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Light On Vedic Astrology Online Course Level 1

Lesson 1 Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)

www.LightOnVedicAstrology.com Copyright © 2006 For Private Use - Not For Circulation

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Lesson 1Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)

by Vaughn Paul Manley, M.A.

Topics Covered in this Lesson:

The Origins of Jyotish

India - The land of the VedasTraditionally known as 'Bharata'

The Definition of Jyotish

Vedic astrology is the traditional system of astrology of India that is at least 5000years old. It is also known as Jyotish, Indian astrology, Eastern astrology, orHindu astrology.

1. The Origins of Jyotish2. Foundations in Vedic Philosophy

3. Foundations in the Practice of Jyotish4. Student Resource Guide5. Exercises and Homework

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Vedic astrology is traditionally known as Jyotish (pronounced “joe-teesh”) orJyotisha, which is a compound word with two roots, Jyoti, which means “light,”and Ishwara, which means “lord.” Literally Jyotish means the “lord of light,” and isoften translated as the “science of light.” The ‘light’ refers to the divine light,

which is the root cause of creation, and is inherent within the individual soul (jiva)as well as the stars and planets that govern the individual soul through the law ofkarma. A common definition of Jyotisha is:

Jyotisha suryadi grahanam bodhaka shastram

"Jyotish is the knowledge that explains the planetary motions andtheir effect on individuals."

Every human event can be described in astrological terms, which is the reasonwhy Jyotish is considered a predictive science.

K.N. Rao says, “Astrology is an all-encompassingsubject – it is the science of sciences because it dealswith the influence of the planets on man and his entireworld.”

This course begins with background information regarding the origins,philosophy, and foundations in the practice of Jyotish that will help you developan appreciation for this profound tradition.

The Vedas

Whether you are consciously aware of it or not, when you study Jyotish you arepart of an ancient tradition that is more than 5000 years old. This is a somethingto understand and take pride in, which is why it’s the first thing to discuss in thecourse.

At some time in India’s history, between 3500-6000 B.C., (the exact date issubject to scholarly debate), there existed an advanced civilization, not intechnological terms, but in spiritual attainment. The sages or seers that lived atthat time brought forth, through intuitive revelation, many great religious textswhich have survived to this day. Foremost among these are the Vedas or source

books of India’s great spiritual tradition:

1) Rig Veda 2) Yajur Veda 3) Sama Veda 4) Atharva Veda

The word "Veda" means "knowledge," and the Vedas are considered to contain

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the essence of all knowledge. These were written in the form of mantras andhymns that reveal man’s connection to the divine and the structure of thecosmos, including basic concepts of astronomy. In addition to the Vedas, manyother sacred texts of ancient India, like the Puranas, and Upanishads, form thelargest collection of religious literature in the world. It’s interesting to note that

these texts were designed to be sung, or chanted, as an oral tradition andpassed down from generation to generation before they were recorded in literaryform. The chanting of ancient texts is an unbroken tradition thatstill exists in India.

From the Vedic civilization came many traditional disciplines like Jyotish, Ayurveda (healing), Vastu (architecture), dance, music, art, systems of worshipetc. each that can be traced to a lineage of great sages. This is India’s richcultural heritage.

Because of India's tradition of sages that goes back to before recorded history,

its culture has always valued and cultivated the spiritual development of itspeople. Whenever someone decides to renounce their worldly attachments andbecome a sannyasi (monk), or a sadhu (wandering holy person), then it'sgenerally admired. Indian people consider it an honor to feed them. Westerncountries are obviously completely different. Anyone who decides to renouncethe world is denigrated as a failure and a bum. The benefit to India's culture dueto its 'system' of supporting their holy people can not be measured.

When I visited holy pilgrimage places in India, like Gangotri - the source of theGanges, India's holiest river, I was amazed to see so many holy men. Their eyesand physical appearance were timeless and radiant.

Gangotri sadhu

In the tradition of Jyotish there are eighteen sages that have brought thisknowledge into manifestation through an unbroken lineage: Surya, Pitamahah,Vyasa, Vashishtha, Atri, Parashara, Kashyapa, Narada, Garga, Marichi, Manu,

Angira, Lomasha, Paulisha, Chayavana, Yavana, Bhrigu and Saunaka. Of these,sage Parashara stands out as the father of Vedic astrology. This is likelybecause his text, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, is the only text of the originalsages that has survived, and is now the primary authoritative text.

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Sage Parashara was the father of Veda Vyasa who compiled the Vedas andother important texts, like the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.

Veda Vyasa, son of Sage Parashara & compiler of the Vedas

It is mentioned in classic texts that sage Narada originally received theknowledge of Jyotish from Brahma, the Creator. Narada then taught theknowledge to sage Saunaka, who wrote the Rig Veda, which is considered to bethe oldest book in the world. Sage Parashara was the disciple of sage Saunaka.

The Six Limbs of the Vedas

The four Vedas have six Vedangas or ‘limbs of the Vedas,” which aresupplemental bodies of knowledge that assist in understanding the Vedas

themselves. These are:

1) Vyakarana (Grammar – the mouth of the Veda)2) Chandas (Metre – the feet of the Veda)3) Nirukta (Etymology – the ears of the Veda)4) Shiksha (Pronunciation– the nose of the Veda)5) Kalpa (Rituals – the hands of the Veda)6) Jyotisha (Astrology – the eyes of the Veda)

Jyotish is considered the most important limb because it is the ‘eye' which givessight into the past, present and future. It’s the knowledge that helps us see when

it’s otherwise difficult to see. We consult the astrology chart when our vision ishazy and we need perspective. Nothing provides a comprehensive, bird’s eyeperspective like Jyotish. For this reason it is considered the most important limb,or body of knowledge, of the six vedangas.

