ux., l,dmh - m
Transcript of ux., l,dmh - m
ux., l,dmh - m<uq ldKavh - 01 fj¿u
fuu jI_fha ckjdß udifha
isg Ök NdIdj ms<sn| m%Odk
mdGud,d 4 la ls%hd;aul fõ'
jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq mdi,a YsIH
YsIHdjka i|yd YCT Level 1,2,3,4,
jYfhka meje;afjk mdGud,d
y;r i|yd ld,h jI_ folls'
Level 1 yd 2 mdGud,d i|yd udi
04 ne.ska o Level 3 yd 4 mdGud,d
i|yd udi 08 ne.ska o jYfhka
fuu fojI_h i|yd úIh ks¾foaY
ie,iqï lr we;' tla tla wÈhr
wjidkfha ykanka wdh;kh
úiska úNd.hla mj;ajk w;r
i;=gqodhl m%;sM, w;alr .kakd
wNHdi,dNskag B<`. mdGud,dj
wOHhkh l< yelsh'
;jo jhi wjqreÿ 18 g jeä
jeäysáhka i|yd HSK Level
1,2,3,4 jYfhka mdGud,d 04la
wdrïN lr we;' HSK Level 1
mdGud,dj i|yd ld,h udi 04
ls' Level 2 mdGud,dj i|yd o
ld,h udi y;rls' Level 3 yd
4 mdGud,d i|yd ld,h udi
08 ne.ska fõ' tA wkqj mdGud,d
4 i|yd u fojI_hl ld,hla
.;fõ' Ök NdIdj ,sùu lshùu
l:d lsÍu yd ijka §u hk
isõ jeoEreï NdId ldhH_hka
ms<sn| ksmqK;dj ,nd§u fuu
mdGud,dj, wruqKq fõ'
ish¿u mdGud,d j, ta ta
wÈhr wjidkfha § ykanka
wdh;kh úiska mj;ajkq ,nk
úNd. m%;sM, u; B<`. wÈhr
wOHhkh i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nhs'
iEu úNd.hla fjkqfjkau
cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s .kq
,nk iy;sl m;%hla ,nd
§ug ykanka wdh;kh lghq;=
lrhs' fï yer fldka*shqishia
uOHdia:dkh 2014 jI_fha isg
wdrïN lrk ,o kj fiajdjla
jkqfha Ökfha úYaj úoHd, j,
´kEu mdGud,djla yeoEÍfï
wjia:dj Y%S ,xld isiqka fj;
,nd§fï iïnkaëldrl f,i
l%Shd lsÍuhs' ±kgu;a hqkakEka
iriúh Y%S ,xld isiqka we;=<;a
lr.ekSfï ldhH_h wdrïN lr
we;'
Ökhg wOHdmk pdßld
ixúOdkh lsÍfï ldhH_h o
uOHia:dkh úiska bgqlrk
;j;a fiajdjls' fï wkqj Èk 03"
05" i;sh yd foi;sh jYfhka jQ
wOHdmk pdßldj, ksr; ùfï
wjia:dj Y%S ,xlslhkag ,eîfï
wjia:dj kqÿre ld,fha §u
Wodjkq we;'
fuu wdh;kh yd iïnkaO ù
fuu fiajdjka ,nd .ekSug
Tng wdrdOkd lruq'
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha WmfoaYl;ajfhka yd fldka*shqishia uq,ia:dkfha ^ykanka& wkq.%yfhka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk fuu wdh;kh Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,l msysgqjd we;s tlu fldka*shqishia uOHia:dkhhs'
Ök NdIdj yd ixialD;sh Y%S ,dxlslhka fj; odho lsßfï wruqKska fldka*shqishia uOHdia:dkh msysgqjd we;'
fldka*sh
qishia
uOHia:d
kh ''''
CRI
Lumbini College, Havelock Town, Colombo 05. P. O. Box: 1774. Tel/Fax 00 94 11 2589747E-mail: [email protected]
mgqk
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh
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No.16A, Shijingshan Road,Beijing, P.R. China Post code:100040
Tel: 00 86 10 6889 2330/2374Fax: 00 86 10 68892361
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2014 ud¾;= - uehs
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jx ish´ ;=x
c.;a wfíisxy
iqo;a uvq.,a,
m%Odk ixialdrl
fIx ,S
ixialdrl
Id´ Ô hx
.%e*sla ks¾udKh
iïm;a iór fmf¾rd
frâfuda ms%kaáka
m%ldYkh
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh
iy
YS% ,xld r;= l=rei iudch
uqøKh
frâfuda ms%kaáka
104" r;= l=rei f.dvke.s,a,"
O¾umd, udj;" fld<U 07'
Ök uyd m%dldrh 2
wêrdc ud<s.h 4
Ök WoHdk 9
fmdgd,d ud<s.h 11
Ök i;aj rdYs ,l=Kq 13
Ök lúh - is;a ne¢ .`. 15
fn,a,d iy leiajgqjdf.a
igkska ch ldg o@ 16
m%:udOdr y÷kd.ksuq 17
m%cdj iún, .ekaùfï tAldnoaO
jevigyk - Ys% ,xld r;= l=rei iudch 20
fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,h 22
Ök T,sïmsla isyskfha mqfrda.dñhd 25
tÈfkod Ök ni
m<uqjk mdvu iy fojk mdvu 27
áfnÜ b;sydih 29
Ök ck;djf.a wNHjldY isyskh 32
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha
isxy, fiajh 34
fldka*shqishia uOHia:dkh 37
fk¿ï fld<fha l=l=,a uia 38
2
f,da l mqÿu yf;ka tlla f,i
ie<flk Ök uyd m%dldrh
f,dalfha b;du È.= ld,hla mqrd bÈ lrk ,o
úYd,;u hqo wdrlaIl jHdmD;shla' Ök uyd
m%dldrfha È. lsf,daóg¾ 7000lg jeäh' 1987
jif¾§ Ök uyd m%dldrh f,dalfha úYaj ysñlï
kdu ,ehsia;=jg we;=<;a lrk ,§'
Ök uyd m%dldrh bÈ lsÍfï lghq;= wdrïN lrk
,oafoa l%S'mQ' 9jeks ishjfia isgh' tl, W;=re
Ökfha úúO cd;Ska Èh;a l< wdl%uKj,ska
wdrlaId ùu i|yd" uOHu Ök m%foaYfha isá
wdKavq úiska wk;=r ix{d lsÍfï wÜgd, yd
n, fldgq ;dmam u.ska tlsfklg iïnkaO
flßK' uyd m%dldrh we;s jQfha ta wdldrhgh'
jika;-ir;a hq.h iy hqo jeÿKq rdcH mej;s
hq.h jQ úg" ta ta m%foaY j, md,lhka ;u
wdêm;Hh i|yd fndfyda úg hqoaO Èh;a l<y'
úYd, rgj,a tlsfkllska wdrlaId ù isàu
i|yd ;u ;ukaf.a foaYiSud m%foaYj, msysgd
;sfnk lÿjeá m%fhdackhg .ksñka uyd m%dldr
bÈ lf<ah' l%S'mQ' 221 jif¾§ ýx rc fm<mf;a
m<uqjeks wêrdchd úiska Ökh tlai;a lrkq
,eîfuka miq ta ta iq¿ rgj,a bÈ l< uyd
m%dldr fldgia tlg iïnkaO lr th W;=re
foaYiSud m%foaYfha wdrlaIl mjqrla njg m;a
flßK' ta uyd m%dldrh ksid W;=re m%foaYfha
uyd ;Kìfï isá tfårekaf.a wYajdfrdayl
Ng m%ydr je<elaùug yels ùh' tl, ;snqKq
uyd m%dldrh È.ska lsf,daóg¾ 5000lg jeäh'
ýx rc fm<m;a ld,hg miqj yka rc fm<m;
úiska uyd m%dldrh lsf,daóg¾ oioyila olajd
Èla lrk ,§' jir 2000lg jeä b;sydihl§
Ökfha ta ta rc fm<m;aj, kdhlfhda fkdfhla
m%udKj,ska uyd m%dldrh bÈ lsÍug odhl jQy'
úúO rc fm<m;a bÈ l< uyd m%dldrh tl;=
Ökuyd
m%dldrh
3
l<fyd;a tajdfha uq¿ È. m%udKh lsf,daóg¾
mkia odylg jeä fjhs' tu È. m%udKh mD:sú
f.da,fha mßêhg jvd jeä fjhs'
Ök uyd m%dldrh f,iska oekg idudkHfhka
ie<flkqfha óx rc fm<m;a ld,fha bÈ l<
uyd m%dldrhhs' th ngysr Ökfha .dkaiQ
m<df;a msysá pd hQ .=jeka m%foaYfha mgka f.k
BidkÈ. Ökfha ,sfh! kSka m<df;a msysá
hd ¨ .x bjqr olajd Èfjhs' m<d;a" k.r yd
iajhxmd,s; l,dm 9la yryd Èfjk Ök uyd
m%dldrh È.ska lsf,daóg¾ 7300la muK fjhs'
wdrlaIl jHdmD;shla fuh" ldka;dr" ;Kìu
iy j.=reìu we;=¿ jHdl+, N+ úYau;dj yryd
Èiafjhs' Ök cd;Skaf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a nqoaêh
thska u;= ù fmfkhs'
Ök uyd m%dldrh Wiia ft;sydisl yd
ixialD;sl jeo.;alulska iy ixpdrl
jákdlulska fmdfydi;a h' —uyd m%dldrfha
uqÿkg ke. ke;akï Tyq ùrhl= fkdfõ˜
hkqfjka Ökfha lshukla ;sfí' uyd m%dldrfha
uqÿKg k.skakg iu;a ùu Ökfha ixpdrfha
fhÿKq fndfyda úfoia kdhlhka we;=¿ foaYSh
úfoaYSh ixpdrlfhda wdvïnrhg lreKla
f,i i,l;s' ysgmq wefußldkq ckdêm;sjreka
jk ßvâ kslaika uy;d yd frdk,aâ f¾.ka
uy;d" ì%;dkH fojeks t,ifn;a /ðksh" ol=Kq
wm%sldkq ysgmq ckm;s fk,aika uekav,d uy;d
iy reishdfõ ysgmq ckm;s fndaßia fhf,Üiska
uy;d we;=¿ úfoaYl rdcH kdhlhka 300lg
jeä fofkla yd f,dalfha m%isoaO mqoa.,hka
fndfyda fofkla fï jk úg Ök uyd m%dldrh
krUd ;sfí'
wo iq/lsj ;sfnk uyd m%dldr fldgia lSmhla
w;r fnhsÔxys msysgd ;sfnk nd od ,Ska iy ia ud
;dhs" tu uyd m%dldrfha kef.kysr fldgfia
msysá Ydka ydhs .=weka ÿ¾.h úfYaIfhka i|yka
l< hq;=h' tajd b;du;a m%isoaO ixpdrl ia:dk
njg m;aj ;sfí' Ök uyd m%dldrh ish bmerKs
yd is;a .kakd iq¿ fmrÈ. woaN+; ,laIKfhka
hqla;j yeu úg u ixpdrlhka wdl¾IKh lr
.kS'
4
1' wêrdc ud<s.h ms<sn| y÷kajd§u
fnhsðx k.r uOHfha msysgd ;sfnk wêrdc
ud<s.h l<ska ;ykï k.rh jYfhka ye¢kaúK'
th f.dv k.k ,oafoa ñx rdcH fm<m;a fhdx,
iufha 18 jk md,k j¾Ifha§h ^l%s'j'1420&' ñx
iy Ñx rdcH fm<m;a foflys rcjreka 24
fofkla fuys jdih l<y' iei¢h fkdyels
bmerKs fYa%IaG f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Khla jQ tu
ud<s.h" j;auka f,dalfha mj;sk úYd,;u iy
wx. iïmQ¾K oejfhka ;ekQ merKs f.dvke.s,s
ixlS¾Kh jkafka h'
kef.kysr isg ngysrg óg¾ 750la m<,aj iy
ol=fKa isg W;=rg óg¾ 960l È.ska hqla;j,
f,dj w.%ia:dkh .kakd wêrdc ud<s.hg j¾.
óg¾ y;a ,laI úis odyl jmißhla ;sfí'
iïmq¾K f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Kh iukaú;
jkqfha fldgia follsks' bÈß fldgi —rdcH
lghq;= ls%hd;aul l< ia:dkhhs˜' we;=<;
fldgi —rc;=ukaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhka jdih
l< ia:dkhhs˜' ish¨u .Dy ks¾udK jHQyh"
f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Kfha iEu me;a;lskau m%dldr
iy kÈfhka jg ù ;sfí' ud<s.fha fldka
y;frys wÜgd, o Èid y;frys oajdr o we;'
wêrdc ud<s.fha m%Odk msúiqï u. jk ol=fKys
we;s oajdrh —jquka˜ hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'
th tu wêrdcH ud<s.fha m%Odk fodrgqjhs'
ckm%jdoj, igykaj,g wkqj" wêrdchdg ldur
10000 ;sfí' tu ksid" wêrdchd blaujd hEu
je<elaùu msKsi" wêrdc ud<s.hg ldur 9999 la
iy ;j;a ldur wvla we;' th i;H jYfhkau
ldur 8704 ls'
Ökfha fnhsðx kqjr msysá wêrdc ud<s.h f,dj
fY%aIaG;u ud<s.d mfyka tlla f,i ye|skafjhs'
fiiq fY%aIG;u ud<s.d jkqfha m%xYfha j¾his,aia
ud<s.h" ì%;dkHfha nlsxyeï ud<s.h" weußldfõ
Oj, ukaÈrh iy reishdfõ fl%ï,ska ukaosrhhs'
wêrdc ud<s.h f,dj ixialD;sl Wreuhla f,i
hqfkiafldaj úiska kï lrkq ,en ;sfí' tu
kï lsÍfïoS hqfkiafldaj úiska fuu ud<s.
