Vaccination and lab monitoring

The Role of Vaccination & Lab Monitoring in The

Control of Poultry Diseases.

Vaccination & Lab Monitoring Vaccination & Lab Monitoring

All-in All-outManagement

Feed

Hygiene

Cleaning / Disinfection

Flock management

Vaccination

Control ofRodents &Insects

Lab. Monitoring

Health is a balance

Disease agents:

- Deficiencies

- Toxins

- Viruses

- bacteria

- Parasites

Resistance:

- Good feed

- intestinal flora

- Immunity

* Local

* Systemic

Defense System of Chickens against InfectionsDefense System of Chickens against InfectionsSpecific Immune SystemSpecific Immune System

Defense System of Chickens against InfectionsDefense System of Chickens against Infections

Specific Immune SystemSpecific Immune System Primary OrgansPrimary Organs

– Thymus glandThymus gland» T-cell systemT-cell system�� cell-mediated immunitycell-mediated immunity

– Bursa of FabriciusBursa of Fabricius» B-cell systemB-cell system�� humoral immunityhumoral immunity

– Bone marrowBone marrow» Precursor blood cellsPrecursor blood cells

– Yolk sacYolk sac» Maternal immunityMaternal immunity

Peripheral lymphoid Peripheral lymphoid tissuetissue

– Harderian glandHarderian gland

– Caecal tonsillesCaecal tonsilles

– SpleenSpleen

– GALTGALT

GOODVACCINATION

PROGRAMDESIGN

Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry

Elements of a Vaccination ProgramElements of a Vaccination Program

Interval betweenSubsequentVaccinations

Route ofVaccination

Age of theFirst Vaccination

Type ofVaccines

Number ofVaccinations

1. Stimulation & Maintenance of Protective Immunity2. Development of Immunologic Memmory

GOODIMMUNE

RESPONSE


Requirements for Good Immune ResponseRequirements for Good Immune Response

No Immune Suppression

Healthy Birds

Good Administration Technique

Correct Vaccination Programme

Good Nutrition Correct Vaccine Storage

Correct Vaccine

No Stress


Possible Reasons ofPossible Reasons of Vaccination FailuresVaccination Failures

Administration of a sub-optimal dose of vaccine.Administration of a sub-optimal dose of vaccine. Poor vaccine quality (rare).Poor vaccine quality (rare). Improper handling of the vaccine during transport and storage.Improper handling of the vaccine during transport and storage. Errors in the vaccination technique.Errors in the vaccination technique.

Immune suppression.Immune suppression. Immune suppressive viral infections.Immune suppressive viral infections. Stress.Stress. Mycotoxines.Mycotoxines.

High levels of maternal antibodies.High levels of maternal antibodies.

Strong field challenge.Strong field challenge.


Possible Reasons ofPossible Reasons of Vaccination FailuresVaccination Failures

The causative agent is not covered by the used vaccine (e.g. IBV The causative agent is not covered by the used vaccine (e.g. IBV variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).

Vaccination is too late.Vaccination is too late. Birds are already infected at time of vaccination.Birds are already infected at time of vaccination. Field infection occurs before development of vaccinal Field infection occurs before development of vaccinal

immunity. immunity.

Weaning of vaccinal immunity after time.Weaning of vaccinal immunity after time.


Live VaccinesLive Vaccines

AdvantagesAdvantages– Create complex immunityCreate complex immunity

» Humoral + cell-Humoral + cell-mediated.mediated.

» Different classes of Different classes of antibodies.antibodies.

– Rapid onset of vaccinal Rapid onset of vaccinal protection.protection.

– Easy mass application.Easy mass application.– No adjuvans needed.No adjuvans needed.– No hypersensitivity No hypersensitivity

reactions.reactions.– Production in big Production in big

quantities.quantities.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Vaccine agent is present Vaccine agent is present

in poultry population.in poultry population.– Possibility of shedding of Possibility of shedding of

the vaccine agent.the vaccine agent.– Post vaccinal reactions Post vaccinal reactions

are possible.are possible.


Inactivated VaccinesInactivated Vaccines

AdvantagesAdvantages

– No introduction of a No introduction of a ““new new living agentliving agent””..

– No shedding of the No shedding of the vaccine agent.vaccine agent.

– No post vaccinal No post vaccinal reactions.reactions.

– Accurate individual Accurate individual vaccination. vaccination.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

– Reactions of Reactions of hypersensitivity possible.hypersensitivity possible.