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The Three Divisions of Jyotish

There are three broad divisions of Jyotish, or skandas: Siddhanta,Samhita, and Hora.

1) Siddhanta: Astronomy as related to astrology, which is calculations andobservational astronomy. Sub branches:

- Ganita: Astronomical/astrological calculations that determine the positionsof the planets, stars etc.

- Gola: Observational and spherical astronomy that determines therelationship of planets, stars etc.

2) Samhita: Astrology of the collective or mundane predictive astrology. Thisdetermines mass trends effecting nations and society at large: weather,economy, politics, etc.

3) Hora: Astrology of the individual or natal horoscopy, which is by far the mostpopular branch of astrology. Sub branches:

- Jataka: Interpreting the natal horoscope or natal astrology - Prashna: Answering questions or horary astrology - Nimitta (or Shakuna): Interpreting omens or omenology - Muhurta: Timing important events or electional astrology.

This course focuses almost exclusively on Jataka or natal astrology since this isthe most popular area of Jyotish. Traditionally ganita was very important because

the astrologer would have to understand astronomy and calculate the natalhoroscope by hand. With the advent of computers and software programs, mostastrologers just eliminate these time consuming steps. This course, however, willteach important manual calculations that K.N. Rao strongly suggests studentslearn.

Many astrologers will utilize prashna and nimitta during a Vedic astrology readingas additional tools to increase accuracy in interpretation. Prashna entailsanalyzing the chart of the exact moment that a client asks an important question.Nimitta involves being aware of and analyzing omens that take place during thecourse of the reading. Prashna and nimitta will both be taught later in the course.

Selecting a muhurta or a beneficial time to initiate an important activity is anothersub branch within hora. This helps to insure that the activity yields the maximumfruits and is often chosen for religious ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, signingimportant documents for a new business, or home purchase etc.

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The Five Systems of Jyotish

In India, Jyotish is often compared to a vast ocean. When I first met R.Santhanam, the translator of the classic text, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, hefirst asked me, “Why are you here?” I said, “I want to learn Jyotish.” He

shrugged, “Jyotish is an ocean. You can’t learn it in one lifetime. It takes manylifetimes.” K.N. Rao has been known to say that if one were to study Jyotish for2000 years, over many lifetimes, that he/she would still only be able to absorb abucketful compared to the vast ocean which is the knowledge of Jyotish.

Unfortunately, much of the tradition of Jyotish has been lost. This is becausemany of its secrets were never written down but were passed down orally fromteacher to student, or father to son. Often the knowledge did not get passed on tofuture generations for various reasons. Of the knowledge that did get writtendown, only a small percentage has been translated from the original Sanskrit intoEnglish.

There are five broad systems of Jyotish:

1) Parashari – This is by far the most popular predictive system in both India andoutside of India, recorded by sage Parashara. Parashari Jyotish is generally whatwe think of as Vedic astrology.

2) Jaimini – This is a lesser used predictive system that is also mentioned bySage Parashara, but is generally attributed to sage Jaimini. K.N. Rao haspopularized the practice of combining both Parashari and Jaimini systems in hisComposite Approach.

3) Nadi – A predictive system that detailed the lives of individuals on palm leaveshundreds of years before they were born. Known as the Bhrigu system in NorthIndia and the Nadi system in South India. Also includes an elaborate system forbirth rectification.

4) Tajak – A predictive system that combines Arabic, Western andVedic astrological principles for use primarily with progressed annual horoscopes(Varshapal) and prashna systems.

5) Tantric – A rare system of Jyotish that emphasizes the use of mystical ritual,

mantra, tantra, and yantra etc.

This course focuses almost exclusively on Parashari jyotish. The Level III Coursewill teach the Jaimini system and integrate it with the Parashari system, which isthe basis for K.N. Rao’s Composite Approach.

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Quiz #1: Keeping it all Straight - Which of the following is correct?1. There are 4 Vedas, 3 Limbs, 6 Divisions and 5 Schools

2. There are 3 Vedas, 4 Limbs, 6 Divisions and 5 Schools3. There are 4 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions, and 5 Schools4. There are 3 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions, and 4 SchoolsThe answer is at the end of the lesson.

Ancient Sanskrit Text

Important Classical Texts

There are many important classical Vedic astrology texts. Here’s a partialchronological list of texts that are readily available and have been translated intoEnglish:

1) Rig Veda (~3700 B.C.) – Refers to the planets, constellations, and the 360degree zodiac.

2) Suryasiddhanta (~3000 B.C.) – The primary authoritative text on Siddhanta,containing important principles of Vedic astronomy.

3) Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – The primaryauthoritative source text on Hora or natal astrology by sage Parashara outliningthe key principles of the Parashari system. Also contains principles of the Jaiminisystem.

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4) Laghu Parashari (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – A concise book of 42 verses by sageParashara, that focuses on the effects of yogas and dashas.

5) Jaimini Sutras (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – The primary authoritative source text of

Jaimini Jyotish by the sage Jaimini. Also known as the Upadesha Sutras.

6) Garga Samhita (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – An authoritative text on Samhita ormundane astrology by the sage Garga.

7) Uttara Kalamrita (~350 A.D.) – A concise text known for it’s detailed lists ofattributes for the planets, and houses. Attributedto the poet Kalidasa.

8) Brihat Samhita (~500 A.D.) – Another authoritative text on Samhita ormundane astrology by the sage Varahamihira.

9) Brihat Jataka (~500 A.D.) - An authoritative text on Hora or natal astrology bythe sage Varahamihira.

10) Saravali (~578 A.D.) – Sara means ‘essential.’ This is an essential text on allaspects of natal astrology by sage Kalyana Varma. Divided into two volumes.

11) Jataka Parijata (~1300 A.D.) – Similar to Saravali but lengthier, by sageVaidyanath. Divided into three volumes.

12) Phaladeepika (~1500 A.D.) – An abbreviated version of the Jataka Parijata. An authoritative text on natal astrology by sage Mantreshwara.

13) Sarvath Chintamani (~1500 A.D.) – An important text on the effects ofdashas and the 12 houses by sage Venkatesh Sharma.

Quiz #2: Which Statement is False?1. The Laghu Parashari is the main text of the Parashari system2. The Brihat Pararshara Hora Shastra is the main text of the Parashari system3. The Jaimini Sutras is the main text of the Jaimini System

4. The Suryasiddhanta is the main text of Siddhanta or Vedic astronomyThe answer is at the end of the lesson.

Foundations in Vedic Philosophy

Vedic Astrology is a universal system of astrology. Some people assume thatbecause Jyotish originated in India that it is suitable only for Indians or Hindus,

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and that Westerners should practice Western astrology. This is simply not true.Jyotish is a predictive system developed by India’s great sages for the benefit ofhumanity. It is a system of astrology for all places and all times - universal andtimeless.

However, Jyotish is also obviously a part of a Hindu culture, being often referredto as ‘Hindu Astrology’ and having originated in India, a predominately Hinducountry. As such, it carries with it many common Hindu beliefs.

K.N. Rao writes, “In the Hindu tradition there is such a clear linkagebetween Jyotisha and religion that one cannot do without the other.Unlike Western countries where astrologers have always facedserious threats to their practice, in the Hindu tradition astrology iswoven into the fabric of religious practices and religious festivals.”

While this is true, it must also be emphasized that Jyotish is non-sectarian. It’sdefinitely not necessary for a practioner to become a Hindu, or believe in theHindu tenets. However, it is important to have an understanding of the basicconcepts of Vedic philosophy that have informed the tradition of Jyotish since itsinception.

Natural aum symbol manifesting on the peak of Mount Kailash,the most sacred mountain of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.

Sanatana Dharma

Hinduism was originally referred to as Sanatana Dharma or “the eternal traditionof Truth,” which suggests that Hinduism is not a set of man-made beliefs but aperennial wisdom inherent to life itself. It is based on the phrase in the Rig Veda,the world’s oldest known scripture:

ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti

"Truth is one, theologians call it by many names.”

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Because Hinduism recognizes truth in many forms it is a non-fundamentalist andnon-proselytizing tradition. There is no one founder, no one text, and no one setof beliefs or practices that must be adhered to. It has innumerable sects and subtraditions and contains the largest body of religious literature in the world.

Hinduism recognizes all the various paths to the divine and sees them as validbecause of the different temperaments and stages of development of individuals.India is the birthplace of four of the world’s major religious traditions: Hinduism,Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, which are basically non-fundamentalisttraditions that promote religious tolerance. Hinduism itself is the oldest religion inthe world with an unbroken tradition of religious practices dating back more than5000 years.

It is based In the Sankhya-Yoga philosophy (the yoga of knowledge) asexpounded in the great religious scriptures of India, such as the Bhagavad-Gitaor “The Song of the Lord.” This philosophy can be condensed into three

interrelated concepts: the existence of the soul, the law of karma, andreincarnation.

The Existence of the Soul

Vedic philosophy expounds the concept of the existence of the soul or atman,which is man/woman’s essential nature that transcends the body. The atman isdistinct from our ego and personality (jiva), which identifies with the body. Thebelief is that everyone has within them an individual spark of the Divine. Thepurpose of our existence is to dislodge our identification with the ego and identifywith the atman, which is our true nature. This process leads to self-realization,

liberation or moksha.

The Law of Karma

Vedic philosophy teaches that the individual soul (jiva) creates its own realitythrough its thoughts, words and actions. The law of karma is the law of causeand effect, which teaches that every action have a corresponding reaction. Thisis described in the Christian Bible as ‘'Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall healso reap.' 3 Galatians vi. When our actions are life supporting and positive weaccumulate ‘good’ karma, and when our actions are negative or destructive, weaccumulate ‘bad’ karma. The events that unfold in our life are the result of our

corresponding good or bad karma of the past. For instance, if we’ve mishandledmoney in the past then we may have difficult financial karma to face in the future.If we’ve always been ethical in our social responsibilities then we will experiencepositive relationship karma etc. An individual’s karma is the sub total of all his orhers entire previous thoughts, words, and actions. We'll discuss karma in moredepth in Lesson 2.

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The cycle of birth, death and rebirth known as samsara

The Law of Reincarnation

Integral to the law of karma is the law of reincarnation, which teaches that oursouls pass from one body into another after death. Our karma is accumulated notover one lifetime but over all our previous lifetimes. Likewise, we experience thekarmic effects or karma phala of our past actions over many future lifetimes, not

just one lifetime. Our karma keeps us in a continuous cycle of death and rebirthknown as samsara until we attain enlightenment, and are free of our karma. Thegreat astrologer, Dr. B.V. Raman said:

“The law of karma operates through a series of births. Man has tosuffer the consequences of his actions until he succeeds inregulating his action by true knowledge and wisdom.” - Keynote

address at the 1st international symposium on Vedic Astrology.

