Utilisation of Quassia in organic fruit growing - ITAB
Transcript of Utilisation of Quassia in organic fruit growing - ITAB
Utilisation of Quassia in organic fruit growing
Jutta Kienzle
• Research in R & D for strategies in organic fruit growing in Germany
• Coach of a network of fruit growers, consultants and researchers for further development of the production system of organic fruit growing
Foerdergemeinschaft Oekologischer Obstbau e.V.
Quassia ex Quassia amara or Picrasma excelsa
Common as • Bitter agent used for flavouring of
beverages and bakery ware
• Ingredient of several cosmetics Used in healing e.g. for the cure of dermal diseases (rosacea)
Traditional use of Quassia in organic fruit growing
Essential use as a part of strategies
• for the control of sawflies of pome fruit and stone fruit
• sometimes for the reduction of aphid population In hop growing it is essential for aphid control Sometimes it is used for the control of sucking insects in ornamentals
Legal situation in Germany: Until 2012: In Germany Quassia extract was listed as a substance for on farm preparation according to § 6 a of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG) enacted until 14.2.2012 Kind of national regulation similar to the “basic substance idea”
Research with Quassia in organic fruit growing
In 2000 in Germany and other European countries there was great incertainity about • the application date of Quassia for apple sawfly control
• the concentration neccessary for a sufficient efficacy Research project BOEL
BBA Darmstadt, University of Hohenheim, DLR Rheinpfalz, OEON e.V., Jork for field and laboratory trials
Trifolio-M for analysis of active ingredients
Active ingredient and quantitative analysis
First important finding The main active ingredient is Quassin! Quassin is used as leading analytical substance for the definition of Quassia extracts as flavourings → There were existing methods for quantitative analysis that could be used! → Quassia extracts could be defined by the content of Quassin as it was already common for the use as food ingredient In all our trials extracts with defined content of Quassin were used. The concentration of the extract is defined by the content of Quassin
Best application date:
„egg maturity“
opaque hyaline Eyes of the larva visible
larva hatching primary infestation secondary infestation
Effect of Quassin (alcohol preparation of pure Quassin) on the hatching of the eggs of apple sawfly
The egg mortality seems not really relevant for the efficacy of Quassia, the larva hatches after application
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Effect of Quassin (alcohol preparation of pure Quassin) on the entrance of the neonate larvae of
apple sawfly in the fruit
Quassin has an effect on the entrance of the larva in the fruit We never tried to distinguish between antifeedant or insecticidal
activity!
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Best application date for apples
Quassin does not arrive at receptacle (blossom closed)
Quassin on the receptacle when larva
hatches
Larva hatches before application
too early right too late
Sawfly
Blossom Blossom fades
?Quassin does not reach the receptacle
Control of the central blossom!
Best application date for pear
Larva hatch often before the blossom is ending!! Visual control indispensable
Fotos Künzel
Blossom closed
Full blossom
End of blossom
Blossom closed
Full blossom End of blossom
500 l/ha u. mKh
250 l/ha u. mKh
125 l/ha u. mKh
Effect of application technique on the efficacy of the treatment: How much of the solution applied arrives where we need it: Different amounts of water per ha
Locality Year Quassin g/ha Efficacy of the treatment in %
Infested fruits on 100 clusters in control
Primary infestation Primary infestation Lake Con stance I
2002 8 66,3 43,0
12 80,2
Lake Con stance II
2002 8 81,8 33,0
12 87,9 Lake Con stance III
2002 8 65,7 105,0
12 73,3 Ahrweiler
2002 6 84 9,5
12 92,1 Jork
2002 6 30,4 34,5
12 37,7 Lake Con stance
2003 4 92,9 70,5
12 97,2
Jork
2003 4 90,7 64,0 6 81,3
Efficacy of Quassia in fruit protection from sawfly infestation
No negative side effects on A. mali are to be expected
No negative side effects even on Forficula auricularia, Aphidius
rhopalosiphi und Coccinella septempunctata!
Side effects of Quassin (active ingredient) and Quassia-extract on Aphelinus mali
Results of H. Vogt and P. Ternes, JKI Dossenheim
Thesis Primary infestation secondaryinfestation
Plot 2 1 2 1
Infestation in control 65 11.67 67 12.0Quassiaextract 12 g Quassin/ha1. application date
81.5 74.3 88.1 92.3
NeemAzal-T/S 20 g AZA/ha
+ Quassia. 12 g Quassin/ 1. appl. date
89.2 77.1 83.6 84.6
NeemAzal-T/S 20 g AZA/ha 33.8 -31.4 67.2 61.5
Primary (21.5.) and secondary sawfly infestation (31.5.) in both plots Efficacy ABBOTT (Infested fruits for 50 clusters)
Comparison of the efficacy of Quassia and NeemAzal-TS on apple sawfly
Combination!
Strategy recommended in the last years Splitting of the application of NeemAzal-T/S for the control of the rosy apple aphid • 1st application at red bud stage 1 l/ha and m tree height
• 2nd application of NeemAzal-T/S at the end of blossom 1 l/ha and m
tree height Combine 2nd application with Quassia 3-6 g Quassin/ha and m tree height = 6-12 g Quassin per ha
Future of Quassia and legal situation Quassia is a very selective product and shows activities only on few insect species Exactly for this reason it is essential as part of a sustainable strategy for organic fruit growers and hop growers The cost of Quassia is much higher and the efficacy and the reliability of the efficacy is much lower than that of synthetic products The application is difficult, you must „catch the very right application date“ Not really interesting for IPM „Minor use“, no company would invest in bringing Quassia on the market Basic substance regulation makes it possible that growers as interested party can apply for the permission to use a product that is available for other purposes and has only a very small market as PPP, if this „minor use“ is essential