Slide 1

Ethanol PLANT UTILITIES AND MAINTENANCECPB20004

Reaction type

Fermentation

The oldest way to produce ethanolIt is biological process turning sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxideThis is process involves a yeast metabolize sugar to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

CHO is simple sugar, also known as dextrose or D-glucose. CHOH is ethanolCO is carbon dioxide

CHO 2CHOH + 2CO

Another wayHydration of ethene also can produce ethanolCH=CH2(g) + H2O C2H5OH

CH=CH2 is ethaneH2O is waterC2H5OH is ethanol

Physical Properties

Physical PropertiesAppearance : Colourless, volatile liquid Odour : Characteristic pleasant odour pH : Neutral Boiling point : 78.2C - 78.5C Melting point : - 130C to - 112C Flash point : 12C - 16C Flammability : 3, 3 19% v/v

Auto-flammability : 363C Explosive properties : Vapours can form explosive mixtures with air. All sources of ignition or static must be excluded. Oxidizing properties : None

Vapour pressure : 59 mm Hg at 20C Density : 785.3 kg/m3 809 kg/m3 at 25C

Handling EthanolOnly use in well ventilated areaUsage of spark proof tool and explosion proof equipment is mandatoryAvoid contact ethanol with high temperature

Storing EthanolKeep away from heat, sparks or any source of ignition Keep away from oxidizing materialsMust be stored in a tightly closed container

Production history

Production historyIt is not known of what time and where does production of ethanol startIt is recorded that the presence of ethanol in pots that was used for fermenting was around 9000 years ago in china

But this is done to produce alcoholic beverages, since this is the main product when ethanol was first discoveredSometime later, distillation was introduced to obtain highly purified ethanol from the alcohol mixture.

Distillation is a process where specific chemicals are removed from its mixture by the different value of boiling point of each chemicalOn 13th century, fractional distillation was invented by Tadeo AlderottiAnd this has become a staple process until this present day

Process summarization

Preparation for fermentationMaterials that was used to needed to fermentation are mostly fruits or any material that contain starchThis is because starch contains complex carbohydrates that are needed to be broken down into maltose or sucrose

Starch can be obtained by heated the said materials such as grain with waterThe starch then warmed with malt that contains enzymes that break down the starch into maltose, 2C12H22O11

The maltose are then added with yeast and kept into a closed container and kept warm (around 35C) for several days until fermentation is complete

Yield in Commercialbasis

Yield in Commercial basisMaximum ethanol content can be obtained in this reaction is 14% at maximum, any higher can cause the fermentation to stopThe maximum purity of ethanol that can be obtained are 96% after distillationThe 4% is water can be removed using drying agent

A company named Ceres also produce 0.417 L/kg or 100 gal/ton by using biomass crop as its main material Roughly, 20 ton/acre can produce about 2000 gallons of ethanol.

Usage of Ethanol

Usage of ethanol Can be used for making bio fuel, this is done in many western countryIt is an additive to the gasoline, making the gasoline 90% gasoline and 10% ethanolIn western country, more of their automobiles are designed to adapt on using hybrid gasoline

On the same note, bioethanol now are being considered solely on becoming a replacement for gasoline

Usage of ethanolEthanol are also used to produce perfumeThis is done by extracting the oil from the flowers such as jasmineThe jasmine is submerged into the ethanol and agitated The product then went to a distillation column to separate the material oil and ethanol

THE ENDAny question ?