I remember when I was a teenager a friend of mine said, “You know that we keepreincarnating until we achieve enlightenment, don’t you?” I remember beingabsolutely shocked but saying, "Wow, that makes perfect sense!"

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Our natal chart is believed to be a snapshot of our karma from previous lives.Specifically, it is not all our karma (sanchita karma) but just the portion(prarabdha karma) that we are destined to experience in this lifetime. Jyotish canbe defined as the study of karma, which is why we’ll be devoting the entire nextlesson to this topic.

The Four Primary Motivations

Another concept of Vedic philosophy that is integral to the study of Jyotish is thefour primary motivations or the four purusharthas – dharma, artha, kama, andmoksha. Collectively, they represent all the motivations and desires thatencompass human life. Some desires produce negative karma and keep us inthe cycle of death and rebirth, while some produce positive karma and lead tospiritual liberation. Human life is always a mixture of these four impulses, but atany given time we will be primarily motivated in one direction. Generally, dharmaand moksha are spiritual motivations that promote liberation, while artha and

kama are material motivations that lead to more suffering.

DharmaDharma represents our need for purpose and meaning in our lives. We naturallywant to progress towards an ideal, and express ourselves in a way that inspiresus. This will be different for each person.

Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita says, “One’s own dharma, thoughimperfect, is better than the dharma of another well performed.” Ch3. v 35.

Dharma is sometimes translated as responsibilities or duties. A more aptdefinition, in my opinion, is ‘doing what we were born to do.’ It represents our‘passion,’ what 'turns us on' or inspires us, or what we feel strongly about. Itusually involves creative expression, philosophical, religious or spiritual ideals,and spiritual practices. Dharma is also translated as righteousness, or ethical,positive actions that benefit us, and others.

Artha Artha represents our tangible, physical needs that help us fulfill our purpose. Weneed food, exercise, health, money, wealth, work, resources, belongings, etc.

Artha represents our need to acquire whatever it is that provides our physicalsustenance.

KamaKama represents our need to experience enjoyment through the fulfillment ofdesires particularly in relationships, sexuality, social interactions, sharing ideas,and engaging in hobbies, etc. Kama is often translated as desire, or the need todo what we want.

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MokshaMoksha represents our need for spiritual liberation. At some pointwe need to be free of the suffering that is a part of our finite human experience,and connect with the Infinite, whatever that means to us or form it takes. This

represents transcendent religious or spiritual experiences that ultimately lead tofinal liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Regarding the four motivationsB.V. Raman said:

“These four aspects of life in this world must not conflict with oneanother; they must not hamper the onward march for finalemancipation. Astrology is said to help a man in his life’s journey,enabling him to pass through the various vicissitudes of life coveringthese four purusharthas, avoiding pitfalls and taking advantage ofthe favorable opportunities for bettering his material, moral andspiritual life.”

Quiz #3: Which two motivations are the most tangible and materialistic?1. Artha and Kama2. Dharma and Artha3. Kama and MokshaThe answer is at the end of the lesson.

Foundations in the Practice of Jyotish

The Sacred Tradition of Jyotish

Why is Jyotish considered a sacred tradition? It's because it reveals God’shidden laws of karma. The natal chart reveals the intricacies of a soul’s karma,their journey through time, and the multi-faceted purpose of their incarnation.That moment of birth is so powerful that one’s whole life can be explained from it.

As we learn and practice Jyotish we attune ourselves to the mind of God that isoperating through the life of a soul. It is a rare privilege and sacred responsibility.We gain insight into the past, present and future. We take small steps thatultimately lead to the omniscience of God.

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K.N. Rao writes in Yogis, Destiny and the Wheel of Time,

"Astrology should be treated as a part of sadhana (spiritual practice)was the advice of my late Guruji, Swami Paramanand Saraswati, mymantra guru. Every great and true mahatma (great soul) I have met,has called it both sacred and a vidya (valid field of knowledge)."

Unfortunately, astrology is not recognized today as a valid science or a validoccupation. Because its practice is completely unregulated anyone can representastrology in any manner whatsoever, especially now over the internet.Consequently, its original intention as divine knowledge given to us by greatsages for the benefit of humanity has become obscured. It's become associatedwith fortune telling, cheap parlor games, fanciful superstition, tabloid astrologycolumns etc.

The purpose of this first lesson is to instill an awareness of the divine origins, thedepth and scope this great tradition. Why is it important to understand thesacredness of the practice of Jyotish? When we realize that something is sacredwe treat it with respect, and give it our full attention. With an attitude of respectwe gain the most from our study, and we’re able to give the most through ourpractice of it.

The great sage of the 19th century Sri Ramakrishna said, "Respectis heaven, respect is liberation."

This is the ideal attitude to have as we begin this great study of Jyotish. In arecent interview K.N. Rao said,

"The intention with which people get into and practice astrology isvery important. Further, in learning any vidya or knowledge, it is theattitude that matters."

Quiz #4: What are your intentions in learning Jyotish?1. I would like to satisfy an intellectual curiosity about Jyotish.2. I would like to learn Jyotish so I can give readings as a hobby.3. I would like to become a professional astrologer.4. I don't know yet what my intentions are.It’s a subjective response. There is no right answer.

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The Rationale and Purpose of Astrology

Jyotish is a gift to humanity from the great sages. It is a map, based onastronomical data, for navigating through time much like we use a physical mapfor navigating through space.

