VaccinesTetanus

HaemophilusMMR

Nikki Hoheisel

Morgan Rehm

Michelle Savage

Amy Lindgren

Mode of TransmissionTetanus is caused by a toxin produced

by a bacterium, Clostridium tetani. They produce spores that are very

difficult to kill as they are resistant to heat and many chemical agents.

Enters through a break in the skinThe toxin causes painful muscle spasms Attacks the jaw muscles first “lock jaw”Without the vaccine, 3 in 10 would die

VaccineSeveral vaccines are used to prevent

tetanus among children, adolescents, and adults including DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td.

Can be used in three ways:◦As a catch-up for people who did not get

all their doses of DTaP when they were children

◦As a booster, dose every 10 years◦For protection against tetanus infection

after a wound

When to VaccinateThere are four combination vaccines

used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td.

DTaP and DT are given to children younger than 7 years of age

Tdap and Td are given to older children and adults

Children should get 5 doses of DTaP, one dose at each of the following ages: 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months and 4-6 years.

Why do we vaccinate?Tetanus has a high fatality rate. In

recent years, tetanus has been fatal in about 11% of reported cases and as high as 18% in persons age 60 years and older, and 22% in unvaccinated persons.

There is no "cure" for tetanus (management)

The best "treatment" is prevention through immunization.

Almost all cases of tetanus are in persons who have never been vaccinated, or who completed their childhood series, but did not have a booster dose in the preceding 10 years.

Haemophilus Influenzae Type b

Back ground:Also referred to as HibSystemic bacterial disease of young children

worldwideGerms spread from person to personEffects children under age 5Peak time to get it is between 6-11 months of

age35% of survivors developed neurologic

diseases20,000 cases annually, 12,000 meningitis

w/5% mortality (death rate 1 in 20)

Vaccine Information

Is done as a combination Interchangeable w/ other Hib vaccinesNumber of vaccines needed (4 if use other

brands than PedvaxHIB)May be given at the same time as other

vaccinesGiven between 2 months and 6 yearsDo not give before 6 weeks as this will lead

to a reduced anti-PRP responseNot recommended for over 6 years of age,

as these children are generally not at risk for the disease

Diseases that Hib Causes

PneumoniaSevere swelling in the throat,

making it hard to breatheInfections of the blood, joints,

bones, and covering of the heartDeath

Risks for the Hib Vaccine

Can cause allergic reactionsThe risk of Hib vaccine causing serious harm

or death is extremely smallMost do not have any problems with it.

Mild Problems:Redness, warmth, or swelling where the shot

was given (up to ¼ of children)Fever over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (Up to 1

out of 20 children)

Reactions to Hib Vaccine

Moderate or severe Reactions:What to look for

◦ High fever◦ Behavior changes◦ Allergic reaction

Difficulty Breathing, Hoarseness or Wheezing, Hives, Paleness, Weakness, Fast Heart Beat, Dizziness within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot.

What to do◦ Call a doctor, or get the person to a doctor right away◦ Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it

happened, and when the vaccination was given◦ Ask your doctor, nurse, or health department to report

the reaction by filing a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Form

Measles◦ Virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and

fever◦ It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain

damage and death Mumps

◦ Virus causes fever, headache, and swollen glands 30-40% Parotitis (swollen Parotid gland)

◦ It can lead to deafness, meningitis, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries and rarely; death

Rubella◦ Virus causes rash, mild fever, and arthritis (mostly in

women)◦ If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could

have a miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects

Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine (MMR)

Mumps

Measles Rubella

Swollen Parotid gland

Rash

Mode of TransmissionMeasles

◦Large respiratory dropletsMumps

◦Airborne transmission◦Direct contact with infected droplet

nuclei or salivaRubella

◦Airborne transmission or droplets

Who should get vaccinatedChildren should get 2 doses of

the MMR vaccine◦The first at 12-15 months of age◦The second at 4-6 years of age

Generally anyone 18 years or older who were born after 1956 should get at least one dose of the MMR vaccine

Who should NOT get vaccinated

People who have ever had a life threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin or to a previous dose of MMR vaccine

People who are moderately or severely ill at the time of the shot

Pregnant woman should wait to get MMR vaccineCheck with your doctor if you:

◦ HIV/AIDS or other diseases that affect the immune system

◦ Is being treated with drugs that affect the immune system for 2 weeks or longer

◦ Has cancer of any kind◦ Is taking cancer treatment with x-ray or drugs◦ Has ever had a low platelet count

Risks from MMR vaccine Most people do not have any problems with it Mild problems

◦ Fever, mild rash swelling of glands in the cheeks or neck (rare)

◦ Usually occurs within 7-12 days after the shot Moderate problems

◦ Seizure caused by fever◦ Temporary pain and stiffness in the joints◦ Temporary low platelet count which can cause a bleeding

disorder Severe problems

◦ Serious allergic reaction◦ Deafness, long term seizures, coma, permanent brain

damage. These happen so rarely, experts can not be sure if they are

actually caused by the vaccine.

How to learn more

Ask your doctor or nurse. They can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information

Call your local or state health department’s immunization program

Contact the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)◦Call 1-800-232-4636◦Visit the National Immunization Program’s

website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines