1

USMLE-diseases and findings

11-hydroxylase deficiency: virilism, no cortisol, salt retention, hypertension

1.

Addison’s Disease: primary adrenocortical deficiency2.

Addisonian Anemia: pernicious anemia (antibodies tointrinsic factor or parietal cells ? ?IF ? ?Vit B12 ?megaloblastic anemia)

3.

Adhesive arachnoiditis: Caused by bacterial meningitis, leads to obstructive hydrocephalus

4.

AFP decrease: Down’s5.

AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s serum: Spina Bifida; Anencephaly

6.

AFP increase: Neural tube defects, hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac and embryonal carcinoma

7.

Albright’s Syndrome: polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature,young girls

8.

Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation: Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)

9.

Alport’s Syndrome: hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness, Type 4 collagen defect (basement membranes)

10.

Alzheimer’s: progressive dementia; tau proteins,neurofibrillary tangles, apolipoprotein E4 allele,narrow gyri and wide sulci (atrophy), occipital sparing,hydrocephalus ex vacuo, plaques in hippocampus andcortex, ? Acetylcholine, Hiramo bodies (inrtacellularinclusion bodies in hippocampal cells)

11.

Amnion nodosum: Renal agenesis12.

Amyloid in thyroid: Thyroid medullary carcinoma (calcitonin)

13.

Analgesic abuse: Papillary necrosis, esp. in diabetics14.

Anasarca: Minimal change disease15.

Aneurysmal nodules: Polyarteritis nodosa16.

Angiomyolipoma: Tuberous sclerosis17.

Anosmia: Kallman’s syndrome18.

Anterior vermian atrophy: alcoholism19.

Anti-centromere antibody: Limited scleroderma (CREST)20.

Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibody: Diffuse scleroderma21.

Anti-endomysial antibody: Celiac sprue22.

Anti-jo antibody: polymyositis23.

Anti-mitochondrial antibody: Primary biliary cirrhosis24.

Anti-sacharommyces cervisiae antibody: Crohn’s25.

Anti-Smith antibodies: Specific for SLE, anti-ribonulceoprotein

26.

Anti-smooth muscle antibody: Autoimmune hepatitis type I

27.

Antiplatelet Antibodies: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

28.

Arachnodactyly: Marfan’s29.

Argyll-Robertson Pupil: loss of light reflex constriction(contralateral or bilateral), “Prostitute’s Eye” -accommodates but does not react, Pathognomonic for3?Syphilis

30.

Arnold-Chiari Malformation: cerebellar tonsil herniation31.

Aschoff Bodies: rheumatic fever32.

Ashleaf spots (skin): Tuberous sclerosis33.

Atypical lymphocytes: EBV34.

Auer Rods: acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)35.

Autosplenectomy: sickle cell anemia36.

Babinski: UMN lesion37.

Bacterial conjunctivitis: S. aureus, strep. pneumo, Hemophilus aegyptius

38.

2

Barrett’s: columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (* riskof adenocarcinoma)

39.

Bartter’s Syndrome: hyperreninemia40.

Basophilic Stippling of RBCs: lead poisoning41.

Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy: similar to Duchenne, but less severe (deficiency in dystrophin protein)

42.

Bell’s Palsy: CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)

43.

Bence Jones Protein: multiple myeloma free light chains(either kappa or lambda) Waldenstrom’smacroglobinemia

44.

Berger’s Disease: IgA nephropathy45.

Bernard-Soulier Disease: defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)

46.

Berry Aneurysm: circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed), often associated with ADPKD

47.

Bilateral breast cancer: Lobular carcinoma48.

Bilateral renal cell carcinoma: Von Hippel-Lindau49.

Birbeck Granules: histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)

50.

Bladder trabeculation: BPH51.

Bloody nipple discharge: Intraductal papilloma52.

Blue Bloater: Chronic Bronchitis53.

Blue Sclera: Osteogenesis imperfecta54.

Blueberry muffin baby: Rubella????55.

Boot-Shaped Heart: Tetralogy of Fallot56.

Bouchard’s Nodes: osteoarthritis (PIP)57.

Boutonniere’s Deformity: rheumatoid arthritis58.

Bowen’s Disease: carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (* risk of visceral ca)

59.

