8/13/2019 Vaccination Pros & Cons

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Alejandro Ivan Navarro Villarreal

ID 1581580 Group 304

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What is Vaccination?

Vaccination is the process of protecting the body againstdisease by means of vaccines.

A vaccine (from latin vaccacow) is a substance used toproduce active immunity, which is a suspension of pathogenswith decreased virulence. These pathogens are not very

dangerous anymore, but they are enough to provoke aresponse from the immune system, thereby making theimmune system create antibodies without causing a seriousillness.

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A Brief History of Vaccines

In the late 1700s (around1796), a British physician,decided to test a hypothesishe had created fromrumors: that by getting

cowpox, a disease with verymild effects in humans, onecould be protected from thedeadly smallpox. He testedit on a small child, and wassuccessful. Though rejected

at first, later in the 19thcentury vaccines becamewidespread. During the 20thcentury, most modernvaccines were created, likeSabin oral vaccine or HBV(Hepatitis B vaccine)

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Types of Vaccines

Live-attenuated: Made with live organisms, which have beenweakened by means of chemicals (like formalin), heat, or othermedia. Example: MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella).

Live: Made with live organisms, that do not cause seriousdisease. Example: Cowpox.

Toxoid: Made with altered toxin. Example: Tetanus vaccine. Inactivated: Made with dead organisms. Example: Jonas Salks

IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine).

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Also

Prophylactic: Prevent disease. Ex. PCV(Pneumococcus vaccine)

Therapeutic: To treat disease. Ex.Rabies vaccine. There are investigations

in place for a cancer vaccine.

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Pros of Vaccines

Provide protectionagainst otherwise fataldiseases.

Much simpler to makethan medicines likeantibiotics or antivirals.

Can eradicate

disease. Extremely effective at

preventing disease.

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Cons of Vaccines

May produce anallergic reaction.

Live vaccines cancause harm to

pregnant women andimmunosuppressedindividuals.

May not work at all.

Highly mutativeviruses (likerotavirus) vaccinesneed to be renewedevery so often.

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Conclusion

The benefits far outweigh the risks; theeconomic advantage is very large (1$spent in vaccination can prevent around

7 dollars of treatment), the other riskscan easily be eliminated with properprocedure, and the constant rotation of

rotavirus vaccines is not very often(each year).

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Monoclonal antibodies -Antecedents

Until 1975, study and use of antibodieswas limited because of the difficulty inisolating significant amounts of a single

antibody. This is because B-cells only produce

antibodies when necessary, and not

enough can be acquired practically fromblood, and B-cells cannot survive forlong in a culture.

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Monoclonal antibodies -Hybridomas

A technique developed byKhler and Milstein in 1975 (forwhich they won the Nobel Prizein 1984) solved these problems.The technique iscalled somatic cell

hybridization Somatic cell hybridization

consists in fusing an antibody-producing B-cells with myelomacells. The result, a hybridoma,retains the B-cells productivecapabilities and the myelomasability to grow and reproduceindefinitely. This is usually donewith mouse spleen cells.

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Monoclonal Antibodies - Uses

The usefulness of monoclonal antibodies isimmense: they allow scientists to acquirelarge amounts of a single antibody.

This allows research of antibodies and usein treatment. They are used as diagnosticand research reagents as well as in humantherapy. There are currently 35 monoclonal

antibody preparations approved forhumans by the FDA.

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Monoclonal Antibodies -ProblemsAs they are foreign compounds, the

immune system may act on them,producing HAMA (Human Anti-Mouse

Antibodies), which not only eliminatethese antibodies, but may also createkidney-damaging complexes. This issolved through genetic engineering, that

use human antibodies, and only replacethe variable region with the one providedby the mouse.

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References

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Monoclonals.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/preventive-care/vaccine.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/SalkatPitt.jpg http://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2008/05/jenner_400px.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_cow_pock.jpg/300px-The_cow_pock.jpg

https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0624/5b2f1b3867d74/5b2f1b3fae73a.jpg http://vaccines.procon.org/#arguments Cohen, B., & Taylor, J. (2009). Memmler\'s the human body in health

and disease. (11th Edition ed.). Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Business. Crown, K. (1986). The world book encyclopedia. (A ed., Vol. 10).

Chicago: World Book Inc.

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