– Slow onset of protection.Slow onset of protection.– Humoral immunity only.Humoral immunity only.

– High labour costs for High labour costs for application.application.

– Expensive production of Expensive production of high quality vaccines.high quality vaccines.


Methods of Vaccine-ApplicationMethods of Vaccine-Application

Individual Applications:Individual Applications:

– Eye drop vaccinationEye drop vaccination Very efficient.Very efficient. Highly labour intensive; use only specific diluent.Highly labour intensive; use only specific diluent.

– Wing web, i.m. & s.c. injectionWing web, i.m. & s.c. injection Very efficient.Very efficient. Highly labour intensive; use only sterile equipment and Highly labour intensive; use only sterile equipment and

specific diluent for live vaccines.specific diluent for live vaccines.


Methods of Vaccine-ApplicationMethods of Vaccine-Application

Mass-Applications:Mass-Applications:

– Drinking water vaccinationDrinking water vaccination Rapid, easy, very economical, safe.Rapid, easy, very economical, safe. No disinfectants; control water quality; control water No disinfectants; control water quality; control water

system and drinker.system and drinker.

– Spray vaccinationSpray vaccination Rapid, good immune response.Rapid, good immune response. Post vaccinal reactions possible (esp. in Mg+); use Post vaccinal reactions possible (esp. in Mg+); use

distilled water only; large drops for young chicken and distilled water only; large drops for young chicken and small drops for old chicken; control correct function of small drops for old chicken; control correct function of equipment.equipment.

Lab Monitoring

Main Tasks For Veterinary Labs (Poultry Dept.):

- Organized disease control program.

- Early Warning System (EWS). Corrective Action can be taken before disease / production losses.

- Measuring of Vaccination Performance.(Performing Q C on Vaccine quality, Vaccine application &Vaccination method).

-Diagnostic Services.

- Research on infections.

Example for Organized Monitoring Program Breeders / Layers

Age Age Sample Sample Test Test

Day 1Day 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper- Serum Serum

- Salmonella.Salmonella.- MG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AI MG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AI

Week 9Week 9 - Cloaca swabs Cloaca swabs - Serum Serum

-Salmonella Salmonella - ND – IBV - etcND – IBV - etc

Week 16Week 16 - DroppingsDroppings- Serum Serum

-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc


-Salmonella Salmonella - SP/G-ND – AI – MG -etcSP/G-ND – AI – MG -etc


-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etc


-SalmonellaSalmonella- Se/St- MG –ND- AI -etc Se/St- MG –ND- AI -etc

Example for Organized Monitoring Program Broilers

Age Age Sample Sample Test Test

Day 1Day 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper- Serum Serum

- Salmonella.Salmonella.- MG – IBD - AI MG – IBD - AI

- 10 days before exit- 10 days before exit - Droppings Droppings - Salmonella Salmonella

- Marketing Age - Marketing Age - Serum Serum - ND – IBV – AI - IBD ND – IBV – AI - IBD

Example for Organized Monitoring Program

Slaughter house

TimeTime Sample Sample Test Test

EntranceEntrance Caecal ContentCaecal Content - Salmonella.Salmonella.- CampylobacterCampylobacter

Exit Exit Neck SkinNeck Skin - Salmonella Salmonella

Most Important serological tests

1- Hemagglutination Inhibition test (HI).

2- ELISA (indirect).

3- Rapid plate agglutination test (RPA).

4- Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT).

Serological Monitoring

When Conducting Serological monitoring has to know 2 basically things:-

1- Must know what result to expect prior to testing

(Set Standards for Successful Vaccination)

2- Must know what action to take if results are not according expectation.

Interpretation of vaccination results by ELISA is usually done by evaluating the 3 main key components of immune response after vaccination, which are:-

1- Intensity of Response:-

As indicated by the Mean Titer.

Do the birds develop sufficient titers levels that are in the expected range for the vaccine used? These expected titers following vaccination are often called “ Baseline Titers” these Baseline titer values may vary according to type of bird , age , vaccine type , vaccination program, and other factors. Therefore, one should make their own baselines for there own vaccination programs and local conditions.

2- Uniformity of Response:-

As indicated by the % CV.

Is the vaccine actually getting to the all birds or not.