Briquet’s Syndrome: somatization disorder60.

Broca’s Aphasia: Motor Aphasia intact comprehension61.

Bronchiolitis: RSV62.

Bronze Diabetes: Hemochromatosis63.

Brown Tumor: hyperparathyroidism64.

Brown-Sequard: hemisection of cord (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN)

65.

Brudzinski sign: meningitis66.

Brushfield Spots: Down’s, on iris67.

Bruton’s Disease: X-linked agammaglobinemia68.

Budd-Chiari: post-hepatic venous thrombosis69.

Buerger’s Disease: acute inflammation of small, medium arteries * painful ischemia * gangrene

70.

Burkitt’s Lymphoma: small noncleaved cell lymphoma EBV, 8:14 translocation

71.

Caisson Disease: gas emboli72.

Call-Exner Bodies: granulosa cell tumor73.

Carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperemia, edema and necrosis of globus

74.

Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy: Chagas’ Disease75.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Median nerve entrapment76.

Central Nuclei in Muscle: Muscular dystrophies77.

Chagas’ Disease: Trypansoma infection sleeping disease, cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, megaesophagus, megacolon

78.

Chancre: 1* Syphilis, painless firm ulcers79.

Chancroid: Haemophilus ducreyi, painful soft ulcers80.

Charcot Triad: multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)

81.

Charcot-Leyden Crystals: bronchial asthma82.

Chediak-Higashi Disease: Phagocyte Deficiency: neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy

83.

Cherry-red spot on macula: Tay-Sachs, 50% of Niemann-Pick

84.

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing: cerebral lesion85.

Chocolate Cysts: endometriosis86.

Cholesterol clefts: atherosclerosis87.

3

Chordae tendinae short and fused: Rheumatic heart disease

88.

Chronic staph infections: Chronic granulomatousdisease, a deficiency of NADPH oxidase, can’t killcatalase positive bugs

89.

Chvostek’s Sign: Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany90.

Clear nuclei: Thyroid papillary carcinoma (OrphanAnnie’s eyes)

91.

Clue Cells: Gardnerella vaginitis, trichomonas?92.

Codman’s Triangle: osteosarcoma93.

Coin Lesions in Lung: Pulmonary Hamartoma94.

Cold Agglutinins: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; infectious mononucleosis

95.

Cold thyroid nodules: Colloid cyst or thyroid adenoma96.

Concentric laminar intimal fibrosis of small arteries of

lung: Primary pulmonary hypertension97.

Condyloma Lata: 2* Syphilis98.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: 21-hydroxylase deficiency: virilism, no cortisol, salt loss, hypotension

99.

Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis: Polycystic Kidney Disease, juvenile autosomal recessive form

100.

Conn’s Syndrome: primary aldosteronism101.

Contraction Band Necrosis: MI102.

Cori’s Disease: glycogen storage disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)

103.

Cotton Wool Spots: HTN104.

Councilman Bodies: dying hepatocytes105.

Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule: rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)

106.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob: prion infection * cerebellar & cerebral degeneration

107.

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

108.

Crohn’s: IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas, (contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses,pseudopolyps, * colon cancer risk)

109.

Croup: Parainfluenza110.

Crushed ping pong balls: Pneumocystis carinii111.

Crypt abscesses: Ulcerative colitis112.

Curling’s Ulcer: acute gastric ulcer associated with severeburns

113.

Currant-Jelly Sputum: Klebsiella114.

Curschmann’s Spirals: bronchial asthma115.

Cushing’s: Disease: hypercorticism 2* to * ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma), Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1* adrenal or ectopic)

116.

Cushing’s Ulcer: acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma

117.

Cystathioine synthase deficieny: homocystinuria118.

D-dimers: DIC119.

de Quervain’s Thyroiditis: self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)

120.

Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra: Parkinson’s121.

Dew drop on rose petal: Chicken pox122.

Diaphragmatic pleural plaques: Asbestosis123.

DiGeorge’s Syndrome: thymic hypoplasia * T-cell deficiency

124.

Donovan Bodies: granuloma inguinale (STD)125.

dopamine receptors: Schizophrenia126.

Double bubble sign on ultrasound: Down’s syndorme –duodenal atresia

127.

Down’s Syndrome: trisomy 21 or translocation128.

Dressler’s Syndrome: Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis autoimmune

129.

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: congenital hyperbilirubinemia(conjugated), striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver

130.

4

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: deficiency of dystrophin protein * MD X-linked recessive

131.

Duret Hemorrhages: Uncal herniation132.

Eburnation: osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)

133.

Eccentric intimal fibrosis with medial hypertrophy:

Chronic transplant rejection134.

Ectopia Lentis: Marfan’s135.

Edwards’ Syndrome: trisomy 18, rocker-bottom feet, low ears, heart disease

136.

Ehler’s-Danlos: defective collagen137.

Eisenmenger’s Complex: late cyanotic shunt (R?L)pulmonary HTN & RVH 2? to long-standing VSD, ASD,or PDA

138.

Embolizing endocarditis: Infectious, marantic (fibrin deposits in hypercoagulable states)

139.

Erb-Duchenne Palsy: trauma to superior trunk ofbrachial plexus Waiter’s Tip

140.

Erythema Chronicum Migrans: Lyme Disease141.

Ewing Sarcoma: undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone

142.

Excavation of Optic Cup: Glaucoma143.

Exopthalmos: hyperthyroid144.

Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat: carcinoma in situ on glans penis

145.

False positive VDRL: SLE, Treponema pertenue (non-STD tropical infection)

146.

Fanconi’s Syndrome: impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2* to lead poisoning or Tetracycline (glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)

147.

FAT RN: TTP (fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, neuro problems)

148.

Fatty Liver: Alcoholism149.

Fecalith: Acute appendicitis150.

Felty’s Syndrome: rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly

151.

Ferruginous Bodies: asbestosis152.

FEV1/FVC: COPD153.

Fish-mouthed mitral valve: Rheumatic heart disease154.

Flea-bitten Kidney: Malignant Hypertension155.

Frontal bossing: Sickle cell anemia156.

Fungus ball in lung: Apergillus157.

galactosemia: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency or galactokinase deficiency

158.

Gardner’s Syndrome: adenomatous polyps of colon plus osteomas & soft tissue tumors

159.

Garlic odor on breath: Arsenic (or lasagna)160.

Gaucher’s Disease: Lysosomal Storage Disease glucocerebrosidase deficiency, hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia

161.

Ghon Complex: Tuberculosis, primary162.

Gilbert’s Syndrome: benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

163.

GIST: Tumor arising in cells of Cajal (pacemakers of gut)164.

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia: defective glycoproteins onplatelets

165.

glucose, protein in CSF: Bacterial meningitis166.

Gold Pneumonia: Lipid pneumonia, exogenous (aspiration) or endogenous (obstruction

167.

Goodpasture’s: autoimmune: ab’s to glomerular &alveolar basement membranes; linearimmunofluorescence

168.

Gower’s Maneuver: Duchenne’s MD use of arms to stand169.

Grave’s Disease: autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI)170.

Gray discoloration of skin: Argyria (silver poisoning)171.

Guillain-Barre: idiopathic polyneuritis (ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)

172.

H shaped vertebrae: Sickle cell anemia173.

Hamman-Rich Syndrome: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis174.

5

Hand-Schuller-Christian: chronic progressive histiocytosis

175.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: autoimmune hypothyroidism (antimicrosomal or antithyroglobulin); Hurthle cells, thyroid germinal centers,

176.

Hashitoxicosis: initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimoto’sThyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism

177.

Hat size increase: Paget’s disease of bone178.

Heart Failure Cells: CHF; hemosiderin-laden macrophages in lungs

179.

Heberden’s Nodes: Osteoarthritis (DIP)180.

Heinz Bodies: G6PDH Deficiency181.

Hemarthrosis: Coagulation factor deficiency182.

Hemorrhagic Temporal Lobe Lesion: HSV183.

Hemorrhagic Urticaria: Henoch-Schonlein184.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura: hypersensivity vasculitis185.

Hereditary Spherocytosis: RBC cytoskeletin defect, most commonly spectrin

186.

Heterophil Antibodies: infectious mononucleosis (EBV)187.

Hirano Bodies: alzheimer’s188.

Hirschprung’s Disease: aganglionic megacolon189.

HLA B27: Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, IBD, Reiter’ssyndrome

190.

Honeycomb lung: Pulmonary fibrosis191.

Horner’s Syndrome: ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2* to a Pancoast tumor)

192.

Howell Jolley Bodies: Splenectomy, remnant of nuclear DNA

193.

Human placental lactogen increase: Placental site trophoblastic tumor

194.

Hunter’s: Decreased iduronosulfate sulfatase195.

Huntington’s: progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen & frontal cortex; AD

196.

Hurler’s: Decreased alpha-L-iduronidase197.

Hyaline thrombi: TTP198.

Hydrosalpinx: Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease199.

Hypersegmented PMNs: Megaloblastic anemia200.

Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs: iron-deficiency anemia201.

IgM against IgG: Rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid factor)

202.

Index finger overlapping 3rd and 4th: Edward’s(Trisomy 18)

203.

dopamine receptors: Parkinson’s204.

? Immunoglobulins: X-linked Brutons agammaglobulinemia, and common variable immunodeficiency

205.

Jacksonian Seizures: epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)

206.

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction: Syphilis over-aggressivetreatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms2? to rapid lysis

207.

Job’s Syndrome: immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli

208.

Joint Mice: osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)209.

Kaposi Sarcoma: malignant vascular tumor (HHV8 in homosexual men)

210.

Kartagener’s Syndrome: immotile cilia 2? to defectivedynein arms infection, situs inversus, sterility

211.

Kaussmaul Breathing: acidosis212.

Kawasaki Disease: mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (lips, oral mucosa)

213.

Keratin Pearls: SCCA214.

Keratoconjunctivitis: adenovirus215.

Kernig’s sign: meningitis216.

Keyser-Fleischer Ring: Wilson’s217.

Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules: diabetic nephropathy218.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome: 47, XXY219.

6

Kluver-Bucy: bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)

220.

Koilocytes: HPV221.

Koplik Spots: measles222.

Krabbe Disease: Beta-galactosidase deficiency223.

Krukenberg Tumor: adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to the ovaries

224.

Lacunar cells: Variant of Reed-Sternberg cell seen innodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s Disease

225.

Lacunar infarct: Chronic hypertension226.

Laennec’s Cirrhosis: alcoholic cirrhosis227.

Lamellar bodies: Contain surfactant in Type II pneumocytes

228.

Langhans giant cells: Tuberculosis, other including coccidioides

229.

Lemon sign: Ultrasonographic finding in Neural Tube Defects

230.

Lemon yellow skin color: Pernicious anemia231.

Lesch-Nyhan: HGPRT deficiency, gout, retardation, self-mutilation

232.

Letterer-Siwe: acute disseminated Langerhans’ cellhistiocytosis

233.

Leukocoria: Retinoblastoma234.

Leukocyte alk. Phos. Positive: leukemoid rxn.235.

Lewy Bodies: Parkinson’s (eosinophilic inclusions indamaged substantia nigra cells)

236.

Libman-Sacks: endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets, associated with SLE

237.

Lines of Zahn: arterial thrombus238.

Lisch Nodules: neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen’sdisease)

239.

Loss of grey-white junction: Tuberous sclerosis240.

Lou Gehrig’s: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons

241.

Low set ears: Downs, DiGeorge, Trisomy 18 (Edwards)242.

Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

243.

Machine-like murmur: Patent ductus arteriosus244.

Macronodular cirrhosis: Wilson’s, viral hepatitis,alpha-1-antitrypsin

245.

Malignant pustule: Anthrax (black skin lesion)246.

Mallory Bodies: Alcoholic liver disease: intermediate filaments of hepatocyte cytoskeleton

247.

Mallory-Weis Syndrome: bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2* to wretching (alcoholics)

248.

Maple syrup/burnt sugar urine: Alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency; valine, leucine and isoleucine build up (branched)

249.

Marfan’s: elastin defect, floppy mitral valve, arachnodactyly, cystic medial necrosis, subluxed lens

250.

McArdle’s Disease: glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)

251.

McBurney’s Sign: appendicitis (McBurney’s Point is 2/3of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliacspine)

252.

Meckel’s Diverticulum: rule of 2’s: 2 inches long, 2 feetfrom the ileocecum, in 2% of the population, embryonicduct origin; may contain ectopic tissue (gastric,pancreatic, etc.)

