineteenth-century Europe.Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 93.ISBN978-0-7546-5247-2.

    15. ^Jump up to:abcLaurence Cole (July 1, 2014).Military Culture and Popular Patriotism in LateImperial Austria.Oxford University Press. pp. 208, 234.ISBN978-0-19-967204-2.

    16. Jump up^Eduard Winkler (2000).Wahlrechtsreformen und Wahlen in Triest 19051909: eineAnalyse der politischen Partizipation in einer multinationalen Stadtregion derHabsburgermonarchie.Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 84.ISBN978-3-486-56486-0.

    17. Jump up^Sluga, p. 2418. ^Jump up to:abVasilij Melik(January 1, 1997).Wahlen im alten sterreich: am Beispiel der

    Kronlnder mit slowenischsprachiger Bevlkerung.Bhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 305, 406.ISBN978-3-205-98063-6.

    19. ^Jump up to:abKlinger, p. 8720. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 19921. Jump up^"Austriacii cer votul universal pentru Ungaria".Tribuna Poporului(Arad). October 13,

    1908. p. 4.22. Jump up^"Coroana i votul universal".Tribuna Poporului(Arad). September 30, 1908. p. 1-3.23. Jump up^Apih, pp. 9293; Cuomo, pp. 313224. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 240

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    25. ^Jump up to:ab"Aperto dissenso fra socialisti d'Austria e socialisti d'Italia".Il Paese(248)(Udine). October 19, 1908. p. 1.

    26. Jump up^Cuomo, pp. 313227. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 20528. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 87, 8829. Jump up^Apih, pp. 9293; Klinger, pp. 8788, 110

    30. Jump up^Apih, p. 9231. Jump up^Graur, p. 44432. Jump up^Sondhaus, p. 19633. Jump up^Raimund Lw (1988)."Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in sterreich und die

    Balkankriege 1912/1913".In Frits van Holthoon;Marcel van der Linden.Internationalism in theLabour Movement: 18301940, II. E. J. Brill. pp. 413414.ISBN90-04-08635-8.

    34. Jump up^Apih, pp. 949535. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 26736. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 267; Pirjevec, pp. 82, 8637. Jump up^Pirjevec, p. 8238. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 959739. Jump up^Kacin-Wohinz, p. 116

    40. Jump up^Klinger, p. 9741. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 85, 8742. Jump up^Pirjevec, p. 8343. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 97, 10010144. Jump up^Klinger, p. 10145. Jump up^Alessi, pp. 29, 34; Kacin-Wohinz, pp. 115118; Bosetti, p. 26746. ^Jump up to:abSluga, p. 4147. Jump up^Sluga, p. 41; Kacin-Wohinz, p. 11848. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 10010149. Jump up^Klinger, pp. 10610750. ^Jump up to:abBranko Marui(2000)."Gli sloveni di Trieste e del Goriziano alla fine della

    prima guerra mondiale".Il Territorio(Consorzio Culturale del Monfalconese) 13: 11-12. RetrievedJuly 19, 2014.

    51. Jump up^Sergio Benvenuti; Andreina Mascagni (1999)."L'archivio della famigliaConci".Archivio Trentino(Museo Storico in Trento) 49(2): 120. Retrieved July 19, 2014.

    52. Jump up^Alessi, pp. 283453. Jump up^Kacin-Wohinz, p. 11954. Jump up^Bosetti, p. 27055. Jump up^Alessi, pp. 2830; Cuomo, pp. 717256. Jump up^Alessi, pp. 2930; Klinger, p. 85; Sluga, p. 4157. Jump


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