The great sage Varahamihira wrote over 1500 years ago, "There isno better boat than a horoscope to help a man cross over thetroubled sea of life."

Jyotish provides a tool that gives us vision when it is otherwise difficult to see,which is why it is considered “the eye of the Veda (knowledge).”

Astrology is the study of karma as expressed through planetary configurations.

With the aid of the natal chart we’re able to gain insight into the karmic influencesof any time period in a person’s life – past, present, or future. We can assess thepast, measure its effects on the present, and forecast the trends of the future. Wecan navigate karma so that favorable time periods can be taken advantage ofand the negative effects of difficult periods can be minimized.

If we can understand the karma that is unfolding in a person’s life, throughaccurate chart interpretation, then we can be the most helpful as astrologicalcounselors. We can offer guidance and suggestions that can help steer people inthe best directions relative to the karma that they are facing, whether it bepositive/supportive karma or negative/challenging karma. Then this great science

of Vedic astrology can be put to its best use as a helping profession for thebenefit and service of others.

Later in this course you will be learning step-by-step chart interpretation methodsfor analyzing: health, finances, home, education, marriage, travel, career,spirituality etc. This will be immensely helpful for being able to provide practicalguidance in these various areas of life such as for future planning etc.

Qualifications of an Astrologer

First of all, before we list the specific qualifications of an astrologer, it should be

emphasized again that it is not necessary to practice or even believe in the Hindureligion. When K.N. Rao was asked in an interview by Hinduism Today magazine, “Does one have to be a Hindu to practice Jyotisha?” he said,

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”No, one just needs to be spiritual. Parashara does not say youhave to be a Hindu to do astrology. He says you have to havetechnical, intellectual and moral excellence.”

In K.N. Rao’s book, General Astrology, he lists twenty-three qualifications

compiled from both the writings of sage Parashara and sage Varahamihira, andgives an explanation for each. This is being reproduced here along with hisexplanations, with kind permission. Keep in mind that these are ideals to beaware of and strive for. No astrologer can be expected to have all of these traits,although it would be ideal. Thank goodness! We’d all have to quit already!

From Sage Parashara, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, (ch. 27 v.39-40):

1. Mathematical Ability An astrologer must be able to cast a horoscope, its sub-divisional

charts, the dashas, ashtakavarga at the barest minimum. In these days ofcomputers, it is all the more necessary because computers using differentsoftware contain different errors that need to be found out and set right.Mathematical competence is the bedrock of the astrological edifice.

2. A Diligent Linguist An astrologers quest is unending. The more he knows, the greater hisunderstanding. He has to listen to his consulters and explain to them solanguage is an asset. Hard work and diligence separates a dedicated astrologerfrom a hobbyist.

3. Judicial Balance An astrologer needs to have judicial balance so that he can synthesize conflictingindications and yet reach a sound judgment. It is to guide an astrologer in thedevelopment of judicial balance that a ‘guru’ is needed.

4. Sharp Intellect An intellect that is probing, sharp and alive makes an astrologer vie with himselffor constant improvement.

5. Knowledgeable in Geography, Space and Time One needs to be knowledgeable about the geography, traditions, culture and

social conditions that are prevalent in the consultor’s area. Without this, resultscan be disastrous.

6. Conquered His Senses An astrologer is privy to the consultor’s innermost thoughts. He can exploit thesethoughts to gain monetary, emotional and other advantages. Moral control andbalance are a must.

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7. Skillfully Logical The ability to look at an event from many angles. To illuminate different facets ofan issue. To synthesize contradictions and conflicting views gives an astrologerincisiveness and clarity.

8. Knowledgeable in Natal AstrologySuch an astrologer is the one who can predict – his words bear the imprint oftruth.

From Sage Varahamihira, Brihat Samhita (ch 2. verse 8):

9. Purity It is when there is inner purity that the reflection of planets on the heart stirs therarest springs of intuition.

10. Efficiency

The astrologer has technical and intellectual efficiency in approach to a super-science.

11. Gift of Gab As astrologer should have right command over language through which heconveys his interpretations, and as a sympathetic counselor, guides his clientsproperly.

12. Brilliance An astrologer has to interpret a very vast data and come to a sound conclusion. Itcannot be done in a lazy fashion and a perfunctory way.

13. Inner Quietude He is like a yogi with his chitta (consciousness) having been purified. It isnecessary so that he not get disturbed when he sees some alarming planetarycombinations in a horoscope.

14. Fearless Speech Armed with sound astrological insight into a horoscope he should have the abilityto speak fearlessly in any assembly.

15. Should Be Able to Hold His Own In Any Company In the company of other brilliant men he should be able to hold his own, and notbe eclipsed.

16. Capacity to Interpret Signs and Omens A psychologist observes these days as his patient walks in, sits down, and talksand infers a good deal about him. In astrology it has been an age-old practice.

17. Freedom from Addiction

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An addict disintegrates mentally. How can he then be of use to others?

18. Knowledge of Mantras for Propitiation of Planets Astrology is a link to spiritual remedies which are based on mantras. Anastrologer should know the use of these mantras for restoring calm and peace to

disturbed minds.

19. Capacity to Counter Evil Forces There are evil practices indulged in by some persons to harm someone throughTantric practices like Abhichar, Sammohan etc. An astrologer should know howto counter this.

20. Should be a Spiritual Person An astrologer himself must lead a spiritual, disciplined life.

21. Capacity to Put Intelligent Questions

An astrologer should be able to elicit very helpful answers from persons and tointerpet a horoscope deeply.