253.

Meconium ileus: Cystic Fibrosis254.

Mees lines: Arsenic (parallel lines on fingernails)255.

Meig’s Syndrome: Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

256.

Melanosis coli: Laxative abuse257.

Menetrier’s Disease: giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)

258.

Meningioma: Arachnoid cap cells, whorls of cells259.

7

Mental probs. with heart defect: Mitral prolapse260.

Mesothelioma: Asbestos exposure261.

Michealis-Gutmann Bodies: Malakoplakia, an abnormal tissue response to kidney infection

262.

Microglial nodules: HIV263.

Micrognathia: DiGeorge264.

Micronodular cirrhosis: Wilsons, alcoholic, hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis

265.

Microsatellite instability: HNPCC (right-sided colon cancer), but also possible in other cancers

266.

Mid-systolic click: Mitral prolapse267.

Monckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis: calcification of the media(usually radial & ulnar aa.), pipestem arteries

268.

Monoclonal Antibody Spike: multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)

269.

Mousy / musty odor: PKU270.

Mucosal bleeding: Platelet problem (qualitative or quantitative)

271.

Munchausen Syndrome: factitious disorder (consciouslycreates symptoms, but doesn’t know why)

272.

Myxedema: hypothyroidism273.

Necrolytic migratory erythema dermatitis: ?-cell islettumor

274.

Negri Bodies and hydrophobia: rabies275.

Nelson’s Syndrome: 1* Adrenal Cushings * surgical removal of adrenals * loss of negative feedback to pituitary * Pituitary Adenoma

276.

Neuritic Plaques: Alzheimer’s277.

Neurofibrillary Tangles: Alzheimer’s278.

Niemann-Pick: Lysosomal Storage Diseasesphingomyelinase deficiency,“foamy histiocytes”

279.

Night pain relieved by aspirin: Osteoid osteoma280.

Non-embolizing endocarditis: Rheumatic, Libman-Sacks (with SLE)

281.

Non-pitting Edema: Myxedema, Anthrax Toxin282.

Notching of Ribs: Coarctation of Aorta283.

Nutmeg Liver: CHF, right heart284.

Ochronosis (dark pigment of fibrous tissue):

Alkaptonuria –homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency285.

Oligoclonal band: Multiple sclerosis286.

Onion skin kidney arterioles: Malignant nephrosclerosis (malignant hypertension)

287.

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome: Hereditary HemorrhagicTelangiectasia

288.

Osteogenesis imperfecta: Type I collagen defect289.

Osteoid production: osteosarcoma290.

Paget’s Disease: abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures * pain) , woven and lamellar bone mosaic

291.

Painless Jaundice: pancreatic CA (head)292.

Palatal Petechaie: Strep pharyngitis293.

Palpable purpura: Hypersensitivity vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein, serum sickness)

294.

Pancarditis: Rheumatic fever295.

Pancoast Tumor: bronchogenic tumor with superiorsulcus involvement * Horner’s Syndrome

296.

Pannus: rheumatoid arthritis297.

Parkinson’s: dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts; Cogwheel rigidity

298.

PAS positive macrophages: Whipple’s disease299.

Patent ductus arteriosus: Maternal rubella and prematurity

300.

Pautrier’s Microabscesses: mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

301.

Periductal edema: Gynecomastia302.

Periventricular Calcifications: Congenital CMV (brain ventricles, that is)

303.

Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome: melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia plus hamartomatous polyps of small intestine

304.

8

Peyronie’s Disease: subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis

305.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: PKU306.

Philadelphia Chromosome: CML307.

Pick Bodies: Pick’s Disease308.

Pick’s Disease: progressive dementia similar toAlzheimer’s, knife-edged gyri

309.

Piecemeal Necrosis: Chronic active hepatitis (periportal hepatocytes)

310.

Pink Puffer: Emphysema Centroacinar – smokingPanacinar - ?1-antitrypsin deficiency

311.

Pink, foamy lung exudate: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

312.

Plexiform lesions: Pulmonary HTN (aneurysmal expansion of vessel wall)

313.

Plummer-Vinson: esophageal webs & iron-deficiencyanemia, ? SCCA of esophagus

314.