fha úYsIag;ajhka w.h lrkq ,eìK' Y;j¾I
mylg wêl fm!rdKsl nj" W;a;Í;r rdcH n,
flkaø ia:dkh ùu" tys WoHdkd,xlrKh" .Dy
NdKav yd l,d lD;s iys; ldur 9000l fhdaO
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh fiau" ñx iy Ñx rdcH
fm<m;aj, mej;s YsIagdpdrh ms<sn| Ôjudk
ft;sydisl idlaIshla ùu hk lreKq ta wkqj
w.h lsÍug ,la ù ;sfí'
2' wêrdc ud<s.fha uQ,sl wdlD;sh
ñx rdcH iufha§ f.dvk.k ,o fnhsðxys
wêrdc ud<s.h Ökfha yka cd;sl .Dy ks¾udK
Ys,amfha wdo¾Yu;a ixfla;hls' Ñx rdcH iuh"
ñx rdcH iufha mej;s tu .Dy ks¾udK ffY,sh
wLKavju wkq.ukh l< w;r th úoyd mEuo
isÿ lrkq ,eìK'
wêrdc ud<s.h
5
ñx rdcH fm,mf;a pq ã rcq;=udf.a úOdkfhka
l%sia;= j¾I 1406§ bÈ lsÍug mgka .;a wêrdc
ud<s.fha l%sia;= j¾I 1420§ uQ,sl jYfhka ksu
lrkq ,enQ f.dvke.s,s lafIa;%M,h" j¾. óg¾
tla ,laI mkia mkaodyla muKs' ol=fKa isg
W;=rg óg¾ 960 la È.e;s tu ud<s.h kef.kysr
isg ngysrg óg¾ 750 l È.lska hqla;h'
wêrdc ud<s.fha m%OdK msúiqï ud¾.h f,i
—jquka˜ fodrgqj o" kef.kysr msúiqï ud¾.h
f,i —;=x yqjd˜ fodrgqj o" ngysr msúiqï ud¾.h
f,i —Isyqjd˜ fodrgqj iy W;=re msúiqï ud¾.h
f,i —fIkajq˜ fodrgqj o we;=¿j fodrgq y;rla
;sfí' fIkajq fodrgqjg uqyqK,d" miaj,ska iy
.,ska iE¥ ðxIka m¾j;h fõ' m¾j;h mqrd
isgqjk ,o mhska iy ihsm%ia .ia iu`. th ðxIka
WoHdkh f,i Ök iuQydKavq iufha§ kej;
f.dvk.k ,§' iuia; ie,eiaug wkqj" ðxIka
m¾j;h" ud<s. .Dy ks¾udKd;aul ixlS¾Kfha
lD;%suh wdrlaIl ;srh f,i jHjydr fjhs'
fuys ud<s.d" ol=Kq iy W;=re fl<jr isg
uOHu foig jq uOH wlaIh Èf.a bÈlr we;'
oaúmd¾Yúl iuñ;sh fiau W;=frys iy ol=fKys
iDcq ie,eiau iys; fomig úysfok uOH wlaIh
u; m%Odk Yd,d ;=k" m%Odk ud<s.d ;=k iy
rdclSh WoHdkh msysgd we;' fuu uOH wlaIh
;ykï k.rfha muKla fkdj" W;=re foig
fnr l=¿K iy >dKaGdr l=¿K fiau ol=Kg
jkakg —fhdxäx uka˜ fodrgqj olajd o úysfoa'
uq¿ fnhsðx k.rh mqrd Èfjk" .dïNsr;ajh
iy ukd ie<iqïlrKh iu.ska th w;sYhskau
o¾YKSh fõ'
wêrdc ud<s.fhys jdia;= úoHd;aul ie,eiau
iy ld¾hhka u;" —bÈß fldgi˜ rdcH lghq;=
l%shd;aul l< ia:dkhhs' —we;=<; fldgi˜
rc;=ukaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhka jdih l<
ia:dkhhs' ta wkqj m%Odk fldgia follg fnfoa'
ðheka Ñx fodrgqjg ol=fKka bÈß fldgi jk
w;r Bg W;=frka we;=<; fldgi fõ'
W;=ï iufha ud<s.dj" iu.sfha ueo ud<s.dj iy
iu.s iqrlaIK ud<s.dj hk ud<s.d ;=k flakaø
lr.kakd bosß fldgi jevjiï wêrdchka
rdcH lghq;= l%shd;aul fldg W;alDIaG
W;aij meje;ajQ ia:dkhhs' tu ia:dkh iaj¾K
isxydikh iy bosß rdcHh ck;dj ye¢kaúh'
flakaø.; ia:dkhg fome;af;ka kef.kysrg
fjkayqjd ukaosrh" fjkahqwka uKavmh" rdclSh
ksjdi ixlS¾K we;=¿ f.dvke.s,s iy ngysrg
rdclSh mqia;ld,h iy isú,a lghq;= fiajd
ldrl f.dvke.s,s ia:dms; lrkq ,eìK '
ðhekaÑx ud<s.dj" ðhd´;ehs ud<s.dj iy
l=kaksx ud<s.dj hk ud<s.d ;=klska we;=<;
fldgi iukaú; fjhs' hdxiska ukaÈrh"
kef.kysr ud<s.d yh" ngysr ud<s.d yh"
mQcdm%ido ud<s.h iy Ñ;a; j¾Ok ud<s.h
fome;af;a ia:dms; lrkq ,eìK' miqmiska
;sfnk wêrdc WoHdkh rcq iy ìfidj we;=¿
rdclSh mjqf,a idudðlhka Ôj;a jk ia:dkhhs'
kef.kysßka ;sfnk ksxid´ ud<s.dj wêrdchd
úiska ish iduldñ iy Ⱦ>dhqI úY%du Ôú;h
i|yd f.dvk.k ,ols' ngysrg is ksx ud<s.h
iy fi! wka ud<s.h fpdkayqjd ud<s.h iy
W;=re ud<s.d my hkdÈ f.dvke.s,s mj;s'
3' wêrdc ud<s.h ms<sn| b;sydih
hqwdx rdcH fm<mf;ys ud<s.h u; mokïj ñx
rdcH fm<mf;ys pq ã wêrdchd úiska ls%'j' 1406
6
wrUk ,o fnhsðxys wêrdc ud<s.h ks< jYfhka
ls%'j' 1420 § iïmQ¾K lrk ,§' ud<s.h ksudjqod
isg 1911 fya § Ñx rdcH fm<m; wêrdcH n,h
w;ayeÍu olajd j¾I 500l muK ld,hla ;=<oS
ñx iy Ñx rdcH fm<m;a fofla wêrdchka 24
fofkl= fuys jdih l<y'
4' wêrdc ud<s.fha m%Odk f.dvke.s,s
ms<sn| y÷kajd §u
wêrdc ud<s.h jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK u;
mokï fldg f.k —msg; rdcH˜ iy —we;=<;
ukaÈrh˜ hkqfjka m%Odk fldgia follg
fnod we;' W;=ï iu.s fodrgqj we;=<; j¾.
óg¾ 30"000 lg jvd mq¿,a ueo ñÿ,la ;=< rdcH
lghq;= lsÍfï flakaøh fjhs' úYd, ud<s.d ;=k
ye¢kafjkafka W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.h" iu.sfha
ueo ud<s.h iy iu.s iqrlaIK ud<s.dj f,isks'
wêrdc ud<s.dfõ m%Odk f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Kh
fuh fjhs' úúO ks¾udK wdldr iy jy,
yevj,ska hqla; tu jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK
w;sYhska úÑ;%h'
W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.h
wêrdc ud<s.fhys úYd,;u oejuh ud<s.h jk
W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.h Ökfha o úYd,;u oejuh
ud<s.h fjhs' ñx rdcH fm<m;a iufhaoS foaj
ud<s.dj iy wêrdcH ud<s.dj f,i y÷kajk
,o W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.h" ck;dj úiska iaj¾K
isxydikh kñkq;a y÷kaúkq ,eìK' uq¿ Yd,dju
wNsudkkSh iy ufkdayr f,i Èÿ<k iy
f;acia ù wdldrfhka irid we;' th wêrdchka
i|yd jeo.;a W;aij meje;aùfï ia:dkh ùfuka
wêrdchkaf.a wNsfIalh" WmkaÈk iy ux.,
W;aij ish,a, fuys meje;afjhs' tu ud<s.dj
rka mdáka yd .dïNsrdldrfhka hqla;h'
iu.sfha ueo ud<s.dj
uq,skau yqjdlehs ud<s.dj f,i;a miqj
fpdxÑ ud<s.dj f,i;a kï lrkq ,enq fuu
ud<s.dj Ñx rdcH fm<mf;a Y=fjka Is iufha
fojeks jif¾ tkï ls%'j' 1645fya isg iu.sfha
ueo ud<s.dj jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' ñx
rdcH fm<mf;a fhdx, iufha 18 jk j¾Ifha
^ls%'j' 1420& ;kd ksudjg m;a jQ iu.sfha ueo
ud<s.dj wêrdc ud<s.dfõ m%Odk Yd,d ;=fkka
tlls' W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.hg msgqmiska msysgd
we;s iu.sfha ueo ud<s.dj úYd, W;aij
meje;aùug fmr wêrdchka i|yd úfõlh iy
pdß;% úê mqyqKq ,ndfok ia:dkhhs' fuu Yd,dj
.sks ydks ;=kla miqlr we;s w;r oekg mj;sk
jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udKh ñx rdcH fm<mf;a
^ls%'j'1627& áhekaðhs iufha y;ajk j¾Ifha§
kej; f.dvk.k ,o wdkqlrlhhs'
iu.s iqrlaIK ud<s.dj
fuh uq,ska ÑkafIka ud<s.dj f,i y÷kajk
,o w;r ñx rdcH fm<mf;a ðhdðx iufha §
7
ÑhekaÑ ud<s.dj jYfhka ku fjkia lrk ,§'
Ñx rdcH fm,mf;a Y=fjka Is iufha isg th
iu.s iqrlaIK ud<s.dj f,i y÷kajk ,oafoah'
ñx rdcH fm<mf;a fhdx, iufha 18 jk j¾Ifha
^ls%'j' 1420& ;kd ksudjg m;a jQ iu.s iqrlaIK
ud<s.dj wêrdc ud<s.dfõ m%Odk Yd,d ;=fkka
tlls' iu.sfha ueo ud<s.hg msgqmiska msysgd
we;s tu ud<s.dj rdclSh ;r.ldÍ úNd.j,§
wjika úNd.h meje;aùu i|yd fukau iEu
j¾Ihlu kj j¾Ifha ikaOHdfõ l=udrhka
iy wdosmdojreka fjkqfjka úfYaI fNdack
ix.%y meje;aùug we;s ia:dkhhs' iEu j¾I
;=klgu jrla mj;ajkq ,nk —wjika rdclSh
úNd.h˜ rdclSh úNd. l%ufhys Wiiau úNd.h
fõ' tA wkqj m<uq ia:dk ;=kg fY%aKs.; flfrk
—wxl tfla úoaj;d˜" —wxl fofla úoaj;d˜" —wxl
;=fka úoaj;d˜ we;=¿j ,shdmosxÑ jQ wh —W.;=ka˜
f,i wu;kq ,nhs'
5' wêrdc ud<s.fhys l;dka;r
1& YS; ud<s.h
—YS; ud<s.h˜ .ek oek .ekSug fmr —ud<s.h
;=k iy ueo ñÿ,a yh˜ ms<sn|j wjfndaO
lr.ekSug wjYHh' wêrdc ud<s.fha ueo
mdfrys we;s ðhekaÑx ud<s.dj ðhd´;ehs ud<s.
dj l=kaksx ud<s.h —ud<s.d ;=k˜ f,i y÷kajkq
,efí' mru n,h iys;j" iaj leue;af;kau
jevjiï wêrdchkag rdclSh Wmm;skshka f;dard
.; yelsh' f;daard .kq ,enQ tu ldka;djkag
ms<sn| m%idohla fkdue;s ù kï" urKh f;la
w;sYhska ÿlaLÞhl brKula iys;j /£ isàug
isÿúh' rdclSh Wmm;skshka iy l=urhka
isr .; lr ;eîu i|yd wêrdc ud<s.h ;=<
—YS; ud<s.fha˜ iaÒr fkdlrkq ,nk ish¿u
ia:dkj, msysàu fmdÿfõ —YS; ud<s.h˜ f,i
y÷kajhs' ñx iy Ñx rdcH fm<m;aj, ft;sydisl
o;a; msßlaiSfuka miqj" YS; ud<s.h hkq ksYaÑ;
ud<s.hl ks< kduhla fkdjk nj ;yjqre úh'
iuyr f,aLkj, igyka wkqj" ñx iy Ñx rdcH
fm<m;aj, YS; ud<s.d f,i f;dard.;a ia:dk
lSmhla ;sî we;'
2& wêrdc ud<s.h ;=< —ulreka˜ fndfyda
.Kkla we;af;a wehs@
;ykï k.rh hkq ulrekaf.a f,dalhls' tys
ulr iajrEm úúO bßhõ iy ,S,dj,ska hqla;h'
Ökfha jevjiï iudc l%uh ;=<" wêrdchka
8
f,dj md,lhka f,i;a —ulrekaf.a mq;%hka˜
f,i;a wu;kq ,enQy' ;ykï k.rh" ñx iy Ñx
rdcH fm<m;aj, wêrdc ud<s.h njg m;aùu
fya;= fldg f.k wêrdchkaf.a iy /ðkshkaf.a
uqød" frÈms<s iy rdclSh wdNrK fukau
ud<s.fha Yd,d" md,ï" mä" .,a leghï hkdoSh
ish,a,u ulrekaf.ka yev .kajd we;' fï
wdldrhg" wêrdc ud<s.fhys ulreka fldmuK
isào@ lsisjl=g fuu ixLHdj meyeos,sj lsj fkd
yelsh' o< ;lafiarejlg wkqj" tla ldurhlg
ulreka yhfofkl= ne.ska isà kï" ud<s.d mqrd
8000g wdikak ldurj, ulreka 40000 isáh
yelsh' ulr rEmfhka leghï l< ish¿u jdia;=
úoHd;aul ks¾udK iy rdclSh NdKav .Kka
lrkq ,nkafka kï" ixLHd;aul jYfhka th
úYd, .Kkla jkq we;'
o< ixLHdf,aLkhlg wkqj W;=ï iu.sfha
ud<s.fha jyf,ys uqÿka jeá W¿ leg iy lgdrï
hkdosfha muKla ulr rEm ks¾udK 2632 la jk
w;r jyf,ys msg; w.=fõ ljq¿ ,S ia;r" fodr
iy cfk,a" ljq¿ j¾K ieris,s j, ulr rEm
ks¾udK 5732 ls' ud<s.fha wNHka;r w.=j, iy
nd,al iS,sxys 4037ls' iaj¾Kuh ia:ïN" .,ajQQ
leghï ,E,s" isxydik" ;sr iy .Dy NdKav u;
609 ls' ud<s.fha wNHka;r ì;a;s iy WKqiqï
ueosß fodr wdjrK u; 542 la ulr rEm ks¾udK
we;' fuh wiïmQ¾K ixLHdjls' W;=ï iu.sfha
ud<s.fha wNHka;r iy msg; Yd,dj, mjd ulr
rE ks¾udK iy ulr leghï we;=¿ úúO wdlD;s
ulr rEm 13844 lg wêl m%udKhla ;sfí' fuu
wdldrfha ieris,s f;acjka; iy .=ma; wdldrfha
jgmsgdjl wdlD;shlg fndfyda ulr rEm
ks¾udKh lr we;af;a wêrdchd foajdfrdams;
lsÍug iy fmdÿ ck;dj ìh .ekaùu i|ydh'
3& m%Odk ud<s.d ;=k ;=< .ia fkdue;
W;=ï iu.sfha ud<s.dj" iu.sfha ueo
ud<s.dj iy iu.s iqrlaIK ud<s.dj hk ud<s.d
;=k flakaø lr.;a bosß fldgi jevjiï
wêrdchka rdcH lghq;= l%shdjg kxjñka
W;alDIaG W;aij meje;aùug fhdod .kakd
ia:dkhhs' tfukau th fnhsðx k.rfha flakaø
ia:dkh fjhs' fuu ud<s.dj" f;acia.;sh biau;=
lr fmkaùu msKsi" jdia;= úoHd Ys,amSka úúO
l%u Ndú; lr ;sfí' thska tlla jkqfha ud<s.d
N+ñh we;=<; .ia fkdue;s ùuhs' wêrdc ud<s.
fha m%Odk fodrgqj jk áheka wka uka fodrgqfõ
isg vqjka uka fodrgqj" jquka fodrgqj iy W;=ï
iu.sfha fodrgqj olajd" fuu ueo ñÿ,a fmf,ys
lsisÿ .ila fkdmj;s' ^vqjka uka fodrgqj jgd
.ia isgqjd we;af;a 1911 úma,jfhka miqjhs&' tl,
ck;dj wêrdchka neye olskafka kï" Tjqkg
áheka wka uka fodrgqjg msúi os.= rdclSh udj;
Tiafia weúo hEug wjYH úh' Wia my;a iy
fjkia jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK yryd weúo
f.k hdfïoS" Tjqkg w;ska we,a,sh fkdyels iy
jeä j¾Okh jk wOHd;añl mSvkhla yef`.kq
we;' fï wdldrhg W;=ï iu.sfha fodrgqfjka
we;=¿ jk úg" Tjqkaj Wmßu wOHd;añl mSvkhg
,la fjhs' iqkaor wdjrK iy l=re¿ y~ iu.
fuu ueo ñÿ,aj, .ia j.d lf<a kï rdcHfha
f;acia ù jgmsgdj úkdY ù hkq we;'
wêrdc ud<s.fha fuu m%Odk ud<s.d ;=k wi,
.ia fkdue;s ùug fojk fya;=j jkqfhaa"
Ökfha mqrdK wêrdchka uQ,Od;= my ;=<ska
—fmdf<djg˜ whs;s ùuhs' uQ,Od;= my hkq hlv"
oej" c,h" .skaor iy fmdf<dj jkafkah' —oej˜"
—fmdf<dj˜ iu. wfkHdakH ndOdjla ;sîu" .ia
fuf,i m%;slafIam jkakg fya;= úh' m%Odk
ud<s.d ;=fka mdoia:h yqfola ol=Kg uqyqK,d
we;s Ök —gQ˜ —fmdf<dj˜ wlaIrh jeksh'
;=kajk fya;=j jkqfhaa" wêrdchka iy weu;sjreka
yg ydks lsÍug .ia w;r >d;lhkag ie`.ùug
bv fkdoSuhs'
9
1' o< y÷kajdoSu(
idïm%odhsl Ök ixialD;sl l,dx.hla jk
WoHdk ñksidf.a wOHd;aulh w,xldr lsÍu
msKsi .ia iy u,skaa hq;=j pdß;% ix.S;h wdosfhka
ire jQ ixialD;sl idrfhka mek ke.=kls'
iajdNdúl N+o¾Yk mdol lr f.k idokq ,nk
Ök WoHdk" iajNdj O¾uh wkqlrKh lsÍu
i|yd w;ska idokq ,nk lD;S%u ud<s.d" nrd|"
f.dvke.s,s iy uKavm wdÈh iu. msysgqjd
we;' úfYaIfhkau lú" lú .S; iy is;a;ïj,
tk úúO uÜgïj,ska ksrEms; ft;sydisl ld,
mßÉfþoj, olakg ,enqKq udkqIjd§ ye`.Sï tajd
u.ska ksrEmKh fõ'
2' b;sydih(
b;d §¾> b;sydihla iys; Ök WoHdk Ökfha
ft;sydisl .Dy ks¾udK l,dfõ ksOdkhla jk
w;r WoHdklrK l,djg o b;d È.= b;sydihla
ysñ fõ'
ýka iy yka rdc jxY iuhkays ;snQ WoHdkj,
isg" fjhs iy Ñka rdc jxYj,g wh;a jxY yfha
iajdNdúl N+o¾Yk WoHdk olajd o gdx iy
fidx rdc jxYj, yeu me;a;lskau keröh yels
WoHdk olajd o bkamiqq tn÷ WoHdk wÈhf¾u
Wiia ksrEmKhla jk ñx iy Ñx rdc jxYj,
iajdNdúl N+ o¾Yk olajd o th j¾Okh ù
we;' ñx rdc jxYfha uOHu wÈhfrka wdrïN jQ
fm!oa.,sl WoHdk l%ufhka fn§ .sfhah' ol=Kq
È. hexis .x.d fv,agdfõ ;snQ WoHdk m<uqj
lemS fmkqkq w;r bkamiq l÷jeá myg ol=fKka
jQ WoHdk iy W;=reÈ. WoHdk jvd;a lemS
fmfkk iq¿ tajd úh' tu m%Odk j¾. ;=k w;r
;snQ wfkHdakH n,mEu iy iaÓr Ndjh iu.
Ök WoHdk j¾. iy ú,dihka fkdkej;S mq¿,a
Ök WoHdk
10
jQ w;r ;j ;j;a .eUqre úh' wLKav Wreuh
iy ixj¾Okh yryd Ök WoHdkj, úfYaIs;
kef.kysr ixialD;sh fukau WoHdklrKfha
woyia iy kHdhka u.ska ngysrg mjd n,mEï
lsÍug iu;a úh'
3' f,dal WoHdkj,g ysñ jk ia:dkh(
hska iy fp! rdc jxYj, mßydksh we;sjQ
ld,fhys isg .Kkh lsÍfï § Ök WoHdk j,g
jir 3000 l muK b;sydihla we;s nj fmfka'
f,dj WoHdk l,dj wdrïN jQ uq,au rgla jk
Ökh w;s úYsIaG fi!kao¾hd;aul m%ñ;Ska
iy woaú;Sh cd;sl wkkH;djka wkqj f,dj
WoHdk b;sydih ;=< b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ
lrf.k we;' WoHdk hkq w,xldrh ñ|Su iy
úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd N+ o¾Yk ks¾udKh lsÍug
ck;dj ish oE; fhdod .kakd l,djla fõ' úúO
cd;skag wh;a úúO m%foaYj,ska meñKs ck;djf.a
úúO wjfndaOhka iy leue;a; wkqj ks¾udKh
jQ WoHdk úúO fi!kao¾hd;aul o¾Ykj,ska
mßmQ¾K fõ' fláfhka lsjfyd;a" f,dalfha
WoHdk hqfrdamSh WoHdk" ngysr wdishdkq WoHdk
iy Ök WoHdk f,i m%Odk j¾. ;=klg fnÈh
yels fõ' th ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQj
o iajdNdúl fmkqfuka hqla; úh hq;=h hk
fi!kao¾hd;aul uQ,O¾uh fukau idïm%odhsl
.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh" idys;Hh" is;=jïlrKh
iy f,aLk l,dj" leghï iy ld¾ñl l,dj
hkd§ úúO l,d Ys,amj, ,laIK o iu. b;d
§¾> b;sydihla Ök WoHdk j,g we;' iuia;
f,dal WoHdk w;r tajdgu wdfõKsl rgdjla
iy b;d by< jákdlula Ök WoHdkj, ysñ
ù ;sfí'
11
fmdgd,d ud<s.h fn!oaOhkag mqKH
NQñhls' áfnghg ñ, l< fkdyels
iïm;ls' b;sydi{hkag fldaIagd.drhls'
mqrd úoHd{hkag m¾fhaIK.drhls' jdia;=
úoHd{hkag wdo¾Yhls' oekqï msmdis;hkag
mqia;ld,hls' ixpdrlhskag iriúhls'
ore oeßhkag ;lai,djls' leghïlrejkag
l,d.drhls' is;a;rekag mdrd§ihls'
áfngfha wd.ñl" ixialD;sl yd wOHdmksl
mqkreofha kshuqjd jk l%sia;= j¾I 617§
rdcdNsfIalhg m;a fidx;aika .ïfmd l=ure
ish wdOHd;añl wdrlaIlhd jYfhka ie,l=fha
wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;ajhka jykafiah' Y%S
,xldfõ isg f.k wd wjf,dalsf;aYajr ms<suh
;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd ud<s.h bÈ lf<a fidx;aika
.ïfmd rc;=udh'
jkaokd l=á" mQcd l=á" ,e.=ï yd mßmd,k l=á wd§
jYfhka ldur kjish kjhlska hq;=j fmdgd,d
ud<s.h ks¾udKh flßK' iduh ixfla;j;a
lr,Su i|yd ud<s.h iqÿ meyefhka msßhï lsÍu
ksid Yafõ; ud<s.h jYfhka o ye¢kaúK'
ud<s.dfõ iaj¾Kuh hq.h h<s WodjQfha 1642
jif¾§ miajk o<hs ,dud ;=uka áfnÜ m<df;a
md,k n,h ish;g .ekSug iu;a ùu;a iu`.h'
1645§ r;= lkafoa ud<s.dfõ m%;sixialrK lghq;=
werUqKs' áfngfha wd.ñl fuka u mßmd,k
flakaøia:dkh njg o fmdgd,d ud<s.h m;ajQfha
ta wjÈfha§h'
jir 40lg wêl md,k ld,hlska miq miajk
o<hs ,dud ;=uka wmj;a jQ l,ays t;=ukaf.a
NIaudjfYaI ;ekam;a lr,Su i|yd 1690§ iqÿ
ud<s.d f.dvke.s,a, wi, r;= ud<s.dj bÈ
flßK'
fmdgd,d ud<s.h
12
uy,a 13lska iukaú; r;= ud<s.dfõ miajk
o<hs ,dud ;=ukaf.a NIaudjfYaI ;ekam;a
l< ia;+mh bÈ flreKq w;r fjk;a ms<su
jykafia,d iy Od;+ka jykafia,d rdYshla
i|yd o l=á ks¾udKh flßK'
kef.kysr m%fõY fodrgqfjka we;=,a jQ
l,ays olakg ,efnkafka iqúYd, t<suyka
uKavmhls' ta fvhx Id uKavmhhs' w;S;fha
,dudjreka áfnÜ Tfmrdjka krUd we;af;a
tys§h'
uKavmhg ngysßka we;af;a iqÿ ud<s.hhs'
,dud jrekaf.a ,e.=ï l=á" idlÉPd Yd,d"
wOHhk Yd,d iy ld¾hd, mßY%hka o msysgd
;snqfKa fuu ud<s.fhah' uy,a 13lska iukaú;
fuu ud<s.d f.dvke.s,sj, ì;a;s b;d m<,h'
w;a;sjdrug ;U ñY% lr we;af;a N+ñ lïmdjkag
Tfrd;a;= Èh yels jk mßÈh'
m%;sud" ia;+m yd jákd fl!;=l jia;+ iïNdrhla
r;= ud<s.dfõ ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' m%Odk Yd,dfõ
we;=<; ì;a;s irik w,xlD; Ñ;% ks¾udK
.Kkdjls' nqoaO" fndaêi;aj yd ,dudjrekaf.a
rEm fuka u nqoaO pß;hg iïnkaO l;d
.Kkdjla o is;=jug ke.S we;' fidx;aika
.ïfmd l=uref.a iy Ök wêrdchdf.a ÈhKsh
jQ fjka fpx l=ußhf.a irK ux.,Hh" 1652
jif¾§ miajk o<hs ,dud ;=uka Ök wêrdchd
jQ Iqka ÜI yuqùug fnhsðx kqjrg ieme;aùu
we;=¿ ft;sydisl Ñ;% .Kkdjla o olakg ;sfí'
Yd,dj jgd mQcd l=á ;=kls' W;=re l=áh fjka
lr we;af;a YdlHuqkSkaøhka" wfkl=;a nqÿjrhka
yd o<hs ,dudjreka fjkqfjks' kef.kysr mQcd
l=áh ly ysia jeiqï ksldfha ks¾ud;D ;afidka
ldmd ysñhka fjkqfjks' mßjdr ,dudjrekaf.a
m%;sud 70la o tys fjhs' wgjk ishjfia bkaÈhdfõ
isg meñKs moauiïNj f;reka jykafia
fjkqfjka ol=Kq mQcd l=áh fjka ù ;sfí' 17 jk
ishjfia ks¾udKh lrk ,o moauiïNj f;reka
jykafiaf.a ߧ ms<suh tys lemS fmfkhs'
merKs O¾u .%ka:" mg i¿ u; w¢k ,o ÿ¾,N
Ñ;% wdÈh muKla fkdj merKs wú wdhqO j¾.
mjd fmdgd,d ud<s.fha ;ekam;a lr ;sfí' we;=,a
Yd,djkays ,S lKq ish,a, b;d ishqï leghñka
w,xlD;h'
fmdgd,d ud<s.h wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl
l,d.drhla f,i o ye¢kaùu hqla;s iy.;h'
fuu úiañ; l,d.drh keröu i|yd;a"
jkaokdudk lr .ekSu i|yd;a Èkm;d
u mdfya ixpdrlhska úYd, msßila we§
wdj;a tla Èkl§ ud<s.h keröug
wjir ,nd fokafka 2300lg muKs'
Y%S ,xldfjka f.k hk ,o
wjf,dalsf;aYajr ms<su jykafia
wo;a fmdgd,d ud<s.hg wdOHd;añl
wdrlaIdj i,ik njg úYajdi flf¾'
ud<s.h ;=< we;s rka" ߧ" f,dalv
wdÈfhka ;ekQ ,laI follg wêl
ms<su w;ßka jeo.;a u ms<suh jYfhka
o ie,flkafka fuu wjf,dalsf;aYajr
ms<suhhs'
13
i;aj ,l=Kq f,i o y÷kajk Ök rdYs ,l=Kq
hkq j¾I wxlkh lr jhi .Kkh lsÍu
i|yd Ök ck;dj w;r mj;sk idïm%odhsl
l%uhls' Ök NdIdfjka —rdYs˜ hkak Wmka
j¾Ih i|yd fhfok w;r —,l=K˜ hkak ta yd
wkqrEm fyda iudk ixfla; i|yd fhfoa' ,l=Kq
fyda ixfla; hkq i;=ka fodf<dia j¾.hls'
ms<sfj<ska óhd" f.dkd" fldáhd" ydjd" ulrd"
khd" wYajhd" neg¿jd" j÷rd" l=l=<d" n,a,d iy
W!rd hkq tu ixfla;hs' tajd mDÓúh ms<sn|
YdLd fod<y iu. .e<fmhs' ta wkqj —;ais˜
óhd" —fp!˜ yrld" —hska˜ fldáhd" —ud´˜ ydjd"
—fpka˜ ulrd" —is˜ kd.hd" —jQ˜ wYajhd" —fjhs˜
n,a,d" —fIka˜ j÷rd" —hQ˜ l=l=<d" —ishqhs˜ n,a,d
iy —ydhs˜ W!rd hkqfjka oelaúh yelsh' fï
wdldrfhka iEu flfkl=f.au Wmka j¾Ih hï
wdldrhl if;l= iu. .e<fma'
rdYs ,l=Kq ixialD;sh" Ök iïm%odhsl ck
ixialD;sfha jeo.;a wx.hls' i;aj m%;sìïn iEu
wfhl=f.au Ôú;h mqrd tlaj mj;sk neúka" rdYs
,l=Kq fyda i;aj ,l=Kq mqoa.,fhl=f.a Wmka
ixfla;h iy jhi u;l ;nd .ekSfï moku
jkjd muKla fkdj" th mqoa.,fhl=g Tyqf.a $
wehf.a Ôú;h yd ne÷kq ux., lreK o fõ' ta
ms<sn|j ck;dj fndfyda w,xldr m%d¾:kd iy
wOHd;añl úYajdi ord ys|s;s'
rdYs ,l=Kq ms<sn|j ckm%jdo
Ök ckhd w;r rdYs ,l=Kq fod<y ms<sn|j
ydiHckl ckm%jdo fndfyduhla we;' tajd
w;=ßka my; i|yka ckm%jdo fol jvd;au
ckm%shh'
rdYs ,l=Kq fod<fiys uQ,drïNh
rdYs ,l=Kq fod<fiys uQ,drïNh ms<sn|j Ökfha
me;sreKq iqrx.kd l:djla fjhs' fndfyda l,lg
fmr tla Èkla foaj rc;=ud ish¨u i;=ka
l|jdf.k ;ud Tjqkaf.ka i;=ka j¾. fod<yla
f;dard .kakjd' ta iEu j¾.hlgu mDÓúfhys
rclu jirl ld,hla ne.ska ,nd fokjd' th
rdYs ,l=Kq fod<y njg m;ajkq we;ehs mejiSh'
Ök i;aj rdYs ,l=Kq fod<y
14
ó<Õ pkaø j¾Ifha m<uq udifha m<uqjk Èk
—.Õ ;rKh lsÍfï ;r.hla˜ meje;aùug foaj
rcq;=ud iy i;a;= tlÕ jQy' i;=ka j¾. .Õ
yryd mSkd isoaOia:dkhg <Õd jQ wkqms<sfj,
wkqj ms<sfj,ska uyd fmdf,dfõ rcq njg m;a
lrk nj m%ldY flßK' —uu m<uq jekakd
fjñ'˜ —keye Tn fkdfõ' uu m<uqjekakd
jkafkñ˜ wd§ jYfhka i;=ka uy yçka jdo lr
.ekSug mgka .;ay'
.Õ ;rKh lsÍfï ;r.h meje;afjk Èkh
t<UqKs' i;=ka wka whg fmr isoaOia:dkh fj;
<Õd ùu i|yd l,afõ,d we;sj .ukdrïN l<y'
.Õ ;rKh lsÍfïoS ish¨u i;=ka b;d ;shqKqq
f,i mSkQy' Tjqka w;=ßka f.dkd fõ.j;au i;d
úh' óhdg msyskSug fkdyels ùu fya;=fjka
W! ;udj f.k hk f,i f.dkdg lkak,õ
lf<ah'
uolg miqj f.dkd fjr<g wdikak úh' flfia
jqj;a W! m<uqjekakd ùug wdikak jk úg
m%fhda.ldr óhd Wf.a msfgka mek f.dkdg
fmr isoaOia:dkhg <Õd úh' —uuhs m<uqjekakd"
uuhs m<uqjekakd˜ óhd wdvïnrfhka mejiSh'
bkslaì;sj wfkl=;a i;=ka j¾.o wkql%ufhka
<Õd úh'
tl`.;djhg wkqj isoaOia:dkh
fj; m<uqj <Õd jQ i;aj j¾.hdg
<Õd ùfï wkqms<sfj, wkqj rcq
njg m;a úh yels úh' Tjqkag
Tjqkaf.a kï o tu wkqrEm
j¾Ifha ku i|yd Ndú;d
fjhs' wms fuh fuu jißka
wdrïN lruq'
wkqms<sfj< wkqj th óhd"
f.dkd" fldáhd" ydjd" ulrd"
khd" wYajhd" neg¿jd" j÷rd"
l=l=<d" n,a,d iy W!rd úh hq;=
hehs foaj rcq;=ud wkqms<sfj<
ish¨ i;=kag ksfõokh l<y'
tneúka óhd rdYs ,l=Kq fod<fiys
m%:u ia:dkhg m;ajQ w;r f.dkdg
wleue;af;ka jqjo fojekakd ùug
isÿ úh'
rdYs ,l=Kq fod<fiys n<,d we;=<;a
fkdjkafka wehs@
foaj rc;=ud i;=ka j¾. fod<fiys wkqms<sfj<
;SrKh lsÍfuka miq Tyq óhd we;=<;a fkdlr
wfkl=;a j¾. tfld<y oekqj;a lsÍu n<,dg
Ndr lf<ah' flfia jqjo óhdg n<,d iy
f.dkd w;r jQ foni lK jel=Ks' tneúka óhd
,shdmÈxÑ ùu i|yd ryiska ÈjH ud<s.djg f.dia
jdis ,nd .ekSfï m%:uhd úh' foaj rcq;=ud kï
jÜfgdarej weKjqï lrk úg óhd m%:uhd nj
Tyq ÿgqfõh' i;Hh iy wi;Hh fjka fldg
y÷kd .ekSfuka f;drj Tyq óhdj m<uq ;ekg
ia:dk.; lf<ah' ienE m%:uhd fojekakd úh'
n<,d ish,a,ka oekqj;a lsÍfuka miq
ud<s.hg <Õd jQ úg ,ehsia;=fõ W!g ia:dkhla
fkdue;sju iïmQ¾K fldg ;snqKs' tneúka óhd
rdYs ,l=Kq fod<i w;=ßka m<uqjekakd njg
m;a jQ w;r n<,d we;=,;a fkdùh' t;eka mgka
n<,d iy óhd i;=rka njg m;a jQy' óhd Èiajk
iEu úgu n<,d W! t<jd f.dia imd lkafkah'
15
fuh Ök fmï lúhls' fidx rdcjxYfha" ,S Ö hS
kue;s iq¿ ks<Odßfhla isáfhah' Tyq fndfydau
ÿlanr Ôú;hla .; lf<ah' by, ks,Odßfhl=j
wukdm lr .;a neúka Tyq fiajfhka my< oud
;snqKs' ál ld,hlskau" Tyqf.a ìß|" ÈhKsh iy
mq;d wikSm ù ñh .shy' Tyq;a ÿlauqiq frda.hlska
fmf<kakg jqKs' ish¿ n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka ùug
wdikak wjia:djl§" Tyqg hym;a ldka;djla
uqK .eiS weh iu. ñ;% iïnkaO;djla we;s
úh' fuu ldka;dj b;du;a rEu;a fukau lú
ks¾udKfhyso olaI jQjdh' weh ,S Ö hSf.a ÿlanr
Ôú;h flfrys oeä wkqlïmdjla oelajQ w;r