The general guidelines for % CV following vaccination are as follows:-

% CV% CV Uniformity Uniformity Less than 30 %Less than 30 % Excellent Excellent

From 30-50 % From 30-50 % Good Good

Greater than 50 % Greater than 50 % Need to Improve Need to Improve

Persistency of Response:-

As indicated by Mean Titer response over Time

Do titers persist long enough over time, or is another vaccination needed to boost titers above minimum protective levels.

Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in Broiler:-

TestTest Vaccine Type Vaccine Type Mean titer range Mean titer range at 35 - 40 Dat 35 - 40 D

Suspect Titer Suspect Titer Infection Infection

NDVNDV -Live, 2x D.W-Live, 2x D.W 2000 – 5000 2000 – 5000 More than 7000More than 7000

-Live, 2x Spray -Live, 2x Spray 4000 – 8000 4000 – 8000 More than 10000More than 10000

IBVIBV -Live, 1x (H120)-Live, 1x (H120) 800 – 1500 800 – 1500 More than 3000More than 3000

-Live, 2x (H120)-Live, 2x (H120) 2000 – 4000 2000 – 4000 More than 6000More than 6000

IBD IBD -Live, 1x (intmed.)-Live, 1x (intmed.) 2500 – 4500 2500 – 4500 More than 7000More than 7000

-Live, 2x (intmed.)-Live, 2x (intmed.) 3000 – 6500 3000 – 6500 More than 9000More than 9000

Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in layers or Breeders:-

TestTest Vaccine Type Vaccine Type Mean titer range Mean titer range Wks after Vac. Wks after Vac. To test To test

NDVNDV -Live (Lasota) -Live (Lasota) 2000 – 8000 2000 – 8000 2 – 3 wks 2 – 3 wks

-Inact. -Inact. 10000 – 15000 10000 – 15000 4 – 7 wks 4 – 7 wks

IBVIBV -Live (H120) -Live (H120) 2000 – 4000 2000 – 4000 3 – 5 wks3 – 5 wks

-Inact.-Inact. 6000 – 17000 6000 – 17000 5 – 7 wks 5 – 7 wks

IBD IBD -Live (intmed.)-Live (intmed.) 2500 – 7000 2500 – 7000 3 –5 wks 3 –5 wks

-Inact.-Inact. 7000 – 12000 7000 – 12000 4 – 7 wks 4 – 7 wks

Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery

-Hatcheries need a continuous program to monitor the microbial populations in the hatchery.

-Monitoring the hatchery at least every 6 -8 weeks.


-Take samples from every area in the hatchery and equipments.

- Some of more important area to be monitored include:

- Air intake & outlets, Setters, Hatchers, Air in chick holding and egg storage room, Tray wash area, water, and vaccination equipment.


Samples Required:

- Swab method for counting - Air Samples. - Egg shell monitoring by rolling method. - Fluff samples (Bacterial count – Salmonella ) - Stamping with plate count agar (Rodac method) - Sterility testing for vaccine equipments.

- Chicks ( cull Chicks for Salmonella testing)


- Interpretation: - Swab counting method. - Swab from a tow inch square area:

- Less than 10 colonie Good.

- 10 –30 colonie Moderate.

- Above 30 colonie Heavy Contamination


- Interpretation: - Air Samples Count (Salder, 1975).

Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count

Score Score Setters Setters Rooms Rooms

0 – 100 – 10 0 - 150 - 15 1- Excellent 1- Excellent 11 – 25 11 – 25 16 - 36 16 - 36 2- Good 2- Good 26 - 4626 - 46 37 – 57 37 – 57 3- Average 3- Average 47 – 6647 – 66 58 – 76 58 – 76 4- Poor 4- Poor

67 or more67 or more 77 or more 77 or more 5- Bad 5- Bad


- Interpretation: - Fluff samples (Microbial counts /gram). (Magwood . - 1962)

Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count ScoreScore

-25,000 Excellent

- 50,000 Good

- 100,000 Fair

100,000 + Poor


- Interpretation: - Stamping with plate count agar (Rodac method) . (Stinson and Tiwari, 1978).

Bacterial Colony Count Bacterial Colony Count ScoreScore

0 – 5 Excellent

6 – 15 Good

16 – 30 Fair

31 – 50 Poor

50 + Unacceptable

Conclusion

Vaccination & Laboratory Monitoring Vaccination & Laboratory Monitoring a very effective tools to control infectious diseases a very effective tools to control infectious diseases

in poultry.in poultry.

Thanks for your Attention

Vaccination and lab monitoring

Education

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