VAINAVI

Connecting to the world

Company ProfileVAINAVI INDUSTRIES LIMITED is a class “B” Internet Service

Provider licensed by the Department of telecommunications,

Govt. of India. We provide next generation broadband

services that enable fast, simple and reliable

communications, anytime, anywhere within our coverage

area. Our unique, advanced network not only creates a new

communications path into the home or office, but also

facilitates access to information, interactive media content,

applications and communications services away from the

home or office. We also carry out the business of providing

infrastructure for broadband and telecom Sector by

facilitating them to carry Voice, Video & other forms of data.

Vainavi Industries Limited

(Class B ISP License Holder)

Vainavi Industries Limited

(Class B ISP License Holder)

Vision Infracon Pvt. Ltd

(Underground Fiber Company

IP 1 License Holder)

Vision Infracon Pvt. Ltd

(Underground Fiber Company

IP 1 License Holder)

Sun Constructions(Over Head Fiber Company)

Sun Constructions(Over Head Fiber Company)

Today’s high data rate networks are all based on optical fiber

the reason is simple (examples for demonstration sake) Twisted copper pair(s)

8 Mbps @ 3 km, 1.5 Mbps @ 5.5 km (ADSL)1 Gb @ 100 meters (802.3ab)

Microwave 70 Mbps @ 30 km (WiMax)

Coax 10 Mbps @ 3.6 km (10BROAD36)30 Mbps @ 30 km (cable modem)

Optical fiber10 Mbps @ 2 km (10BASE-FL)100 Mbps @ 400m (100BASE-FX)1 Gbps @ 2km (1000BASE-LX)10 Gbps @ 40 (80) km (10GBASE-E(Z)R)40 Gbps @ 700 km [Nortel] or 3000 km [Verizon]

Why FiberWhy Fiber

Attenuation per unit length Reason for energy loss

copper: resistance, skin effect, radiation, couplingfiber: internal scattering, imperfect total internal reflection

so fiber beats coax by about 2 orders of magnitude e.g. 10 dB/km for thin coax at 50MHz, 0.15 dB/km =1550nm fiber

Noise ingress and cross-talkCopper couples to all nearby conductorsNo similar ingress mechanism for fiber

Ground-potential, galvanic isolation, lightning protectionCopper can be hard to handle and dangerousNo concerns for fiber

Why is fiber better Why is fiber better

Fiber beats all other technologies for speed and reachBut fiber has its own problems

• Harder to splice, repair, and need to handle carefully• Regenerators and even amplifiers are problematic

More expensive to deploy than for copper

• Digital processing requires electronics So need to convert back to electronics We will call the converter an optical transceiver Optical transceivers are expensive

• Switching easier with electronics (but possible with photonics) So pure fiber networks are topologically limited:

• Point-to-point• Rings

Why not fiber Why not fiber

Implement point-to-multipoint topology purely in optics

avoid costly optic-electronic conversions use passive splitters – no power needed,

unlimited MTBF only N+1 optical transceivers (minimum

possible) !

1:2 passive splitter

1:4 passive splitter

N end users

feeder fiber

core

access network

typically N=32

max defined 128

Gpon Solution Gpon Solution

Shared infrastructure translates to lower cost per customer• Minimal number of optical transceivers• Feeder fiber and transceiver costs divided by N customers• Greenfield per-customer cost similar to UTP

Passive splitters translate to lower cost• Can be installed anywhere• No power needed• Essentially unlimited MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)

Fiber data-rates can be upgraded as technology improves• Initially 155 Mbps• Then 622 Mbps• Now 1.25 Gbps• Soon 2.5 Gbps and higher

Gpon Advantages

Like every other field, PON technology has its own terminology

The CO head-end is called an OLT ONUs are the CPE devices (sometimes called ONTs in ITU) The entire fiber tree (incl. feeder, splitters, distribution

fibers) is an ODN All trees emanating from the same OLT form an OAN Downstream is from OLT to ONU (upstream is the

opposite direction)downstream

Optical Network Units

upstream

Optical Distribution NetworkNNI

Terminal Equipment

UNI

core splitter

Optical Line Terminal

Optical Access Network

Terminology

GPON obey the basic principles

OLT and ONU consist of •Layer 2 (Ethernet MAC, ATM adapter, etc.)•optical transceiver using different s for transmit and receive•optionally: Wavelength Division Multiplexer

Downstream transmission•OLT broadcasts data downstream to all ONUs in ODN•ONU captures data destined for its address, discards all other data•encryption needed to ensure privacy

Upstream transmission•ONUs share bandwidth using Time Division Multiple Access•OLT manages the ONU timeslots•ranging is performed to determine ONU-OLT propagation time

Additional functionality•Physical Layer OAM (Operation, Administration, & Maintenance)•Autodiscovery•Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

GPON Principles

GPON has a unique architecture• (broadcast) point-to-multipoint in DS direction• (multiple access) multipoint-to-point in US direction

contrast that with, for example • Ethernet - multipoint-to-multipoint

• ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) - point-to-point

This means that existing protocolsdo not provide all the needed functionalitye.g. receive filtering, ranging, security, BW allocation

downstream

upstream

Why a new protocol ?