Tyqj ks;ru Èßu;a l<dh' ,S Ö hS wehg wdorh
lf<Ah' jrla ta fofokd hekaiS .`. bjqf¾
iqkaor;ajh keröug .shy' .x bjqf¾ w,xldr
o¾Ykh ri ú¢ñka" ;ukaf.a Ôjk w;aoelSfuka
m%fndaOu;a ù" ye`.=ïnrj ,S Ö hS fï lúh lshñka
ish fma%uh m%ldY lf<ah' wka;sfï§ Tjqka újdy
ù i;=gqodhl Ôú;hla .; l<y' ,S Ö hS Ökfha
iqm%lg lúfhl= f,i ie<fla'
is;a ne|s .Õ
fï uy os. .x.dfõ
uu by,hs - Tn my,hs
fï uy os. .x.dfõ
.,d nisk uy c, l|
mji ksjhs - fofokdf.u
yeuodu;a Tn isys lr
uu by,hs - Tn my,hs
fï uy .Õ k;r fõ o@
uf.a ÿla l| ksù hd o@
fï uy os. .x.dfõ
uy c, l| .,d hdú
by, my, hd lrdú
Tfí yo;a - uf.a yo;a
tl ;eklg tlalrdú
uy c, l| .,d hdù'
16
w;S;fha tla oskhl pd´ rc;=ud heka rchg
m%ydrhla t,a, lrkak is;=fõh' kuq;a
tla ¥ro¾YS ks,Odßfhla tfia fkdlrk f,i
rc;=udj leu;s lrjd .kak W;aidy lf<ah'
—ud fuys tk w;r u`.§ .x.djla ;rKh l<d'
.`.d bjqf¾ fn,a,la ;u lgqj újD; fldg
wdf,dalh ,nd .kakd wdldrh uu ÿgqjd' túg
leiajgqfjla läkñka fn,a,d <`.g ÿj,d
fn,a,df.a uig fydfgka fldgkak W;aidy
l<d' ta iu`.u ta fn,a,d ish fn,slgqj jyd
.;a;d' b;ska leiajgqjdf.a fydg fn,slgqfõ
;oska ysr jqKd' leiajgqjd fn,a,dg l;d lf<a
fï úÈhg' —wo jeiafiaa ke;akï fyg;a jeiafiaa
ke;akï Thd uef¾ú'˜ fn,a,d ta l;djg ms<s;=re
ÿkafka fuf,ihs' —wo ud fn,slgqj wßkafka
ke;akï fyg;a wßkafka ke;akï Th;a
uef¾ú'˜ ta fokakd ta úÈhg ldgj;a fofjks
fjkak leu;s jQfha keye' túg ëjrfhla wdjd'
thd wl¾ukHj isá ta i;=ka fofokd oel,d
f,fyisfhkau Tjqka w,a,d f.k f.or .shd'
pd´ rch heka rchg m%ydrhla t,a, lrkjd
kï wr fn,a,d iy leiajgqjd jf.a lrg lr
;;ajhla we;s fõú' l,a .; ùu;a iu`.u
forgu fyd|gu fyïn;a fõú' túg n,j;a
ýka wêrchd" wr ëjrhd jf.a lsisÿ Yla;shla
fkdfhdod Th rgj,a fol u w;am;a lr .kSú'˜
ta ks,Odßhdf.a l;dfjka pd´ rc;=udg
wjfndaOh ,enqKs' Tyq heka rchg m%ydrh t,a,
lsÍfï woyi w;ayeÍh'
fn,a,d iy leiajgqjdf.a
igkska ch ldg o@
17
m%:udOdry`ÿkd .ksuq
Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch yd m%:udOdr
bÈßm;a lsÍu ( Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudcfha m%:udOdr WmfoaYl - chnqoaê {dk;s,l
m%:udOdr hkq l=ulao@
m%:udOdr hkq frda.S jQ fyda ;=jd,,;a wfhl=g
m%:ufhka fokq ,nk wdOdrhhs' tkï lsishï
frda.S wjia:djl§ fyda yÈis wk;=rla isÿ jQ ú.i
frda.S jQ fyda wk;=rg m;ajQ whg ffjoHdOdr
,nd fok f;la ;djld,slj fokq ,nk m%:u
fi!LH i;aldrhhs' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka
m%:udOdr ,nd oSu i`oyd ffjoHuh wdïmkak
wm <`. iEu úgu ;sîug wjYH fkdùuhs' wjg
mßirfha we;s iqÿiq foaj,a Wmfhda.S lrf.k
fuh ,nd Èh yelsjd fukau m%:udOdr ms<sn`o
oekqu yd mqyqKqj ,enQ ´kEu wfhl=g b;d iq¿
l%shdjlska jqj m%:udOdr fuh ,nd §ug;a tu.ska
Ôú; /l.ekSug;a yelshdj ,efí'
m%:udOdr ,nd§fï wruqKq yd
jeo.;alu
m%:udOdr ,nd oSfï m%Odk wruqKq 03 ls' tkï
frda.Skaf.a
01' Ôú; fírd .ekSu
02' frda.S ;;a;ajh W;aikak ùu je<elaùu
03' iqjh myiq lsÍu
ksis fõ,dfõoS m%:udOdr ksjerÈj ,nd oSfuka
frda.S wjia:dj,oS yd yÈis wk;=rej,oS wld,fha
ish Ôú;fhka iuq .ekSug isÿjk oyia .Klf.a
Ôú; fírd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'
ixj¾Okfha fõ.h;a iu`.u Èfkka Èk
jeäfjñka mj;sk yÈis wk;=rej,oS fndfyda
úg isÿjkafka tu wk;=rg m;ajQjkaf.a ;;a;ajh
1863 oS werô f,dal r;= l=rei yd r;= w`vi`o
jHdmdrh wojk úg rgj,a 189 mqrd udkqIjdoS
fufyjfrys ksr;jk úYsIag .Kfha udkqIjdoS
iafõÉPd ixúOdkhla njg m;aj ;sfí' 1930
oYlfha ì%;dkH md,k iufhaoS Y%S ,xldfõ we;s
jQ oreKq uef,aßhd jix.;fhka úm;g m;ajk
oyia ixLHd; rgjeishdg iyk ie,iSfï
wruqKska 1936 oS werô Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch
o tu iqúYd, fufyjfrys fldgialrefjl=
fjñka jir 75 lg wêl ld,hla mqrd furg ;=<
m%:udOdr mqyqKq yd m%:udOdr fiajd we;=¿ úúO
jQ udkqIjdoS fiajdjka ;=<ska ck;djg iydh
imhk m%uqL;u udkj ys;jdoS ixúOdkhla njg
m;aj ;sfí'
Èjhsfka Èia;%slal 25 u wdjrKh lrñka msysgqjd
we;s ish YdLd cd,h yd tAyd tAldnoaO lghq;=
lrk wmf.a ;reK yd jeäysá iafõÉPd fiajl
uy;au uy;aóka u.ska Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch
furg mj;ajkq ,nk úúO fmryer" cd;sl
W;aij" wdmod yd úYd, jYfhka ck;dj talrdYS
jk ia:dkj, wk;=rg yd frda.S ;;a;ajhkag
m;ajk ck;djg m%:udOdr ,nd oSfï iafõÉPd
m%:udOdr l`ojqre mj;ajkq ,nhs'
tfukau fuu l,dmfha m%:udOdr mdvfuka
idlÉPd fldg we;s mßÈ iEu fofkl=u
m%:udOdr oek isàfï wjYH;djh wo jk úg
b;du;a by< f.dia we;' tu ksid Èia;%slal 25
mqrdu úúO j¾.fha m%:udOdr mqyqKq mdGud,d Y%S
,xld r;= l=rei iudcfha mqyqKqj,;a m%:udOdr
WmfoaYl uy;au uy;aóka u.ska mj;ajkq ,nhs'
mdvu - wxl 01
18
l=ula jqj;a Tjqkaj frday,g m%jdykh lsÍu
muKs' kuq;a tfia m%jdykh lrk ld,h ;=<
frda.Ska wisys ;;a;ajfhka isàkï" iajikh
weK ysg ;sfíkï" reêr jykh fjñka mj;S
kï" fld`ÿ weg fm< fyda fjk;a wiaÒka
leã ì`oS ;sfíkï frday,g /f.k tkf;la
Tjqkaf.a Ôú; fírd .ekSug;a" mj;akd ;;a;ajh
W;aikak ùu je<elaùu i`oyd;a wmg l< yels
foa fndfydah' yÈis wk;=rlska miq iajikh
fkdlrk wfhl=g frday,g /f.k tkf;la
lD;su iajikh yd lD;su mmq mSvkh ,nd oSu
u.ska Tjqkaf.a Ôú; fírd .ekSug bv m%ia:dj
we;s w;r reêr jykh jk wjia:djloS th
md,kh lsÍu u.ska wod< frda.shd lïmk
;;a;ajhg m;aùu" wisys ;;a;ajhg m;aùu jeks
W.% ;;a;ajhlkag frda.shd m;aùu je<elaùug
o yelshdj ,efí'
Y%S ,xldfõ ßh wk;=re u.ska Èklg idudkH
jYfhka 06 fofkl=f.a muK jákd Ôú; wysñ
jk w;r jd¾Islj oyia .Kkla ;=jd, ,eîï yd
È.=ld,Sk ÿn,;dj,g ,laùu o isÿfõ' tfukau
Èfha .s,Sï" /lshd ia:dkj,oS jk wk;=re"
f.orfodroS fyda mdif,aoS jk weojeàï ksid
isÿjk f,a .e,Su fyda wiaÓ wk;=re" ji úI
YÍr.;ùï" i;=ka imd lEï yd oIag lsÍï"
ms<siaiSï" iajik ud¾.h wjysr ùï" úÿ,s ier
jeoSï jeks úúO wk;=re fukau" yDohdndO"
la,dka;h" j,smamqj" mdpkh" isys ke;sùu"
Èhjeähdj" weÿu jeks úúO frda.S wjia:do
^fuu wjia:dj,oS isÿ l< hq;= m%:udOdr bÈß
mdvïj,oS bf.k.; yelsh'& ffokslj iEu
m%foaYhlu mdfya isÿ fjñka mj;S' fujka
wjia:dj,oS frday,g /f.k tk f;la m%:udOdr
,nd oSug /iaj isákakka yd m%jdykh lrkakka
fkdokafka kï frda.shdg Ôú;fhka iuq.ekSug
jqjo isÿ úh yel' iuyr úg frda.h iqjm;a ùug
wêl ld,hla .; jkq we;' iuyr úg È.=ld,Sk
wdndOhkaf.ka mSvd ú`oSug o isÿ jkq we;'
fuu.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka wm iEu fokdu
m%:udOdr oek isàu b;du jeo.;a yd w;HjYH
Ôjk l=i,;djhla ù we;s njhs'
m%:udOdrlrefjl= jkafka flfiao@
´kEu wfhl=g m%:udOdrlrefjl= úh yels w;r
ta i`oyd wjYH jkafka leue;a; yd mqyqKq ùuhs'
m%:udOdrlrefjl= f,i ;udf.a ióm;uhkag;a"
iudchg;a jevodhS mqoa.,fhl= ùu i`oyd
jeäj¾Okh lr.; hq;= .=Kdx. lsysmhls' tA
w;r kdhl;ajh" frda.Skaj ms<sl=,a fkdlsÍu
yd ldreKsl nj" wd;au úYajdih" ia:dfkdaÑ;
m%{dj" l%shdYS,S nj wdÈh b;d jeo.;a fõ'
m%:udOdrlrejd ffjoHjrfhl= fyda ish,a, o;a
wfhl= fkdfõ' kuq;a b;d jákd oekqula yd
yelshdjla we;af;ls'
m%:udOdr l%uYs,am b;d ixlS¾K fyda .eUqre
fohla fkdfõ' th b;d ir<" myiqfjka
l< yels tkuq;a lsishï wfhl=f.a Ôú;hla
iïmQ¾Kfhka fírd .ekSu olajd w;sYhska
bjy,a jk b;d úYsIag l=i,;djhla fï ;=<
.eíj mj;S' fujeks úêu;a m%:udOdr oekqula
yd mqyqKqjla Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch u.ska
o cd;Hka;r m%ñ;shg wkql+,j ,nd .; yelsh'
m%:udOdrlrefjl=f.a j.lSï
m%:udOdr ,nd oSfïoS m%:udOdrlrefjl= i;=j
;sfnk j.lSï lsysmhls' fuu j.lSï b;d
ir, l%shdud¾. jk w;r tkuqÿ b;d jeo.;a
mshjrhka fõ'
• wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu
• ;lafiarej isÿ lsÍu
• frda. úksYaph lsÍu
• m%:udOdr lsÍu
• mYapd;a ixrlaIKh
• jd¾;d lsÍu
lsishï yÈis wjia:djloS m%:udOdrlrefjl=
uq,skau is;sh hq;af;a ;ukaf.a wdrlaIdj
ms<sn`ojh' tA ;ukaf.a Ôú;h m<uq fldg
wdrlaId fldg .; hq;= ksid fukau ;ukq;a tu
19
wk;=frys f.dÿrla njg m;ajqjfyd;a ;jÿrg;a
wk;=rg m;ajQjkag m%:udOdr lsÍug ;ukag
fkdyels jk neúks' tu ksid úÿ,s ier jeoSï"
fndaïn msmsÍï" ßh wk;=re" úI jdhq wd>%dykh
ùï" .sks" fjä;eîï fyda l,n,ldÍ wjia:djka
jeks ´kEu wjia:djloS m%:udOdrlref.a
m<uq j.lSu jkafka ish wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka
.; hq;= ish,q mshjr jydu .ekSuhs' tfukau
frda.Skaf.a Ôú; wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH
mshjr .ekSuhs' fuysoS wjia:dkql+,j wjg
isák wh oekqj;a lsÍu" w;afïia me<`oSu" wod<
j.lsj hq;= wdh;k fj; oekqïoSu" wdrlaIs;
WmlrK yd l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu jeks oE
wod< fõ' .s,ka r:j,g" fmd,Sishg fyda .sks
ksùfï tAllhg jeks wdh;kj,g oekqï oSfïoS
wod< f;dr;=re meyeÈ,sj yd ksjerÈj ,nd Èh
hq;=h' ;ukaf.a ku" ÿrl:k wxlh" isoaêh" isÿ
ù we;s ia:dkh" frda.Skaf.a iajNdjh" mj;akd
wjodkï ;;a;ajhka ms<sn`oj fuysoS meyeÈ,sj
ikaksfõokh l< hq;=h'
tfukau Tn l< hq;= jkafka wod< isoaêh
l=ulao@ ;jÿrg;a mj;akd wjodkï ;;a;ajhka
fudkjdo@ fldmuK frda.Ska m%udKhla isào" tA
l=uk wdldrfha frda.Skao hkak ms<sn`oj laIKsl
;lafiarejla ,nd .ekSuhs'
frda.Ska wi,g hdu wdrlaIs; kï Tjqka wi,g
<`.d ù frda.S ;;a;ajh l=ulaoehs y`ÿkd .;
hq;=h' tfia y`ÿkd.;a frda.h fyda wk;=r wkqj
m%:udOdr fldg mj;akd ;;a;ajh W;aikak ùu
je<elaùu i`oyd wjYH mshjr .ksñka" frda.Ska
frday,g m%jdykh lsÍu wk;=rej isÿ flf¾'
tfukau tfia m%:udOdr fokq ,enQ frda.Ska
ms<sn`oj ku" ,smskh" frda.S ;;a;ajh" yuq jQ
fõ,dj" isÿ l< m%:udOdr wdoS f;dr;=re we;=<;a
jd¾;djla ;uka i;=j ;nd .ekSu b;du jeo.;a
fõ'
jydu m%:udOdr ,nd osh hq;= wjia:d
mqoa.,fhl=f.a Ôú;h wysñ jQ njg wm fndfyda
fokd ;yjqre lr.kafka wod< mqoa.,hd yqiau
fkd.ekSu" kdä fyj;a reêr ixirKh isÿ
fkdùu wdoS idOl u;hs' kuq;a lsishï yÈis
wjia:djloS lsishï wfhl=f.a iajikh k;rùu
fyda kdä k;rùu ksid Tyq fyda weh ñhf.