Plummer’s Syndrome: hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter,absence of eye signs (Plummer’s = Grave’s - eye signs)

315.

Podagra: gout (MP joint of hallux)316.

Pompe’s Disease: glycogen storage disease (acid maltase deficiency) * cardiomegaly

317.

Porcelain gallbladder: Chronic cholecystitis (scarring)318.

Porcelain gallstones: Associated with gallbladder adenocarcinoma

319.

Port-Wine Stain: Hemangioma320.

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign: tearing of the ACL321.

Pott’s Disease: tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae322.

Potter’s Complex: renal agenesis * oligohydramnios * hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities

323.

Proliferating bile ducts: Obstructive jaundice324.

Psammoma Bodies: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, Meningioma, Mesothelioma

325.

Pseudohypertrophy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy326.

Pseudopolyps: Ulcerative colitis327.

Pulmonary atherosclerosis: Cor pulmonale328.

Punched-Out Bone Lesions: multiple myeloma329.

Punched-out esophageal lesions: herpes330.

Rash on Palms & Soles: 2 Syphilis331.

Raynaud’s: Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities, Phenomenon: 2* to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

332.

RBC poikilocytosis: Beta-thalassemia333.

Rectangular RBC’s: Hemoglobin SC334.

Red hyalin globules: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (in liver)

335.

Red Morning Urine: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

336.

Reed-Sternberg Cells: Hodgkin’s Disease337.

Reid Index Increased: chronic bronchitis338.

Reinke Crystals: Leydig cell tumor339.

Reiter’s Syndrome: urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular

340.

Reye’s Syndrome: microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy, 2* to aspirin ingestion in childrenfollowing viral illness

341.

Rhomboid crystals: Pseudogout342.

Riedel’s Thyroiditis: idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid

343.

Rim pattern: SLE, staining pattern with anti-double stranded DNA antibodies

344.

Rockerbottom feet: Patau (Trisomy 13), Edward’s(Trisomy 18)

345.

Rose thorns: Sporotrichosis346.

Rotor Syndrome: congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated), similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver

347.

Rouleaux Formation: multiple myeloma RBC’s stacked aspoker chips

348.

Rugae loss: Pernicious anemia (atrophic gastritis)349.

9

S3 Heart Sound: L ->R Shunt (VSD, PDA); Mitral Regurg; LV Failure

350.

S4 Heart Sound: Pulmonary Stenosis, Pulmonary HTN351.

Scalloped colloid: Grave’s disease352.

Schwartzman Reaction: Neisseria meningitidis impressiverash with bugs

353.

Sezary Syndrome: leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)

354.

Shagreen patches: Tuberous sclerosis355.

Shaver’s Disease: aluminum inhalation ? lung fibrosis356.

Sheehan’s Syndrome: postpartum pituitary necrosis357.

Shy-Drager: parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension

358.

Simian Crease: Down’s359.

Simmond’s Disease: pituitary cachexia360.

Sipple’s Syndrome: MEN type IIa (pheochromocytoma, thyroid medulla, parathyroid)

361.

Sjogren’s Syndrome: triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis? risk of B-cell lymphoma

362.

Smith Antigen: SLE (also anti-dsDNA)363.

Smudge cells: CLL (delicate cells easily destroyed on peripheral smear)

364.

Soap Bubble on X-Ray: giant cell tumor of bone365.

Soldiers plaque: Clinically insignificant remnant of healedpericarditis

366.

Spider telangiectasia: Hyperestrinism: liver failure, pregnancy

367.

Spike & Dome Glomeruli: membranous glomerulonephritis

368.

Spitz Nevus: juvenile melanoma (always benign)369.

Splinter hemorrhages: Infective endocarditis370.

Stein-Leventhal: polycystic ovary371.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: erythema multiforme, fever,malaise, mucosal ulceration (often 2? to infection orsulfa drugs)

372.

Still’s Disease: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)

373.

Strawberry cervix: Trichomonas vaginalis374.

Strawberry gallbladder: Cholesterolosis375.

Strawberry tongue: Scarlet fever, Kawasaki’s376.

String Sign on X-ray: Crohn’s bowel wall thickening377.

Struma Ovarii: Thyroid teratoma of ovary378.