22. Useful Forewarning An astrologer should give a very useful forewarning to a person and advice himproperly as to the right precautionary measures that should be taken.

23. Depth of Astrological Knowledge There should be a deep understanding of the astrological principles and theirapplications to a given horoscope.

Given here is a brief summary of the qualifications given by Parashara andVarahamihira, which make it clear that an astrologer is actually a versatilescientist, intellectual, spiritualist, psychologist and above all an illuminating guide.Such astrologers must be rare that have all of these qualifications. But those whohave some of these can do so much to help society. - K.N. Rao

The Five Essentials in the Practice of Jyotish

The qualifications listed above represent qualities that are important to be awareof and strive towards. In our study and practice of Jyotish there are five essentialchecklist items that we need to fulfill in order to maximize our progress. If any

one is left out our development will be hampered. The five essentials are:technical proficiency, continual practice, Jyotish guru, spiritual practice, andethical orientation:

1) Technical Proficiency Jyotish is a science that has its own set of academic requirements. For instance,it requires the memorization of a large body of technical information. There's noway around it. Just like the pianist needs to memorize scales until they become

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second nature, the jyotishi or astrologer needs technical information at theforefront of his or her awareness when analyzing a chart.

The jyotishi must be able to give a clear, logical explanation of theconclusions they have made about a chart. For example: "This person has a

strong likelihood of children. The 5th house, representing children, is unaspectedby malefics, and Jupiter, a benefic and the significator of children, aspects the5th house. Jupiter also gains strength by being in a Hamsa Mahapurusha Yogain the 1st house in its own sign. Also, the 5th lord is located on an angle in afriend's sign aspected by Venus, a benefic. You can also see this patternrepeating itself from chandra lagna, and in the Navamsa chart, etc." This maysound complicated but it is actually only basic chart interpretation skills.

In addition to memorizing the basic technical information, K.N. Rao stronglyrecommends that students learn to do many calculations manually, like thedashas and divisional charts, instead of relying on computer software programs.

A jyotishi's initial focus should be to develop technical skill and clear, interpretivelogic. If the jyotishi relies on computers for all calculations and on intuition forchart interpretation they may never develop a substantial level of technicalproficiency.

2) Continual Practice It's not enough just to memorize technical information - it must be appliedover and over to as many charts as possible. This is how technical informationbecomes technical skill. No matter how many workshops one attends ortheoretical books one reads nothing can replace experience in chartinterpretation. One drop of practice is better than an ocean of theory as they say.

The jyotishi doesn't have to give readings to get experience. He or she can doretrospective research by studying past events in anyone's chart without thepressure of having to give an accurate reading or offering sound advice. Forexample, it's helpful to analyze charts of actors who have won an Academy

Award, or friends who have received a promotion at their job. It's also helpful toanalyze the charts of celebrities or individuals who epitomize specific charactertraits. There are also books and astrological journals with example charts thatone can study.

By getting into the habit of continually studying charts, for instance three or moreper day, one's understanding of jyotish will accelerate dramatically.

3) Jyotish Guru The first two essentials represent theory and practice respectively. However, theyare not enough. Inevitably while studying jyotish questions arise that can only beanswered by someone with more experience. The jyotishi needs a teacher orJyotish guru available for this purpose. A guru is someone who dispels confusion

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and brings clarity. "Gu" means shadow or darkness, while "ru" means to dispel orremove.

Jyotish is based in an oral tradition. Traditionally, the student would sit with theirguru for long hours reciting jyotish texts, discussing principles, and studying

charts. Over time the student acquires the refined discernment of their teacher.There is no replacement for this kind of one on one tutoring with a qualifiedteacher.

A Jyotish guru does not need to be a famous or legendary personage. Of coursethis is ideal, but it is not always possible. Finding a suitable teacher is a functionof our karma. Personally I feel very fortunate to have met my Jyotish guru, SriK.N. Rao, and to be connected to his lineage of teachers. At the least yourteacher needs to be more experienced, easily accessible, and able to dispel yourconfusions.

Hart DeFouw tells the story of a Taoist master who was asked,"What is the definition of a master?" The Taoist master replied, "Amaster is someone who started earlier than you."

4) Spiritual Practice Jyotish is a spiritual science that cannot be learned only through technicalacademic study, practice and question and answer sessions. At some point inone's development the jyotishi needs to combine both intuition and intellect inorder to interpret the symbolic language of astrology correctly. Intuition isdeveloped through spiritual practices.

Traditionally, the jyotishi would be initiated into the worship of a personal deity orishta devata who would help illumine their intuition. For instance, Vedicastrologers often worship Ganesha because he is considered the patron deity ofJyotish. Deity worship is the devotion to a specific aspect of God and is not idolworship, which is a common misconception.

Whether one chooses to perform puja (worship), chant mantras, meditate, pray,recite affirmations or do any other practice, what is important is to have a richinner life that cultivates a state of calmness and clarity of mind from whichintuition springs. It is usually recommended to commit at least 20 minutes twice aday to spiritual practices, preferably at sunrise and sunset.

As mentioned earlier, Jyotish literally means the "lord of light," andis often translated as the "science of light." "Jyoti" means light, which refers to theluminosity of the stars and planets. However, since our outer reality is a reflectionof our inner reality, the light also refers to the light of God within. The jyotishineeds to be attuned to the inner spiritual light in order to interpret externalphenomenon clearly.