dia we;ehs m%:udOdrlrefjl= úiska ;SrKh
fkdlrhs' tA tjka wjia:djloS jqjo frday,g
/f.k tkf;la lD;su iajikh iy lD;su mmq
mSvkh u.ska reêr ixirKh mj;ajd .; yels
neúks'
l=uk fya;=jla ksid jqjo hï wfhl= Ôú;laIhg
m;aùfïoS isysh ke;sùu" iajikh yd yDoh
k;rùu isÿfjhs' tu ksid tjeks wjia:d b;du
blaukska m%:udOdr iemhsh hq;= ;;a;ajhka fõ'
tfukau wêl f,i reêr jykh ùu lïmk
;;a;ajhg m;aùug;a tu.ska isysh ke;s ùu
yd yDoh wl¾uKH ùug;a fya;= fõ' ji úI
YÍr.; ùuo iakdhq moaO;sh wvmK ùug;a
tu.ska isysh ke;sùug;a wjidkfhaoS iajikh
yd yDoh kr;ùug;a iDcqju n,mE yelshs'
tu ksid m%:udOdrlrefjl= b;d blaukska
frda.Skaf.a frda.S ;;a;ajfha we;s Nhdkllu
wkqj m%:udOdr wdrïN l< hq;=h' by;ska úia;r
l< mßÈ tu m%uqL;djh my; mßÈ fõ'
• iajikh weKysàu
• wêl reêr jykh
• isys ke;sùu
• ji úI YÍr.; ùu
tfukau wêl ms<siaiqï ;=jd, iys; frda.Ska
flfryso úfYaI wjOdkhla b;d blaukska ,nd
Èh hq;=h'
tA wkqj fï l=uk wdldrhl fyda frda.sfhl=g
m%:udOdr lsÍug wmg isÿ jqjfyd;a wm úiska
wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd ms<sfj<la mj;S' th
frda.S l<ukdlrK (Casualty Management) l%ufõoh hehs y`ÿkajhs'
frda.S l<ukdlrKh l%ufõoh
lsishï frda.sfhl=g m%:udOdr lsÍug hdfïoS
m%:udOdrlre úiska ;u lghq;a; wdrïNfha isg
wjidkh olajd isÿ l< hq;= l%shdldrlï fuysoS
m%Odk jYfhka mshjr 04 la hgf;a oelaúh
yelsh'
01' uQ,sl úksYaph isÿ lsÍu
02' oaú;Shsl úksYaph fyj;a frda. úksYaph
isÿ lsÍu
03' m%:udOdr ,ndoSu
04' frda.shd ffjoH m%;sldr fj; m%jdykh
lsÍu
m%:udOdrlrefjl= uQ,sl úksYaph isÿ l< hq;=
whqre wms ,nk l,dmfhka idlÉPd lruq'
20
Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch úiska uq,a wjêfha wjodkï
wju lsÍu i|yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh" fi!LH yd
wdh;ksl ixj¾Okh hk wxYhka yS fjka fjka jYfhka
jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul flrekq w;r tu.ska m%cdjka yS mq¿,a
f,i wjÞku wvq lsÍu i|yd wfmaCIs; m%;sM, ,Õd lr
.ekSug fkdyels nj fmkShk ,§' ta wkqj wdmod iyk
fiajd jevigyka l%shd;aul lsrSfïos taldnoaO m%fõYhl
wjYH;djhka y÷kd .;a w;r 2012 os fuu m%cd iún,
.ekaùfï taldnoaO jevigyk ^m%;Hia:s;sl m%cdjla i|yd
taldnoaO jevigyk& wdrïN lrk ,oss' fuu jevigyk
l%shd;aul lsÍfïoS m%Odk jYfhka m%cdj ;=, wdmÞ
l<ukdlrKh" fi!LH ;;ajhka yd Ôjk rgdjka by<
kexùu yd wdh;k ixj¾Okh hk idOl flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq flßks' wdh;k ixj¾Okh hgf;a Y%S ,xld r;=
l=rei iudcfha ìï uÜgfï tall oshqKq lsÍu fukau m%cd
idudðlhkaf.a iy iafõÉPd fiajlhkaf.a yelshdjka iy
Odß;djhka j¾Okh .eko jvd;a ie,ls,su;a úh'
fuu jHdmD;sfha m<uq woshr i|yd fld<U" ud;r"
ukakdru" lE.,a," yd nÿ,a, hk osia;%slal 5 f;dard
.;a w;r tla osia;%slalhlska m%cdjka 5la f;dard .kakd
,os' m<uq woshr id¾:l;ajh u; ;j;a osia;%slal 5 ;=,
fuu jHdmD;sh osh;a lsßug yels ùu Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei
iudch ,o ch.%yKhla úh' ta wkqj fuu jHdmD;sh
.d,a," r;akmqr" ud;f,a" fmdf<dkakrej" yd l=reKE.,
osiA;s%lal i|ydo jHdmA; lsÍug yels úh' óg wu;rj
wod, Èia;%slalfha f;drd.;a meie,a 05la ;=, fuu
jHdmD;sh mdie,a uÜgñka l%shd;aul fõ' oekg meie,a
25 ;=, id¾:l f,i fuu jHdmD;sh ksu lr we;' fuu
jHdmD;sh i|yd wka;¾cd;sl r;= l=rei iudch úiska
uQ,H Þhl;ajh imhkq ,nhs'
m%cdjka f;dard .eksï i|yd wÞ, ks¾kdhlhka f,i
wdmÞjkag f.dÿre ùug we;s by< yelshdj yd fi!LH
wjodku i,lk ,os' oekg Èia;%slal 10l ;=, m%cdjka
50l fuu jHmD;sh l%shd;aul jk w;r bka Èia;%slal
05lska f;dard .;a m%cdjka 25l fïjk úg jHdmD;s wjika
lr we;'
fuu m%cd iún, .ekaùfï taldnoaO jevigyfka wfmaCIs;
m%:sm, jkqfha"
1' Y%s ,xld r;= l=rei iudcfha Odß;dj by, kexùu
;=,ska m%cduQ, m%fúYhka yryd iajdNdúl yd ñksid
úiska ks¾ñ; wmod" wdydr iq/laIs; ;djh fkdue;s
nj" msßfyk iajia:;djh" m%udKj;a fkdjk c,
yd ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï yd jika.; frda. jeks
wjodkï j,g f.dÿreùfï yelshdj we;s m%cdjka Bg
tfrysj myiqfjka h:d;;ajhg m;ajkkd jq iqrlaIs;
jq;a m%cdjla njg Wiia ùu'
2' iudc wd¾:sl fyda fi!LHuh fjkia ùï j,g yd
iajdNdúl mßirfha fyda ks¾ñ; mßirfha we;s jk
fjkiaùï j,g uqyqK Èh yels jqjo" Bg Tfrd;a;=
foñka" tys m%;s úmdl iSud lr .ksñka" kej; m%lD;s
;;ajhg m;aúh yels m%cdjla f.dv kexùuhs' tfia
m%cd iún, .ekaùfïtaldnoaO jevigyk
f.dv k.d .; yels m%cd kdhl;ajhla we;s lsÍu
;=,ska jHdmD;sfha ;sridr Ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu yd Y%s
,xld r;= l=rei iudcfha fiajdkays .=Kdkd;aul nj
by, hk mßÈ kdhl;ajh yd wdh;ksl Yla;s;djh
f.dvkexùu'
jHdmD;sfha woshrhka foflysoS u m%;s,dNskA f,i mjq,a
23"048o" mqoa.,hska 115"240o" mdi,a <uqka 28"524 yd
úúO l=i,;d j,ska msrs iafõÉPd fiajlhska 500fj;
fhduqùug yels úh'
fuu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfïÈ wdmod l<ukdlrK
wud;HxYh" mßir yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s wud;HxYh"
fi!LH wud;HxYh yd wOHdmk wud;HxYh iuÕ lghq;=
lrk w;r fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha iy lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks<OdÍkaf.a iyh fï i|yd ,nd.;
yels úh'
fuu jHdmD;sh mshjr lsysmhla hgf;a l%shd;aul lrkq
,nhs' m<uq mshjr f,i f;dard.;a Èia;s%lalhkays Y%S
,xld r;= l=rei iudc YdLd ld¾hd,h iy wod, md¾Yj
lrejka i|yd uQ,sl y÷kajd §fï jevigyklao" fojkqj
wmodj,g f.dÿre ùug jvd;a bv we;s m%cdjka 05 la iy
mdie,a 05 la fokq ,nk ks¾Kdhlhka wkqj wÞ, Èia;%sla
YdLd uÕska f;dard .kq ,efí' 3 jk mshjr f,i f;dard.;a
m%cdjka i|yd m%cd iÔù lrk jevigyka l%shd;aul lrkq
,nhs' uQ,sl o;a; iñlaIKh iy f.dÿre ùug we;s bv
lv yd Odß;d ;lafiarej ;=,ska m%foaYfha we;s wjodkï
iy iïm;a m%cd iyNd.s;ajfhka y÷kd.kq ,eîu y;rjk
mshjf¾ §o" miajk mshjf¾È wjodkï ;;ajhka wju lsßu
ioyd m%cd ie,iqï ilia lsssssssÍuo lrkq ,nhs' ie,iqï ilia
lsÍfï§ my; i|yka wxYhka flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh
fhduq lrkq ,nhs'
• wdmÞ wju lsÍu ^f.dÿre ùug we;s bvlv yd
Odß;d ;lafire jd¾:d mokï lr .ksñka wÞ,
m%cdj ;=, isÿ l< yels wdmÞ wju lsÍfï m%cd
jHdmD;s y÷kd .ekSu'&
• m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka
• Odß;d j¾Ok jevigyka we;=,;a fõ'
f.dÿre ùug we;s bvlv yd Odß;d ;lafire l%shdj,sfha
fidhd .ekSï wkqj wÞ< m%cdj ;=, tla wdmÞ wju lsßfï
jHdmD;shla ls%hd;aul lrkq ,eîh' ta wkqj f;drd.;a
m%cdjka 50la ;=, jHdmD;s 75la ksu lsßug ie,iqï lr
we;s w;r fï jk úg 50lg wêl jHdmD;s ixLHdjla
ksulr th m%cd whs;shg mjrd oS we;' fuysÈ i|yka l,
hq;= jeo.;a lreK jkqfha fï i|yd ,nd fokq ,enq m%cd
iyNd.s;ajhhs' wjYH uQ,sl uq,H" øjHuh yd ;dlaIKsl
iyh Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei iudch uÕska ,ndfok w;r Y%u
odhl;ajh yd we;eï jHdmD;s i|yd ysÕ uq,H iïm;a
m%cdj uÕska imhd oSu ;=,ska" fuu jHdmD;sh Tjqkaf.a
jHdmD;shla jYfhka ie,lsug m%cdj W;aiql= ù we;'
fuu ;;ajh jHdmD;sfha bÈß kv;a;= lsÍfï lghq;= ioyd
21
fukau ;Sridr meje;augo fndfyda bjy,a fõ'
f;dard.;a wdmÞ wju lsÍfï jHdmD;s úúO ldKav j,g
wh;a jk w;r tajd my; i|yka j.=fõ mßÈ fõ' tys wÞ,
ldKavfha jHdmD;s .Kk yd tys uq¿ m%;s,dNska .Kk
olajd we;'
l%shd;aul wxYjHdmD;s ixLHdj
m%;s,dNska ixLHdj
01 m%cd c, myiqlï iemhSu ^kj <sx bos
lsÍu" c, mú;%SlrKh yd c,h fnÞ
yeÍfï ^c, gexls& ia:dk bos lsÍu
17 26470
02 ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï ,nd§u yd
jeisls,s bos lsÍu
13 9145
03 m%cd Yd,d bÈ lsßu ^fuu Yd,d
wdrCIl uOHia:dk yd m%d:ñl fi!LH
uOHia:dk f,io Ndú;d lrhs'&
14 21830
04 wdrCIs; bj;a lsÍfï ud¾. ieliSu 07 7440
05 .x bjqre ieliSu yd c, mjdyk ud¾.