Multipoint-to-multipoint Ethernet avoids collisionsby CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)/ (Collision Detection) )

This can't work for multipoint-to-point US GPONsince ONUs don't see each otherAnd the OLT can't arbitrate without adding a roundtrip time

Point-to-point ATM can send data in the openalthough trusted intermediate switches see all datacustomer switches only receive their own data

This can't work for point-to-multipoint DS GPONsince all ONUs see all DS data

(multi)point - to - (multi)point

2001 : FSAN initiated work on extension of BPON to > 1 Gbps

Although GPON is an extension of BPON technologyand reuses much of G.983 (e.g. line code, rates, band-plan, OAM)decision was not to be backward compatible with BPON

2001 : GFP developed (approved 2003)

2003 : GPON became G.984G.984.1 : GPON general characteristicsG.984.2 : Physical Media Dependent layerG.984.3 : Transmission Convergence layerG.984.4 : management and control interface

FSAN is Full Service Access NetworkBPON is Broadband Passive Optical Network

GPON history

Popular Fiber Sizes

Multimode Graded-Index Fiber

Single-mode Fiber

Types of Optical Fiber

1 0 11 1 11 11

Dispersion limits bandwidth in optical fiber

Multimode Dispersion

1 0 1 1 101

In SM the limit bandwidth is caused by chromatic dispersion.

Single-Mode Dispersion

Optical Splitters

LB = ׀ PS ׀ - ׀ PO׀

LB = Link Budget

PS = SensitivityPO = Output Power

Example: GPON 1310nm

Power: 0dbm Single-mode fiberSensitivity: -23dbm

} Link Budget: 23db

Budget Calculations

Assume:

Optical loss = 0.35 db/km

Connector Loss = 2dB

Splitter Insertion Loss 1X32 = 17dB

Range Budget: 11Km

Typical Range Calculation

Relationship between transmission distance and number of splits

A common complaint against BPON was inefficiency due to ATM cell taxGEM is similar to ATM

constant-size HEC-protected header but avoids large overhead by allowing variable length frames

GEM is generic – any packet type (and even TDM) supportedGEM supports fragmentation and reassemblyGEM is based on GFP, and the header contains the following fields:

Payload Length Indicator - payload length in BytesPort ID - identifies the target ONUPayload Type Indicator (GEM OAM, congestion/fragmentation indication)Header Error Correction field (BCH(39,12,2) code+ 1b even parity)

The GEM header is XOR'ed with B6AB31E055 before transmission

GEM (Generic Encapsulation Mode) GFP (Generic Frame Protocol)

Port ID

(12b)

PLI

(12b)

HEC

(13b)

PTI

(3b)

payload fragment

(L Bytes)

5 B

GPON Encapsulation Mode

GTC fames are still 125 sec long, but shared amongst ONUs

Each ONU transmits a burst of data– using timing acquired by locking onto OLT signal– according to time allocation sent by OLT in BWmap

• there may be multiple allocations to single ONU• OLT computes DBA by monitoring traffic status (buffers)

of ONUs and knowing priorities – at power level requested by OLT (3 levels)

• this enables OLT to use avalanche photodiodes which are sensitive to high power bursts

– leaving a guard time from previous ONU's transmission– prefixing a preamble to enable OLT to acquire power and

phase– identifying itself (ONU-ID) in addition to traffic IDs (VPI, Port-

ID)– scrambling data (but not preamble/delimiter)

GPON US considerationsGPON US considerations

Every ONU has an 8B serial number (4B vendor code + 4B SN) SN of ONUs in OAN may be configured by NMS, or SN may be learnt from ONU in discovery phase

ONU activation may be triggered by Operator command Periodic polling by OLT OLT searching for previously operational ONU

G.984.3 differentiates between three cases: cold GPON / cold ONU warm GPON / cold ONU warm GPON / warm ONU

Main steps in procedure: ONU sets power based on DS message OLT sends a Serial_Number request to all unregistered

ONUs ONU responds OLT assigns 1B ONU-ID and sends to ONU ranging is performed ONU is operational

GPON Auto discovery

GPONs must be able to handle various failure states

GPONIf ONU detects LOS or LOF it goes into POPUP state

it stops sending traffic USOLT detects LOS for ONUif there is a pre-ranged backup fiber then switch-over

Failure recovery

MANs and WANs have relatively stationary BW requirementsdue to aggregation of large number of sources

But each ONU in a GPON may serve only 1 or a small number of users

So BW required is highly variableIt would be inefficient to statically assign the same BW to

each ONUSo GPON assign dynamically BW according to needThe need can be discovered

– by passively observing the traffic from the ONU– by ONU sending reports as to state of its ingress queues

The goals of a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithm are – maximum fiber BW utilization– fairness and respect of priority– minimum delay introduced

Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

SURF TALK

WATCH

GPON With Triple Play Offer on FTTH Technology

One of the hottest trends in consumer telecom services is called the “residential

triple play.” This is a bundling that combines three electronic services that

nearly every home subscribes to. They are Digital CATV, telephony and High Speed

Internet.

CABLE TV INTERNET TELEPHONY

What is triple Play

To provide technically efficient & Cost effective Triple Play Service through GPON FTTH Adds Value to the amenities Seamless Network Eliminates cable clutter & Jammed ducts Intercom & security systems One point of contact for all kind of services Easy up gradation to future technologies Expandable network Easy maintenance No electric power within network

Advantages of Triple Play

SP1-Video/ Data

OLT_1U_PB_2608

SP2-Video/ Data

SP3-Video/ Data

SP5SP4

TDMInterface

1310 & 1490 nm

WDM

64 waySplitterWLAN

HAS VOIP Laptop

IPTV

LaptopVOIPHAS

IPTV

VOIP

VOIP

CATV

CATV

STB

STB

HAS

HAS

Up to ~ 10+ km

WDM 64 waySplitter

Ampli fier

Ampli fier

OpticalTX

PC

Typical Connectivity Diagram

GPON on FTTB Technology ONT On Sharing

GPON on FTTH Technology ONT at Individual House GPON on FTTH Technology ONT at Individual House

VAINAVI

THANK YOU