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"Astrology is a revelatory science and it is revealed not byaggression (willful effort) but by faith and surrender to the divine." -K.N. Rao

5) Ethical Orientation

The jyotishi can experience inner light while doing spiritual practices but if his orher actions are not ethical then his or her clarity of mind suffers. Jyotish wasbrought forth by great sages for the welfare and benefit of humanity. When the

jyotishi has the same attitude, and their primary motivation is to benefit and serveothers, then he or she can be the most effective.

The Dalai Lama says, "The key to ethical behavior is the concern forthe welfare of others."

Here's a quote that indicates that the original intention of Jyotish was for thewelfare of others:

Maharishi Parashara said: “O Brahmin! Now, after makingobedience to Lord Shiva, I shall describe the Kala Chakra Dasha.Whatever was related by Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati is beingexplained by me for the use of sages to be utilized for the welfare ofthe people.”- Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra ch46, v52-53

Astrology, like counseling, is a helping profession. Jyotish is also a powerfulpredictive system. A jyotishi's words can strongly influence others for better or for

worse. Therefore, he or she needs to evaluate whether what they say and howthey say it is ultimately helpful. Certainly, instilling fear in others through fatalisticstatements is not helpful. In addition, promoting expensive remedial measuresunnecessarily in order to benefit the jyotishi financially is unethical. Ultimately,how the jyotishi handles their relationships with clients is their own karmicresponsibility.

"Always remember the four 'mahavakyas' (great axioms) ofastrology - have faith; be diligent and practice patience; humblylearn from your mistakes, and live a life of service. Then the divinelotus of astrology will open in you."

- K.N. Rao

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Student Resource Guide

The following list is a list of recommended resources for students.

Classical Jyotish Texts

There are many important classical Vedic astrology texts, but these three areconsidered compulsory for serious students to study and have in their referencelibrary according to K.N. Rao. If you just focus on these three you will learn agreat majority of the information that you should know. Please do not make themistake of skipping over reading the classics and rely exclusively oncontemporary texts.

1) Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra

The primary authoritative source text on Hora or natal astrology by sageParashara outlining the key principles of the Parashari system. Also containsprinciples of the Jaimini system.

2) Phaladeepika An abbreviated version of the Jataka Parijata. An authoritative text on natalastrology by sage Mantreshwara.

3) Brihat Jataka An authoritative text on Hora or natal astrology by sage Varahamihira.

Contemporary Jyotish Texts

There are many important contemporary texts that help to translate the classictexts for modern times. Here’s list of recommended introductory books that, in myopinion, are the most authoritative:

1) Hindu Predictive Astrology by B.V. Raman An essential book that covers all the basic concepts of Jyotish. Considered acontemporary classic and a must read for students according to K.N. Rao.

2) How to Judge a Horoscope (two volumes) by B.V. Raman

Gives detailed explanations of the effects of planets in the twelve houses withmany example charts. Also considered a contemporary classic and a must readfor students according to K.N. Rao.

3) Astrology, Destiny and the Wheel of Time by K.N. RaoK.N. Rao’s most popular book that covers many basic as well as advancedconcepts in predictive astrology with example charts.

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4) Learn Hindu Astrology Easily by K.N. Rao An important introductory book that introduces K.N. Rao’s PAC-DARESapproach.

5) The Astrology of the Seers by Dr. David Frawley

Perhaps the best introduction to Vedic astrology in the English language. Coversmany of the basic concepts.

6) Light on Life by Hart DeFouw and Robert Svoboda Another excellent introduction to Vedic astrology that covers many basicconcepts.

7) Elements of Vedic Astrology (two volumes) by Dr. K.S. Charak Another excellent introduction to Vedic astrology that covers many basicconcepts including medical astrology, muhurta, prashna etc.

8) Path of Light (two volumes) by James Kelleher A good introduction to Vedic astrology with many example charts and a detaileddiscussion on advanced topics by a seasoned astrologer.

9) The Betz Ephemeris (1940-2040) by Martha and Keith BetzThe only Sidereal/Vedic ephemeris available in English, that gives the planetarypositions over a 100-year span. Uses Lahiri Ayanamsha.

In addition, I recommend any other books by K.N. Rao and his students, as wellas any of the authors listed above.

Jyotish books can be purchased online through:

www.astroamerica.comwww.jdrventures.com

Vedic Astrology Software

3) Parashara’s Light A highly recommended Jyotish software program that has been very popularsince the mid 1990’s. Very user friendly. Developed by Michiel Boender.

Available directly through Vaughn Paul, who is an authorized distributor.

www.parashara.com

1) Shri Jyoti Star Also a highly recommended Jyotish software program, that has many unique,and innovative features. Developed by Andrew Foss. Available directly throughVaughn Paul, who is an authorized distributor.www.vedicsoftware.com

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2) AstrodatabankGreat source of birth data of over 25,000 celebrities available in both Westernand Vedic astrology formats. Has a powerful research capability. Developed byLois Rodden.

www.astrodatabank.com

4) Vedic Bookshelf A unique software program that performs searches of many of many classic textsusing keywords and phrases. Developed by Michiel Boender.www.parashara.com

5) Kala Another recommended Jyotish software program that has many unique featureslike modern interpretations of the yogas. Developed by Ernst and Srishti Wilhelm.www.vedic-astrology.net/Kala.htm

6) Goravani Another recommended Jyotish software program that is known for its uniqueresearch capabilities. Developed by Das Goravani.www.goravani.com