Sugar icing on spleen: Portal hypertension379.

Sulfer granules: Collection of actinomyces or nocardia organisms in chronic abscessing bronchopneumonia

380.

Swiss cheese brain: Clostridia (gas forming)381.

Syncitia: RSV, measles382.

Takayasu’s arteritis: aortic arch syndrome, loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses

383.

Tamm-Horsfall protein: Hyaline casts (non-specific)384.

Target Cells: Thalassemia385.

Tay-Sachs: gangliosidosis (hexosaminidase A deficiency *GM2 ganglioside)

386.

Teardrop RBCs: myelofibrosis387.

Temporal lobe encephalitis: Herpes388.

Tendinous Xanthomas: Familial Hypercholesterolemia389.

Tethered cord: Arnold-Chiari malformation (tonsilar herniation)

390.

Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor def.: PKU391.

Tetralogy of Fallot: ÊVSD, Ëoverriding aorta,Ìpulmonary artery stenosis, Íright ventricularhypertrophy

392.

TGI > TSI: Hashimoto’s393.

Thymidine dimers: Xeroderma pigmentosum394.

Thymus, parathyroid agenesis: Digeorge (3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch)

395.

Thyroidization of Kidney: chronic pyelonephritis396.

TIBC increase: Anemia of chronic disease397.

Tingible Bodies: Macrophage in lymph node germinal centers

398.

Tophi: gout399.

10

Tourette’s Syndrome: involuntary actions, both motor and vocal

400.

Tram-Track Glomeruli: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

401.

Tree bark aorta: Syphilis402.

Trousseau’s Sign: visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm) (These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.)

403.

TSI > TGI: Grave’s404.

Turcot’s Syndrome: adenomatous polyps of colon plus CNS tumors

405.

Turner’s Syndrome: 45, XO406.

Typhoid Fever: Bradycardia and in white people rose spots on abdomen

407.

Tyrosinase deficiency: Albinism408.

Uric Acid: Gout, Lesch Nyhan, Myeloproliferative Disorders, Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)

409.

Vincent’s Infection: “trench mouth” - acute necrotizingulcerative gingivitis

410.

Virchow’s Node: supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

411.

VMA and metenephrins in urine: Pheochromocytoma412.

von Gierke’s Disease: glycogen storage disease (G6Pase deficiency)

413.

von Hippel-Lindau: hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma),adenomas of the viscera, especially renal cell carcinoma

414.

von Recklinghausen’s: neurofibromatosis & café au laitspots & Lisch nodule (iris hamartomas)

415.

von Recklinghausen’s Disease of Bone: osteitis fibrosacystica (“brown tumor”) 2* to hyperparathyroidism

416.

von Willebrand’s Disease: defect in platelet adhesion 2* to deficiency in vWF; increased bleeding time and PTT

417.

Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia: proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells

418.

Wallenberg’s Syndrome: Posterior Inferior CerebellarArtery (PICA) thrombosis “Medullary Syndrome”,Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral:body pain & temp

419.

Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells: Measles420.

Waterhammer pulse: Aortic regurgitation421.

Waterhouse-Friderichsen: catastrophic adrenal insufficiency 2* to hemorrhagic necrosis (eg, DIC),often 2* to meningiococcemia

422.

WBC Casts: pyelonephritis423.

Weber’s Syndrome: Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain,Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)

424.

Wegener’s Granulomatosis: necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.

425.

Weil’s Disease: leptospirosis426.

Wermer’s Syndrome: MEN type I (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary)

427.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)

428.

Wernicke’s Aphasia: Sensory Aphasia impaired comprehension

429.

Whipple’s Disease: malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis

430.

White matter petechiae: Fat emboli431.

Wilson’s Disease: hepatolenticular degeneration (copper accumulation & decrease in ceruloplasmin)

432.

Winged scapula: Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7) damage, common with radical mastectomy

433.

Wire Loop Glomeruli: lupus nephropathy, type IV434.

11

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: immunodeficiency: combinedB- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)

435.

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect: high iodine level (*)’s thyroidhormone synthesis

436.

Wrinkled glomerular basement membrane: ischemia437.

Zenker’s Diverticulum: esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES

438.

Zollinger-Ellison: gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine) * * acid * intractable ulcers

439.