bÈ lsÍu'
05 7625
06 Ôjfkdamdh ud¾. jeä oshqKq lsÍu
i|yd iyh oelaùu ^;dlaIKsl iyh
iy WmlrK ,nd oSu&
02 635
07 wdmod fmr iqodkï i|yd wjYH
WmlrK ,nd§u
13 12500
óg wu;rj fmdaIK ;;ajhka by, kexùu i|yd fmdaIK
wOHdmk jev igykao f.j;= j.d jevigyka ;=,ska
ukaofmdaIKh wju lsÍu i|yd odhl;ajhlao" tfiau
iajia:s;sl;djh by, kexùu i|yd wjYH oekqj;aùfï
jevigykao fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a l%shd;aul fõ'
fvx.=" fnda fkdjk frda." u;aøjHh yd ÿïfld, Ndú;h"
jix.; frda. md,kh" ,sx.slj iïfma%Ikh jk frda. yd
taâia jeks frda. iïnkaOj m%cdj ;=, we;s oekqu by,
kexùfñ wruqKska fuu lreKq wdjrKh jk mßoafoka
úúO wOHdmk oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyk m%cdj ;=,
ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nhs' fuys § wod, Èia;%slalfha frday,a"
ffjoHjreka yd fi!LH ks<Odßka iyfhda.h Wmßu
wkaoñka ,nd .eksug Y%S ,xld r;= l=rei ix.uhg yels
ù we;' ;jo foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihka iy tys n,mEu
iïnkaOfhka m%cdj oejqj;a lsÍfï jevigykao ls%hd;aul
flreKs'
m%cd iudðlhkaf.a l=i,;djhka" yelshdjka yd
Odß;djhka ÈhqKq lsÍfï" kdhl;aj" hymd,kh yd
l<ukdlrK mqyqKq yd m%:udOdr mqyqKq jevigyka
fukau wdmÞjloS lghq;= l,hq;= wdldrh .eko m%dfhda.sl
oekqula ,nd fuu jHdmD;sfhka m%cdj fj; fokq ,efí'
wdmÞjloS fiùï yd uqojd .eksï" l|jqre l<ukdlrKh"
fmr oekqï oSfï iy fmryqre jevigyka tu l%shdldrï
w;ßka lsysmhla fõ'
wod, m%cd iudðlhkaf.a Ôjk uÜgu by, kexùfï
wruqKska Tjqkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh ud¾. jeä ÈhKq lr
.eksug wjYH ;dlaIKsl mqyqKqj yd we;eï úg WmlrK
lÜg,o fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a imhd fokq ,efí'
m%cd jevigyka j,g iu.dój tla tla Èia;%slalfhka
f;dard.;a mdie,a 05la ;=, mdie,a wmod wdrCIK
jevigyka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk w;r fuu jevigyka
wOHdmk wud;HxYfha mQ¾K wkque;sh we;sj taldnoaOj
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
wod, Èia;%slalfha l,dm wOHdmk ks<Odßka" f;dard.;a
mdie,a j, úÿy,am;sjreka i|yd fuu jHdmD;sh y÷kajd
§fï jevigykska wk;=rej wÞ, mdie,a ;=, fuu y÷kajd
§fï jevigyka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' f;jkqj f;dard.;a
mdie,a j,ska .=rejre fofofkl= i|yd §¾> jYfhka fuu
jevigyk y÷kajd§u i|yd foÈkl jevuq¿jla mj;ajkq
,efí' fï i|yd wOHdmk wud;HxYfha ks<OdÍkao
iïnkaO lr.kq ,nhs'
fï hgf;a .=rejr .=rejßhka 98 fofkl= i|yd jevuq¿
4la mj;aajd we;' wk;=rej mdie,a ;=, f.dÿre ùug we;s
bvlv yd Odß;d ;lafiarejla isÿ lr jd¾:djla yd
ie,iqï ilia lrkq ,efí' fï jk úg f;dard.;a mdie,a
50ka 40lg wêl ixLHdjla tu jd¾:d yd ie,iqï ilia
lr we;s w;r wfkla tajd ksu fjñka mj;S'
óg wu;rj mdie, ;=, wdmod wdrCIK lKavdhï
^m%:udOdr" wk;=re weÕùfï lKavdhï yd bj;a lsrSfï
lKavdhï& msysgqjd we;s w;r yÈis wdmodjl§ ta i|yd
uqyqK oshhq;= wdldrh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd §u i|yd
mdie,a ;=< fmryqre .Kkdjla mj;a jd we;'
Bg wu;rj mdie,a ;=, m%:udOdr tall" ud¾. wdrCIdj
ms<sn| tallhkao msysgqjd we;' by< fY%aKs j, isiqka
i|yd ÿïjeá yd u;ameka ksjdrKh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍfï
jevigyka iy ,sx.dYs%; fndajk frda. ms<sn| oekqj;a
lsÍfï jevigyka o mj;a jkq ,efí' tfukau mdie,a
orejka i|yd wdmod wju lsÍu ud;Dldj lr .ksñka úúO
;rÕo fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a mj;ajkq ,nhs'
fuys§ úfYaIfhka i|yka l,hq;= jkafka mdie, ;=,
we;s y÷kd.;a wdmod wju lsÍu i|yd l=vd mßudKfha
jHdmD;s i|yd uQ,H iyfhda.hla fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a
m%Odkh lsÍug yelsùuhs' fuys§ m%Odk jYfhka mdie,
;=, m%:udOdr tall msysgqjd wod, WmlrK ,nd §ug
lghq;= lr we;'
mdie,a ;=, wdmod wju lsßu Wfoid l%shd;aul lr we;s
jHmD;s my; j.=fjka olajd we;' tys jHdmD;s .Kk yd
tys uq¨ m%;s,dNS YsIH ixLHdj olajd we;'
l%shd;aul wxYjHdmD;s ixLHdj
m%;s,dNska ixLHdj
01 m%:udOdr tall msysgqùu 23 26470
02 wdrCIl neñ iy jegj,a ieliSu 04 9145
03 wkdrlaIs; f.dvke.s,s yd úÿ,s /yeka
moaO;s w¨;a jeähd lsÍu
05 21830
04 wmøjH l<ukdlrK m%j¾Okh lsÍu 03 7440
05 ikSmdrCIl l%u jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 02 7625
06 c, m%jdyk l%u jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 01 635
07 c, iïmdokh 01 12500
fuhg wu;rj YS% ,xld r;= l=rei iudch úiska §mjHdma;j
mdie,a ;=, mj;ajk ,enQ mßir ixrCIK jevigyka iy
cd;sl me< isgqùfï jevigyka i|yd úYd, odhl;ajhla
fuu jHdmD;sh ;=,ska ,nd § we;'
fuu jHdmD;sfha wfmaCIs; m%;sM, jq" iajdNdúl yd ñksid
úiska we;s lrkq ,enq wdmodjka j,§" Bg Tfrd;a;= foñka
m%;súmdl iSudlr .ksñka" kej; m%lD;s ;;a;ajhg m;aúh
yels m%cdjka f.dvkexùug ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfuka
odhl;ajhla fï jk úg ,nd §ug wmg yels jq nj
i;=áka m%ldY lruq' fuu jHdmD;sh ;jÿrg;a fjk;a
m%cdjka i|yd o jHdma; lrñka tu m%cdjka m%;Hia:;sl
m%cdjka njg m;a lssÍu wmf.a wruqKhs'
22
uE; jirj, wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSfï
wruqKska Ökhg tk Y%S ,dxlsl
YsIHhkaf.a ixLHdj l%ufhka jeä fjkjd'
;dlaIKh" ffjoH úoHdj" nqÿ oyu iy Ök
NdIdj wdosh ,dxlslhka Ök úYaj úoHd,j,oS
jvd jeäfhka wOHhkh lrk úIhka'
oeka Ökfha fndfyda m%foaYj, úYaj úoHd,j, Y%S
,dxlsl YsIH YsIHdjka olakg ,efnkjd' yenehs
oeka i|yka lrkak iQodkï jk fï úYaj úoHd,h
iqúfYaIS tlla' fuh ,dxlslhkaf.a wjOdkhg
;ju;a ,la ù keye' ta WKdg Ökfha wfkl=;a
úYaj úoHd,j,g idfmalaIj" fï úYaj úoHd,h
Y%S ,xldj iu`. jvd ióm in`o;djla mj;sk
tlla' fudl o" fuys isxy, wxYhla ;sfnkjd' ta
ú;rla fkfuhs" fï úYaj úoHd,h oekg isxy,
NdIdj b.ekaùfï tlu Ök úYaj úoHd,h' fï
;uhs fnhsðx k.rfha msysá fnhsðx úfoia NdId
úYaj úoHd,h'
wfma Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha isxy,
fiajfha jev lrk Ök cd;slhkaf.ka nyq;rh
fï fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha isxy,
wxYfha WmdêOdÍka' WodyrK jYfhka i`oyka
lf<d;a isxy, fiajfha ysgmq wOHlaI jx ish´
;=x uy;d" oekg wOHlaIljßh f,i lghq;=
lrk fIx ,S uy;añh jf.au Id´ Ô hx" ,shq yqhs
jeks wh ta úYaj úoHd,fha wdos YsIHhka' ta ksid"
fï fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha isxy,
wxYh ke;skï" j;auka Ökfha isxy, úldYh
mj;skafka keye lsh,d lsõfjd;a widOdrK
keye'
isxy, fiajfha" Id´ Ô hx i`oyka lrkjd fnhsðx
úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,hg b;d m%lg lS¾;s
kduhla ysñ jk nj' ta úYaj úoHd,h Ökfha
úfoaY lghq;= ms<sn`o ks,Odßkaf.a f;dá,a,la
f,iska ye|skaúh yels lshk tl' fudl o Ökfha
;sfnk jvd;a u jeä úfoia NdIdjka ixLHdjla
b.ekaùfï úYaj úoHd,h jk fnhsðx úfoia
NdId úYaj úoHd,fha WmdêOdÍka w;r" Ökfha tA
tA wud;HxYj, weu;sjreka iy Wm weu;sjreka
ishhlg wdikak msßila isákjd'
úfoaY lghq;= lafIa;%fha m%ùKhskag wu;rj"
rfÜ fjk;a lafIa;% /il úYsIaGhka rdYshl=;a
fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha wdos
YsIHhka' ta w;r" fkdfn,a idys;H ;Hd.h ,enQ
mqoa.,fhla o isákjd' ;j o" Ökfha m%Odku
mqj;a tackaish jk Iskayqjd mqj;a tackaisfha
m%Odk fodrgqj
fnhsðx úfoia NdIdúYaj úoHd,h
23
jd¾;dlrejka" ixialdrljreka fndfyduhla
fukau" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfhys Ök
rchg fiajh lrk mßj¾;lhka jeks mqoa.,hka
rdYshl=;a fï úYaj úoHd,fha wOHdmkh ,;a wh'
oekg fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha úfoia
NdId 54la W.kakkq ,nkjd' jir 2020 jk
úg" tys ixLHdj 90la olajd j¾Okh lsÍug
úYaj úoHd,fha wOHlaI uKav<h ie,iqï lr
;sfnkjd'
flfia kuq;a" jir 1941oS msysgqjkq ,nk
fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,h yqfola úfoia
NdId mqyqKq lrk úYaj úoHd,hla muKla u
fkfuhs' úfoia NdId mSGhg wu;rj" jHdmdßl
l<ukdlrK mSGh" kS;s mSGh" mqj;a mSGh iy
úfoaYSh YsIHhkag Ök NdIdj b.ekaùu wruqKq
lr .kakd Ök NdId mSGh jeks mSG 14la o tys
ia:dms; lr ;sfnkjd'
oeka" fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha isxy,
wxYh ms<sn`o wmQre f;dr;=re rdYshla Tng ;s<sK
lrkakï' úYaj úoHd,fha ;sfnk úfoia NdId wxY
54la w;r tlla jk isxy, wxYh msysgqjkq ,enqfõ
jir 1961oS' tys Wm; Ökfha ysgmq w.%dud;H fp!
tka ,dhs uy;d iu. ióm j iïnkaOhs' fudl
o" jir 1959oS fp! tka ,dhs w.ue;s;=udf.a
Wmfoia wkqj" isxy, wxYfha wdrïNlhd f,i
ie<flk fpka hQ fpdx uy;d isxy, NdIdj
wOHhkh lrkak Y%S ,xldjg .shd' jir 1961oS
fpka hQ fpdx uy;df.a iyNd.s;ajfhka isxy,
NdIdj b.ekaùfï wxYhla fnhsðx úfoia NdId
úYaj úoHd,fha ia:dms; flreKd'
wvishjilg jeä ld,hla ;=<oS" isxy, wxYh
WmdêOdÍka fndfyda msßila fmdaIK lr ;sfnkjd'
Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fofkla Ökfha úfoaY lghq;="
wOHdmk iy fjf<`o .kqfokq ms<sn`o wdh;k
fukau" wfma Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh jeks
udOH iy Y%S ,xldfõ wdfhdack lghq;=j, ksr;
jk Ök iud.ï jeks wdh;k /il fiajd lrk
mqoa.,hka' Tjqka w;r" Ökfha isxy, wOHdmkfha
wdrïNlhd jk fpka hQ fpdx uy;d o isákjd'
;j o" Y%S ,dxlslhka fndfyda fofkla fyd`oska
y`÷kk inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,fha wdpd¾h yd´
fjhs fuka uy;d iy Y%S ,xldfõ ysgmq Ök
;dkdm;s cHdx Ñka peka uy;d o isxy, wxYfha
wdos YsIHhka' tfuka u" wfma Ök cd;Hka;r
.=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, fiajfha jx ish´ ;=x uy;d
iy fIx ,S uy;añh o fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj
úoHd,fha WmdêOdÍka' ta wh Ökh iy Y%S ,xldj
w;r ñ;%;ajh iy ixialD;sl yqjudre fjkqfjka
lemS fmfkk odhl;ajhla ,nd fokjd'
uE; b;sydifha" Ökh iy Y%S ,xldj w;r
ñ;=ou ;j ;j;a ;yjqre ù ;sfnkjd' tjeks
miqìula hgf;a" Y%S ,xldj ms<sn`oj jvd mßmQ¾K
wjfndaOhla ,eîu i`oyd jir 2011 wf.dia;=
ui Y%S ,xld m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkh fnhsðx
úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fhys ia:dms; flreKd'
tys iudrïNl W;aijh Ökfha ixpdrhlg
meñKs uyskao rdcmlaI ckdêm;s;=udf.a
iyNd.s;ajfhka meje;ajqKd' ta uOHia:dkh
Ökfha ;sfnk Y%S ,xldj ms<sn`oj m¾fhaIK
lrk m<uq wdh;kh f,i ie<flkjd' ta
uOHia:dkfha m¾fhaIK lghq;=j,g odhl
fjkak jf.au tys isxy, wxYfha b.ekaùfï
lghq;= i`oyd tla fjkakehs fnhsðx úfoia
NdId úYaj úoHd,h Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.ka oeä
f,i n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd'
Ökh iy Y%S ,xldj w;r in`o;d ióm
ùu;a iu.u" forg w;r úúO lafIa;%j,
iyfhda.s;d i`oyd rgj,a fofla u NdIdj
yd ixialD;sh .ek wjfndaOhla ;sfnk
mqoa.,hka w;HjYHhs' ta ksid" oeka isxy,
NdIdj wOHhkh lrk Ök YsIHhka jeä
jk w;r;=r" Ök ni flfrys reÑh olajk
,dxlslhkq;a jeä fjñka mj;skjd'
ta fya;=fjka Ökfha ;sfnk úfoaYslhkag
úYaj úoHd,fha o¾Ykhla
24
Ök NdIdj yd Ök ixialD;sh b.ekaùfï m<uq
úYaj úoHd,h jYfhka" fnhsðx úfoia NdId
úYaj úoHd,h fndfyda ,dxlsl YsIHhkaf.a losu
f;aÍula fjkak mq`tjka' miq.sh ishjfia 50
oYlfha isg u úfoaYslhkag Ök ni b.ekajQ
ksid" fnhsðx úfoia NdI úYaj úoHd,hg b;d
yrj;a w;aoelSï /ila ;sfhkjd' oeka tys Ök
NdId mSGfha ld¾h uKav,h ;=< wdpd¾hjreka
10fofkla" Wm wdpd¾hjreka 38fofkla we;=`t
.=rejreka 60lg jeä msßila isákjd'
jir 2011 jk úg" wefußldj" hqfrdamd rgj,a"
cmdkh yd ol=Kq fldßhdj jeks rgj, YsIHhka
oiodylg wdikak msßila fnhsðx úfoia NdId
úYaj úoHd,fha wOHdmkh ,nd ;sfnkjd' tu
jir ;=<oS" tys bf.kSï lghq;=j, kshef<k
úfoaY YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a ixLHdj 3500lg jvd
jeä jqKd' Tjqkag tysoS Wmdêh iy mYapd;a
Wmdêh ms<sn`o wOHdmkh fukau fláld,Sk
mqyqKq jeks wOHdmk o ,nd .kak mq`tjka'
losu b.ekaùï lghq;= fukau" fnhsðx úfoia
NdId úYaj úoHd,fha há;, myiqlï o hym;a
uÜgul mj;skjd' tys Ökfha ,iaiKu
mqia;ld,hla ;sfnkjd' ;j o" úfoia NdId
fmd;am;a iy Y%jH oDYH ksIamdok m%ldYkh
lrk Ökfha úYd,;u m%ldYk tallh tys
;sfnkjd' tysoS úfoia NdIdjg mßj¾;kh jQ
Ökh ms<sn`o fmd;am;a rdYshla ;sfnkjd' Bg
wu;rj" l%Svd msá iy úúO l%Svd biõ i`oyd jk
l%Svdx.k fndfyduhla o ta úYaj úoHd,fhys
ia:dms; lr ;sfnkjd' ta ú;rla fkfuhs" úfoaYSh
YsIH YsIHdjka i`oyd jk mßmQ¾K myiqlïj,ska
hq;a fkajdisld.drhla o tys bos lr ;sfnkjd'
we;a; jYfhkau" Ökfha iS>% jraOkh;a iu`.