7) Jagannatha Hora A free Jyotish software program developed by P.V.R. Narasimha Rao. It can bedownloaded from:www.vedicastrologer.org/jh

8) Maitreya A free Jyotish software program developed by Dr. Martin Pettau. This is the onlyfree open source Jyotish software that runs on a variety of operating systemplatforms including: Windows, Linux and UNIX. It can be downloaded from:www.saravali.de/maitreya/index.html

Vedic Astrology Journals and Magazines

1) The Journal of AstrologyK.N. Rao’s quarterly journal that includes many excellent articles by K.N. Rao,and other notable authors. Many articles are the result of group research projects

of students at K.N. Rao’s large school in New Delhi, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.www.journalofastrology.com

2) The Astrological MagazineThe famous monthly journal formerly edited by B.V. Raman for over sixty years,and continued by his daughter Gayatri Devi Vasudev. Unfortunately thismagazine was discontinued in Dec 2007.www.astrologicalmagazine.com

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3) Vedic Astrology MagazineK.S. Charak’s bi-monthly journal that has many excellent articles by notableauthors.www.vedicastro.com

4) CVA JournalThe Council of Vedic Astrology’s annual publication that is included with CVAmembership.www.councilvedicastrology.org

5) Express Star Teller Magazine A monthly journal that has many excellent articles.www.starteller.com

6) The Mountain Astrologer Magazine

A bi-monthly Western astrology magazine that has regular Vedic astrologyarticles.www.mountainastrologer.com

Vedic Astrology Organizations

1) American College of Vedic Astrology (ACVA)Offers courses, conferences, and 600 hour certification programs in Vedicastrology. Affiliated with CVA and ICAS.www.vedicastrology.org

2) British Association of Vedic Astrology (BAVA)The largest Vedic astrology association in Europe. Offers programs andconferences in Vedic Astrology. Affiliated with CVA and ICAS.www.bava.org

3) Council of Vedic Astrology (CVA)The largest Vedic astrology association outside of India. Deals with concerns ofVedic astrology profession. It produces an annual journal and directory ofmembers.www.councilvedicastrology.org

4) Indian Council of Astrological Sciences (ICAS)The largest Vedic astrology association in India. No website available.

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Exercises and Homework

In this lesson we discussed the foundations to the study, and practice of Vedicastrology. We are now ready to do our first set of exercises and homeworkassignments.

The quizzes, exercises and homework assignments are designed to deepen yourknowledge of the information presented in the lesson. They give you anopportunity to think about it further, and interact with it. Learning doesn't becomesolidified until this step happens. For this reason, I highly recommend completingeach of the quizzes, exercises and homework assignments before moving on tothe next lesson. Please also purchase a notebook that you can use for makingnotes and completing the exercises and homework assignments throughout the

course.

Materials needed: - Notebook- Pen

Exercises

1) The Four Primary Motivations: Consider the four primary motivations dharma, artha, kama, and moksha in yourown life. If they represent 100% of your motivations then how would you divide

the percentages in each area? Draw a circle on a page in your notebook anddivide it up according to the percentages that represent your life currently. Thereis no 'right' answer.

2) The 23 Qualifications of an Astrologer: Use the attached document that lists the 23 qualifications of an astrologer. Rateyour development for each one as either weak, moderate, or strong by checkingthe appropriate box.

Homework Assignments

1) Stocking Up: Read through the Student Resource Guide and consider the books, software,

journals, or organizations that you need to help you in your study and practice ofJyotish. Take the time to browse the vendor's websites and make any necessarypurchases.

2) Calculating Natal Charts: The next assignment is to calculate the charts of three people: yourself, someone

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close to you, and Albert Einstein.

If you don’t own a software program, then download the free version ofJagannatha Hora at http://www.vedicastrologer.org/jh. Enter your own birth data:date, time, and place. If you’re using Jagannatha Hora, then go to 'Edit', then

click on 'Birth Data'. Save it by going to 'File', then click on 'Save As.'

Repeat the same steps, this time entering the birth data of someone you knowwell, like your spouse, family member, or close friend.

Lastly, repeat the same steps and enter the chart of the famous scientist AlbertEinstein, who was born on March 14, 1879, at 11:30 am, in Ulm, Germany. Besure that each of the three charts are saved to the computer. We’ll be referring tothem in later exercises.

3) The Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra:

Please visit the website www.reliableastrology.com/mphs.htm which has anonline version of the entire Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra of sage Parashara.Spend at least twenty minutes reading this ancient text. It doesn't need to be allat once, but could be divided into five or ten minutes a day for several days. Thisis the oldest and most authoritative text on Jyotish and it will be good for you tobecome acquainted with it.

4) Spiritual Practice: Decide on a spiritual practice that you can commit to practice everydaythroughout the duration of the level 1 Course. The important thing is that it's apractice that you want to do, and that it's manageable so that you can actually doit - even if it only takes five minutes a day. If you already have a spiritual practicethen consider adding another practice. For instance, K.N. Rao suggests that allastrologers recite a mantra to the Sun and to Ganesh everyday. The audio in theintro is a good Ganesh mantra to learn. You can also do a japa or repetitivemantra 108 times to Ganesh: Om Gam (pronounced Gum) Ganapataye Namah.

A good mantra to the Sun is: Om Hrim Hrim (pronounced Reem Reem) SuryayaNamah.

Quiz Answers 1. 4 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions and 5 Schools.2. The Laghu Parashari is the main text of the Parashari system is a falsestatement.3. Artha and Kama4. It’s a subjective response. There is no right answer.

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