Ökfha úYaj úoHd,j, há;, myiqlï o uE;
b;sydih ;=<oS iS>%fhka oshqKq ù ;sfnkjd'
fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj úoHd,fha wdos
YsIHdjla fukau Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha
isxy, fiajfha fiaúldjla jk ,shq yqhs ;u úYaj
úoHd,fha myiqlï lafIa;%fha oshqKqj ms<sn`oj
fufia lSjd' —jir 2000§ uu fnhsðx úfoia
NdId úYaj úoHd,hg we;=`M jqKd' ta ld,hg jvd
oeka úYaj úoHd,h fyd`og fjkia fj,d" oshqKq
fj,d' tys myiqlï iïmQ¾Kfhka oshqKq fj,d'
uu t;ekg hk yeu wjia:djloS u i;=gla iy
uú;hla ug oefkkjd' fudl o ta yeu úg u
wkfmalaIs; iqkaor;ajh" w¨;a f.dvke.s,s ug
olskak ,enqKd' we;a; jYfhka u wo ojfia
YsIHhka b;du;a jdikdj;a;hs'˜
tfykï" Tn;a tkak fnhsðx úfoia NdId úYaj
úoHd,fha wOHdmkhg tla jkak' ta i`oyd tys
wOHlaI uKav,h ú;rla fkfuhs" wms;a Tng
wjxl is;ska wdrdOkd lrkjd' Bg Tn leue;a;la
olajkafka kï úYaj úoHd,fha úia;rd;aul
f;dr;=re n,kak my; oelafjk fjí wvúhg
msúfikak mq¿jka' www.bfsu.edu.cn
mqia;ld,h
25
Ök T,sïmsla isyskfha
mqfrda.dñhd2008 jif¾ wf.daia;= udifha 8 fjksod isg wf.daia;=
29 od olajd ld,h Ök b;shdifha rka wl=ßka ,shejqk
ld, mßÉfþohla njg m;a úh' —tlu f,dj tlu
isyskh˜ hkak f;aud lr.;a 29 fjks T,sïmsla l%Svd
Wf<, Ökfha fnhsðx k.rfha meje;a ùu thg
fya;=jls' tys§ rka molalï 51la" ߧ molalï 21la
iy f,dalv molalï 28la f,iska ch.%dyS molalï
100la Èkd.;a Ökh l%Svd f,dalfha m%:u ia:dkhg
m;aúh' ms<sfj<ska wefußldj" reishdj iy ì%;dkHh
Ökhg msgqmiska fojk" ;=kjk iy isõjk ia:dk
ysñ lrf.k ;sìK' th §¾> ld,hla Ök cd;slhska
ÿgq T,sïmsla isyskh h:d¾;hla njg m;ajQ iaj¾Kuh
wjia:djla f,i b;sydihg tla úh'
fï T,sïmsla isyskfha uq,au ysñlrejd jQfha —,shq pka
pqka˜' Tyq T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<,la ksfhdackh l< uq,au
Ök cd;sl l%Svlhd h'
1909 § Bidk È. Ökfha ,sfhdaksx m<df;a od,sheka
k.rfha § Wm; ,enQ ,shq pka pqka nd, úfha isgu
l%Svdjg Wkkaÿjla oelajQ flfkls' 1932 § úYaj
úoHd,fhka l%Svd úIh ms<sn|j Wmdêhla ,nd.;a Tyq
ta jk úg;a b;d olaI flá ÿr Odjlfhla f,iska
m%isoaO ù isáfha h' tu ld,fha Ökh mej;=fKa b;d
whym;a ;;ajhl h' úúO wêrdcHjd§ rgj,a Ökfha
úúO m<d;a w,a,f.k isáhy' Ök ck;dj Ôj;a jQfha
b;d wiSrefjks' fï w;r 1932 wefußlfõ mej;s
10 fjks T,sïmsla Wf<,g l%Svlhska bÈßm;a lsÍug
Ökhg m%:u jrg wjia:dj ysñ úh' Ökh ta i|yd
f;dard .kq ,enqfõ tla l%Svlfhl= muKs' Tyq ,shq pka
pqka kï l%Svlhdhs'
yuqod fckrd,a jrhdf.a wdOdrh we;sj Ökfha T,sïmsla
Wf<,la ksfhdackh l< m%:u l%Svlhd f,iska ,shq pka
pqka ish mqyqKqlre iu`. wefußldj n,d fk!ldjlska
.uka weröh' th b;d ÿIalr .ukls' Èk 21 lg miq
Tjqyq f,dia wekac,Sia k.rhg meñKshy' tys isá Ök
cd;slfhda fï fofokd b;d idorfhka ms<s.;ay'
,shq pka pqka
26
Èk 21l È.= keõ .uk fya;=fjka ,shq pka pqka
f.a fi!LH ;;ajh ;rula whym;a w;g yeÍ
;sìK' ta neúka" Tyqg óg¾ 400 ;r. biõjg
iyNd.s ùug wjia:djla fkd,eìK' Tyq óg¾
100 iy 200 ;r. j,g iyNd.s jqj;a id¾:l
m%:sM,hla ,nd .ekSu wiSre úh' tfy;a l%Svd
Wf<, wjika ù Tyq kej; Ökhg meñKs
wjia:dfõ§ Ök ck;dj Tyq ms<s.kq ,enqfõ uy;a
yrißKs' tu ld,fha Ök ck;djg T,sïmsla
l%Svd Wf<,g iyNd.s ùug wjia:djla ,eîu
muKla u ch.%yKh ;rïu jeo.;a lreKls'
thska jir 4lg miqj ,shq pka pqka g c¾uksfha
mej;s T,sïmsla Wf<,g h<s;a jrla Ökh
ksfhdackh lsÍfï jru ysñ úh' Èk 20lg jvd
jeä fk!ld .uk ksid we;s jQ whym;a fi!LH
;;ajh tjr o Tyqf.a ch.%yKhg yria úh'
fojrlau isÿjQ ta wjdikdjka; wid¾:l isÿùu
,shq pka pqka f.a Ôú;fha iodld,sl fõokdjla
njg m;a ù ;sìK'
l%Svdj ms<sn|j fndfyda oekqï iïNdrhla ysñ
lr.;a Tyq Ökfha úYaj úoHd, lSmhlu l%Svd
.=rejrfhla f,iska lghq;= l< w;r Tyq l%Svdj
ms<sn|j fmd;a lSmhlao ,shd m< lr ;sfí'
T,sïmsla Wf<,la ksfhdackh l< m%:u Ök
cd;sl l%Svlhd f,iska b;sydihg tlajQ ,sh pka
pqka ye;a;E y;r jk úfha§ 1983 § Ôú;fhka
iuq.;af;a h'
tod fldaá 40l Ök ck;dj w;ßka T,sïmsla
Wf<,g iyNd.s jQ tlu mqoa.,hd njg m;ajQ Tyq
Ök cd;slhskaf.a wd;au .re;ajfha nr ;u lrg
.ksñka Ök T,sïmsla Ñka;kfha m%:uhd njg
m;a úh' Ök l%Svlhska T,sïmsla rka molalula
Èkd .ekSfï Èkh iy Ökfha T,sïmsla Wf<,la
meje;afjk Èkh Tyqf.a Ôú;fha jeo.;au
isysk njg m;aj ;sìK' bka m<uq isyskh ienE
jQfha Tyqf.a urKfhka jirlg miqjhs' ta 1984
wefußldfõ mej;s T,sïmsla Wf<f,a § Ökh rka
molalï /ila ysñ lr .ekSuhs' wfkla isyskh
w;s id¾:lj ienE jQfha jir 2008 fnhsðx
T,sïmsla ch.%yKfhks' flfia jqj o ,shq pka
pqka m%uqL Ök cd;slhska ÿgq wiSre T,sïmsla
isyskhka ienE ùu miqmi we;af;a lemùu iy
wm%;sy; ffO¾hh ms<sn| l;dkaorhls'
,shq pka pqka uef,aishdkq l%Svlhl= iu`.
27
28
29
Ökh tlai;a nyqcd;sl rgls' tod fuod ;=r
áfngh Ökfha mßmd,k tallhla jYfhka
Ökfhka fjka l< fkdyels fldgils' tu
m%foaYh áfnÜ iajdh;a;h jYfhka ye¢kafjhs'
l%sia;= mQ¾j ld,fha áfnÜ cd;slhkaf.a uq;=ka
ñ;a;ka iy Ökfha úiQ m%Odk cd;sh jk yka
cd;slhka w;r ióm in|;djla mej;=Ks'
l%s'j' 7jk ishjfia uq,§ gdx rdc fm<m; wdrïN
úh' ta jk úg Ökfha md,k n,h fn§ fjka ù
;sìK' bka miq gdx rdc fm<m; l%ufhka n,j;a
ù rg tlafiai;a lr gdx rdcOdksh msysgqjQfõ
h' ta iu`.u áfngfha fidkaidka .dïfnda tys
f.da;% lsysmhla tlai;a lr ;+fnda rdcOdksh
msysgqjQfõ h'
fomd¾Yajfha rdclSh mjq,a w;r újdy in|;d
we;s ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka gdx rc iufha
áfnÜ ckhd iy Ökfha úiQ yka ckhd w;r
in|;d wÆ;a fjkak mgka .;af;a h' fï ksid
Yla;su;a wd¾Ól ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k
tl`.;d f.dv ke`.=Ks' gdx rdcOdksfha fjkafpx
l=udßh áfngfha rcq fidkaidka .dïfnda yd
újdy úh' fï jk úg;a fjkafpx l=ußhf.a
ms<suh áfnÜ iajdh;a;fha fmdgd,d ud<s.fha
mQckSh;ajfhka .re ie<ls,s ,nhs'
tfukau gdx iy ;+fnda in|;dj Tjqka
ksfhdackh l< N+ñ m%foaY yd ck;dj tlg tl;=
lsÍfï .súiqulg fhduq úh' ta wkqj bÈ flreKq
isysjgkhla áfngfha fcdalka wdrdufha wo;a
olakg ,efí'
13jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha§ áfngh Ökfha
hqjdka rdc jxYh iu`. ks< jYfhka taldnoaO
úh' Ökfha rdc jxY .Kkdjla bka miq n,hg
m;a j ;snqK;a áfngh wLKavj mej;=fKa Ök
uOHu rcfha wKil hgf;a h' jir 1279§
iuia; Ökh tlai;a fldg hqjdka rdc jxYh
msysgqjkq ,enqfõ fudkaf.da,shdkq yuqodj úisks'
ta iu`.u áfngh hqjdka rdc jxYh hgf;a
Rcqju md,kh jk mßmd,k m%foaYhla njg
m;a úh'
áfnÜ b;sydih
30
áfnÜ m%foaYfha jeo.;a hqOuh yd foaYmd,k
lghq;= fjkqfjka hqjdka wêrdchd fjku
fomd¾;fïka;=jla msysgqùug l%shd lf<a h'
áfngh ;=< mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd jdkayQ*Q
iy ÑhekayQ*Q kñka ld¾hd, .Kkdjla wdrïN
flßK' tfukau tys hqjdka yuqod fiakdxl
lSmhla o ia:dms; lrkq ,eìK' tl, áfngfha
ck yd foam< ix.Kk /ilau jßka jr isÿ
flrefKa hqjdka uOHu wdKavqfjks'
jir 1368§ Ökfha hqjdka rdc fm<m; wjika
úh' ta fjkqjg ñx rdc fm<m; n,hg m;a úh'
áfngfha md,kh o ñx rdc fm<m;g Wreu úh'
ta ld,fha ñx rdc jxYfha wêrdchd áfngfha
úúO m%foaYj, wd.ñl kdhlhkag l=udr"
O¾u l=udr" cd;sl ;ka;% .=re hk f.!¾j kdu
msßkeuqfõ h'
áfnÜ nqÿ oyfï f.aÆ.a ksldfha m%Odk
Wreulaldrhka jYfhka mqkre;am;a;sh ,o
m%Odkshka fofokl= f,i ie<flkafka nkapka
,dud iy od,hs ,dud h' f.aÆ.a ksldh j¾Okh
jQfha ñx rdc iufha h' ta ld,fha tla wdrduhl
kdhlhd jQ 3jk od,hs ,dudg ñx rdcH jxYh
úfYaI ie<ls,a,la oelaúh' jir 1587§ jÊrdOr
od,hs ,dud hk f.!rj kduh t;=udg msßkukq
,eìK'
ñx rdc jxYh wjika ùfuka miq Ñx rdc jxYh
werôK' fuu rdc jxY iufha§ miajk od,hs
,dud iy miajk nkapka t¾foaks fj; f.!rj
kdu msßkuñka áfngh md,kh lsÍfï n,;,
mjrd fokq ,eìK'
jir 1793§ Ñx rdc jxYh áfngfha md,kh
ms<sn| j.ka;s 29lska hq;a kj jHjia:djla
y÷kajd ÿkafka h' ,dudjreka m;a lsÍu" yuqod
mßmd,kh iy mäkä f.ùu" úfoaY rdcHhka
iu`. in|;d yd ish¨ .kqfokq" Ök uOHu rch
úiska isÿ l< hq;= nj tu jHjia:dfõ j.ka;sj,
wka;¾.; úh'
Ndú; uqo,a i|yd ldishla ieliqug;a tys
fomd¾Yajfha igyka Ök yd áfnÜ NdId
foflkau ;eîug;a kshu lsÍu" ;j;a
j.ka;shls' tfukau ,dudjrekag ,efnk
mß;Hd. iy flduidßiajreka úiska mßlaId
fldg ,ehsia;= .; fldg uOHu rcfha wkque;sh
fj; heúh hq;=h' uOHu
rcfha wdêm;Hh áfngfha
mßmd,kh u; ;yjqre jk
nj j.ka;s úiskjfhka
fmkakqï flßK'
Ñx rdc jxYh fmr<d
oud jir 1911§ rg
wNHka;rfhka mek ke`.+
úma,jh ch.%yKh lsÍfï
m%;sM,hla jYfhka Ök ck
rch msysgqjkq ,eìK'
Ök ck rcfha m%:u
ckdêm;s jQ iqka h;afika
ish ux., foaYkh lf<a
jir 1912 ckjdß ui
m<uqjkod h' yka" ueka"
fudkaf.da,shdkq" yqhs iy
áfnÜ hk cd;Ska iy Tjqka
N=la;s ú¢k N+ñ m%foaY
tlai;a lsÍu" kj ck rcfha moku jk nj
t;=ud lSfõ h' bka miq ;djld,sl ck rc
jHjia:dj ilia flßK' áfngh Ök ck rcfha
fldgilehs tys meyeÈ,sj i|yka úh'
jir 1940§ Ök ck rcfha ia:djr ksfhdað;
ld¾hd,hla áfngfha ,did k.rfha ia:dms;
flßK' hqjdka" ñx iy Ñx rdcH fm<m;aj,§
áfngfha rcq fidkaidka .dïfnda iy gdx rdc jxYfha l=udß fjkafpx
31
fukau áfngh flfrys Ök
uOHu md,kfha wKil Ök
ck rc iufha§ o tl f,iu
l%shd;aul úK'
jir 1949§ Ök uyck
iuQydKavqj msysgqjkq ,eìK'
áfnÜ b;sydih yd i;H
;;ajhg wkqj Ök uOHu
rch áfngh flfrys iduldñ
ksoyia m%;sm;a;shla fhdod
.ekSug ;SrKh lf<a h' jir
1951 uehs ui 23jkod Ök
uOHu rch iy áfnÜ m%dfoaYSh
rch w;r iduldñ ksoyia
m%;sm;a;sh iïnkaOfhka
.súiqulg w;aika ;eîh'
cd;sldrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu
i|yd;a úfoaY wêrdcHjd§ n,fõ. úkdY lsÍu
i|yd;a Ök uyck úuqla;s yuqodj áfnghg
we;=¿ ùug iyh fok f,i Ök uOHu rch
áfnÜ m%dfoaYSh rcfhka b,a,Sula l< nj
fuu .súiqfï i|yka h' áfnÜ m%foaYfha ish¨
úfoaYSh lghq;= uOHu rchg Ndr Èh hq;= fjhs'
uOHu rch od,hs ,dudjrekaf.a Oqrhg .re
lrk w;r áfnÜ cd;slhkaf.a wd.u weoySfï
whs;shg .re lrk nj o tys i|yka h' tfukau
áfngfha m%;sixialrK l< hq;af;a áfnÜ
m%dfoaYSh kdhlhka iu`. idlÉPd meje;aùfuks'
áfnghg iajhxmd,k l%uhla y÷kajd Èh hq;=
nj o fuu .súiqfuys wjOdrKh flßK'
jir 1959 ud¾;= udifha§ oekg Ökfhka m<d
f.dia isák 14jk od,hs ,dudf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka
le/,a,la ixúOdk flßK' bka miq od,hs ,dud
ráka m<d .sfha h' Èk folla ;=< le/,a,
u¾okh lsÍug Ök uOHu rch iu;a úh'
wk;=rej áfngh mqrd m%cd;ka;%sl m%;sixialrK
isÿ úh' .; jQ jir 50lg jeä ld,h ;=<
áfnÜ cd;slhkaf.a m%cd;ka;%sl whs;ska wdrlaId
lsÍug;a ck Ôú; uÜgu by< kexùug;a
wd¾Ólh ÈhqKq lsÍug;a
Ök uOHu rch uy`.=
odhl;ajhla ,nd § ;sfí'
jir 1959g fmr áfnÜ
m%foaYfha jQfha jy,aNdjfha
b;sydihls' ishhg myla
;rï jQ bvï ysñ ro,hka yd
,dudjreka ishhg wkQmyla
jQ idudkH ck;dj u;
wdêm;H m;=rd ;sìK'
jy¨ka yd m%fõKs odihka
f,i idudkH áfnÜ
cd;slhkag lsisÿ iudc
foaYmd,k fyda wd.ñl
ksoyila fkd;sìK' jir
1959 isg áfnÜ ck;djf.a
md,lhka jkqfha ;ukauh'
áfngfha ,dudjreka
áfnÜ cd;slhka
32
jir 2013 Ökfha úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl
lafIa;%fha oejeka; mshjrla ;enQ jirla
f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' fikafpda
10 wNHdjldY hdkh id¾:l f,i .=jka .;
flrefKa ta jifr§ h' —Ylalsu;a Ökhla˜
isyskfha tla fldgila f,i —wNHjldY isyskh˜
fmkajd Èh yels h' Ök ck;djg wdvïnrhla
jQ fuu jevigyk ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lsÍfuka
wNHjldY .fõIKhg jeä bvlvla ysñ fjhs'
fikafpda 10 hdkh wNHdjldY .; lf<a jir
2013 cqks udifha 11jkod miajre 5(38 g Ökfha
.kaiQ m<df;a ðfhda pqjEka pkaøsld wNHjldY
uOHia:dkfhks'
tu hdkh Ökfha fikafpda wNHdjldY hdk
ud,djg wh;a tlls' th Ökfha ñksiqka iys;
miajk wNHdjldY hdkh njg m;a j we;'
fikafpda 10 fufyhqu id¾:l lr .ekSug tla
jQfha kshe yhsIdx" pdx ishd´.=jx iy jdx hdmsx
we;=¿ wNHdjldY.dó lKavdhu fj;s'
fikafpda 10 wNHdjldY hdkfha iajhxl%Sh
msßoaÿï id¾:l jqfKa cqks udifha 13jkod
miajrefõ 1(10 g h' fï wkqj áhekaf.dx tl
wNHdjldY fudähq,h iu`. th id¾:l j
iïnkaO ùh' wNHdjldY.dñka áhexf.dx tl
wNHdjldY fudähq,fha l=àr fodrgqj újr
fldg thg we;=¿ jQfha tÈk iji 4(17 g h'
Ökfha m%:u wNHdjldY foaYkh cqks udifha
20jkod fikafpda 10 wNHdjldY hdkfhka
úiqrejd yßk ,oS' thg ijka ÿka YsIH msßi
ñ,shk 60lg wêl h' fuu msßi rg mqrd
úisreKq uOH mdie,a 80000lg wh;a jQy' fuu
foaYkh isÿ lf<a wNHdjldY .dñks jdx hdmsx
úisks' by< wNHdjldYfha isg fun÷ foaYkhla
l< Ök b;sydifha m%:u wjia:dj fuhhs' 33
úhe;s weh jD;a;Sh Ôú;h wrOd we;af;a m%d:ñl
Ök ck;djf.awNHjldY isyskh
33
mdie,a .=rejßhl f,ihs' weh miqj Ök uyck
úuqla;s yuqod .=jka kshduljßh f,i lghq;=
l<d h' wef.a foaYkh wjia:dfõ§ fikafpda
10 hdkdj msysgd ;snqfKa lsf,daóg¾ 340l by<
wNHdjldYfhah' rEm udOH ;laIKh Tiafia
iÔúj weh isiqkaf.a m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ÿkakd
h' whsfila ksõgka úiska fidhd .kakd ,o
.=re;ajdl¾Ik kHdh wNHdjldY ;=< l%shd;aul
fkdjk wdldrh weh kso¾Yk iys;j meyeÈ,s
l<d h' mDÓúh jgd lerlefjk neúka iEu
úkdä wkQjlgu jrlau weh ysre Wodj ÿgq nj;a
fï wkqj Èklg 16 j;djla ysre Wodjkq ÿgq
nj;a weh mejiqjd h' fmd<j iy ;re o¾Ykh
jqj;a mshdUk mSßis jeks lsisjla ;uka fkdÿgq
nj weh isiqjkag meyeÈ,s l<d h'
kshuq md,kh hqla;j áhekaf.dx tl wNHdjldY
fudähq,h iu`. iïnkaO flrefKa cqks udifha
23jkod WoEik 10(07 g h' fikafpda 10 hdkfha
kshuq kshe yhsIdx th ksjerÈj md,kh l<
w;r pdx ishd´.=jx iy jdx hdmsx thg iómj
iyhla ,nd ÿkafkda h'
fikafpda 10 id¾:lj h<s;a mDÓúhg meñKsfha
cqks udifha 26jkod WoEik 8(07 g h' th
Ökfha we;=¿ fudxf.da,shdkq N+ñhg m;s; ùh'
Èk 15l id¾:l wNHdjldY pdßldj wjika ùh'
tÈk WoEik 9(41 g kshe yhsIdx" pdx ishd´.=jx
iy jdx hdmsx hk wNHdjldY.dóka ms<sfj<ska
hdkdfjka msg;g meñKshy'
fikafpda 10 wNHdjldY pdßldj id¾:l ùu Ök
ck;djf.a wdvïnrhg fya;=jls' th úoHd yd
;dlaIKh ÈhqKq lsÍug orK il%Sh W;aidyfhka
Ôj.=Kh /§ wjia:djls' th Ök cd;sfha ;j;a
wNsudkhls'
Ök ck;djf.awNHjldY isyskh
34
Y%S ,xld ck Ôú;h uekúka y÷kd.;a
iqyo ñ;=frl= f,i Ök cd;Hka;r
.=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, fiajh bÈß
.ukla wdrïN lr ;sfí' Y%S ,xldj
mqrd úiqrejd yefrk flá ;rx.
iy niakdysr m<d; wdjrKh lrk
FM ;rx. úldYkhla isxy, fiajh
i;=fjhs' ish¿ jevigykaj,g
fmdâldiaáka fiajdj Tiafiao ijka
Èh yelsh'
isxy, fiajh wdrïN jQfha jir 1975
ckjdß m<uq odh' tjl meje;sfha
flá ;rx. úldYkhla muKs' jir
2010 wfma%,a 23 jkod tys FM ;rx.
úldYkh wdrïN flßK'
fï jk úg Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka
úÿ,sfha isxy, fiajh Y%S ,xldfõ .=jka
úÿ,s yd rEmjdyskS udOH yd mqj;am;a
iu`. ukd iyfhda.sl iïnkaO;djlska
hqla;j bÈßhg .uka lrñka isà'
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, fiajh
35
36
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha isxy, fiajfha
jevigyka Y%S ,xldfõ iuia; mjq,a tallh
b,lal fldg úiqrejd yßkq ,efí' jevigyka
wka;¾.;h Ökh iy Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s
idïm%odhsl ñ;%;ajh iy rdcH;dka;%sl ne§u
mokï fldg ilia lr ;sfí' i;sfha Èk my ;=<"
wd¾Ólh" ixialD;sh" ck Ôú;h iy ñ;%;ajh"
ixpdrh" iQm l,dj" Ökfha NdId wOHhkh
jeks úIh lafIa;% Tiafia jevigyka úldYkh
flf¾' úÑ;%dx. iudc yd ld,Sk f;dr;=re i|yd
o úfYaI;ajhla ysñj ;sfí' Ökfha Y%S ,xldfõ
iy f,dalfha kejqï f;dr;=re /.;a m%jD;a;s
úldYkhlao Èkm;d isÿ flf¾'
isxy, fiajfha jevigyka
Frequency Time (Sri Lanka)
FM CRI - Sri Lanka FM97.9 11:30-13:30 17:30-19:30
Short wave 49.8/31.6/30.61/25.21 19:30-20:30 05:00-06:00
Online http://sinhalese.cri.cn/
37
fld<U ¨ïìKs úoHd,fha ia:dmkh lrk ,o
CRI fldka*shqishia uOHia:dkh 2009 jI_fha §
tjlg Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wud;Hjrhdj isá
iqis,a fm%auchka; uy;d úiska ks, jYfhka
újD; lrkq ,eîh'
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh Ökfha ykanka
fyj;a fldka*shqishia wdh;k uQ,ia:dkfha
WmfoaYl;ajfhka Y%S ,xldfõ fldka*shqishia
uOHia:dkhla msysgqjd ;sfí' fld<U ¨ïìKs
úoHd, mßY%fha msysgqjd we;s fuu ¨ïìKs
fldka*shqishia uOHia:dkh Y%S ,xldj yd Ökh
hd lrk wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl md,ula f,i
l%shd lrhs'
¨ïìKs úoHd,fha B ixlS¾Kfha ia:dms;
fldka*shqishia uOHdia:dkh kùk myiqlï
j,ska iukaú; mx;s ldurhla ks¾udKh lr
we;' úiswg fofkl=g tljr wOHdmkh ,eìh
yels fia ilid we;s fuu mx;s ldurh jdhq
iólrKh lr we;s w;r iEu isiqjl=gu
fm!oa.,slj Ndú;d l< yels mß.Kl myiqlï
j,ska iukaú;h' b.ekaùfï § uDÿldx. yd u,aá
óähd mßyrKh flf¾' Ök cd;sl .=reNj;=ka
f.a fiajh ,efnk w;r ;ud leu;s NdId
udOHhlska bf.kSu l< yelsh'
Ök NdIdj yd ixialD;sh bf.kSfï wjia:dj
furg ck;djg ,ndoSug wu;rj forg w;r
ixialD;sl yqjudre lsÍï fukau cd;aHka;r
;r. j,g iyNd.s ùfï bvm%ia:d o YsIH
YsIHdjka fj; ,nd § we;' YsIH lKavdhï 51 la
fï jk úg Ök NdIdj ms<sn| mokï mdGud,dj
iïmQ¾K fldg wjidkh' olaI YSIH YSIHdjkag
jeäÿr wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd Ökfha úYaj
úoHd, j, bf.kSu i|yd mqK_ YsIH;aj ,nd§
we;' .;jQ ld,h ;=< Wmdê mdGud,d yd mYapd;a
Wmdê wOHdmkh o we;=¿j Ök úYaj úoHd,
j,g YsIH;aj u; fhduq l< ixLHdj 25 fokl=
muK fõ'
ykanka wdh;kh úiska jd¾Islj ixúOdkh
lrk Ök md,u ̂Chinese Bridge& cd;Hka;r ;r.h
i|yd uOHia:dkfha YsIH YsIHdjka wLKavj
iyNd.s ù ;sfí' fï yer Ökfha meje;ajQ iu¾
lEïma ^Summer Camp& yd úkag¾ lEïma ^Winter
Camp& jeks úúO ixialD;sl jevigyka i|yd
YsIH YsIHdjka iyNd.s ù we;'
fldka*shqishia uOHia:dkh
38
Ök lEu f,dalfhau iqm%isoaOhs' f,dal
ck;djf.ka ;=fkka tlla oskm;du Ök
lEu wkqNj lrkjd' j¾Kh" iqj| iy rihg
muKla fkdj fmdaIKhg o Ök iQmfõofha
ysñ fjkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhla' Ökh úYd,
foaYN+ñh iys; rgla' tneúka" ld,.=Kh"
N+f.da,h" b;sydih iy wdydr isß;a fjkia jk
ksid" Ök iQmfõoh m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia'
m%foaYj,g wkqj" Ök iQmfõoh m%Odk YdLd
y;rla ;sfnkjd' ta w;ßka" yqjhshdx YdLdj ta
ta R;=j,g wkqj wdydr f;dard .kakd w;r
iajdNdúl rihg ydks fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka
m%isoaOhs' yqjhshdx YdLdjg wh;a l=l=,a uia
jHdxckhla ms<sfh< lrk wdldrh Tng y÷kajd
fokakï' fï jHdxckhg fk¿ï fld< Ndú;
flfrkjd' th Ndú; flfrkafka uDÿ l=l=,a
uiaj,g iqj| fk¿ï fld< rih ñY% ùu i|ydhs'
fk¿ï fld<fhal=l=,a uia
wjYH øjH (
nr lsf,da.%Eï tlla
muKe;s l=l=f<la"
w¨;a fk¿ï fld<hla"
Whk jhska .%Eï 15la"
¨Kq .%Eï 2la"
fidahd fidia .%Eï 10la"
iqÿ iSks .%Eï 5la'
idok l%uh(
uq,skau iïmQ¾K l=l=<l=f.a we;=<; we;s
wmøjH bj;a lr fyd|ska fidaokak' bka miq
j;=r fyd|ska bj;a jk ;=re ;nkak' Bg miafia
Whk jhska" ¨Kq" iqÿ iSks yd fidaahd fidia
ñY% lrkak' wk;=rej ta ñY%Kh l=l=<df.a
msg; yd we;=,; fyd|ska ;jrkak' oeka w¨;a
fk¿ï fld<hla f.k fydaokak' Bg miafia ta
fld<h yl=,d l=l=<df.a Worh we;=,a lrkak'
Bg miafia ta l=l=<d f,dl= n÷klg odkak'
oeka ta f,dl= n÷k ,sfma ;nd jeä .skaofrka
msfik ;=re jdIafmka ;ïnkak' Bg miafia
msiQ l=l=<d t,shg f.k iq<x jefok ;ekl
meh 4la muK t,a,d ;nkak' bka miq lEug
.kakd úg l=l=,a uia w;ska lE,sj,g lv,d
§ishl ;nkak'
39
ienE Ök lEu fõ,l rih ú|.kak
Chinese Sea Food RestaurantNo 140, Thimbirigasyaya Road, Colombo 05.
Tele: 0112 596 885
Moon River
Moon RiverMoon RiverChinese Sea Food Restaurant
jir oyhla merKs by< fmf<a wjkay,ls
Ök wrlaleñhka úiska msiskq ,nk rij;a Ök wdydr
mjqf,a ieug tlg wdydr .; yels bv myiqlï
kEoE ñ;=rka iu.ska Tfí ms%h idohg lÈu ;ekls
40
iqNdir mdGl
idudðl;ajhiqNdir mdGl
idudðl;ajhiqNdir mdGl
idudðl;ajh
ku ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
,smskh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
jhi ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mdi, ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ÿrl:k ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' úoHq;a ,smskh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
m%Yakh ( fujr iqNdir l,dmfha Tn jvd;a leu;s ,smsh l=ulao@
ms<s;=r ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh iy YS% ,xld r;= l=rei iudch tAldnoaOj ff;%hs udislj
ksl=;a lrkq ,nk iqNdir i`.rdfõ mdGl iudðl;ajh ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; úia;r
mqrjd" 2'5 x 3'5 cm m%udKfha PdhdrEmhla iu. wmf.a ,smskh fj; fhduq lrkak'
wmf.a ,smskh ( CRI Confucius Classroom at Lumbini College,Lumbini College, P. O. Box: 1774, Havelock Town Colombo 05, Sri Lanka
The JewelinkJewellers & Gem Merchants
3/60, 3rd Floor, Majestic City, Colombo 04. Tel: 0112 585 399GU-03, Ground Floor, Liberty Plaza, Colombo 03. Tel: 0112 574 599
Email: [email protected]
Ruby
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Cat's Eye
Emerald
Garnet
Specialist in Sri Lankan Natural Gems and Gem StuddedJewellery in 22KT, 18KT, 14KT Gold, White Gold and Silver
Diamond
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The Jewelink
Ökh iy cd;Hka;r m%cdj tlg tla
lrñka Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh wdrïN
flrefKa 1941 foieïn¾ ui 3 jeks odh' wo
jk úg th f,dj mqrd jeäu NdId .Kkdjla
úldYkh lrk úYd,;u .=jka úÿ,s cd,hla
njg th m;aj ;sfí' thska f,dj mqrd
úldYkh flfrk NdId .Kk fï jk úg
65ls' f,dalfha ixksfõok úêl%u jvd;a
mq¿,a ùu;a iu`. wka;¾cd, rEm udOH yd
cx.u ÿrl:k iy fmdâldiaáka jeks kQ;k
nyqúO udOH Tiafia ish úldYk cd,h
Yla;su;a lsÍug Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh
mshjr .;af;ah' ta wkqj jir 2011 ckjdß
18 jkod CIBN Ök wka;¾cd;sl .=jkaúÿ,s
Ökcd;Hka;r.=jka úÿ,sh
úldYk cd,h wdrïN flßK' jir 2013
jk úg úfoaY kd.ßl .=jka úÿ,s fiajd
91la iy FM yd wka;¾cd, .=jka úÿ,s fiajd
22la Ök cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sh i;= fjhs'
rgj,a 32l m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrK tackais
wdh;k msysgqjd ;sfí' f,dj mqrd úisreKq
fldka*shqishia uOHia:dk ixLHdj 13ls' Ök
cd;Hka;r .=jka úÿ,sfha wikakkaf.a iudc
4114la f,dj mqrd l%shd;aulh'
SINHALA SERVICECHINA RADIO INTERNATIONAL
No.16A, Shijingshan Road,
Beijing, P.R. China
Post code:100040
Tel: 00 86 10 6889 2330/2374
Fax: 00 86 10 68892361
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://sinhalese.cri.cn/
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