Using the FRS to measure material deprivation in families with children Stephen McKay...
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Transcript of Using the FRS to measure material deprivation in families with children Stephen McKay...
Using the FRS to measure material deprivation
in families with children
Stephen McKay
University of Birmingham
FRS User Group
10 June 2010
Measuring deprivation
• Indirect, Income-based measures– HBAI, poverty series
• Direct measures, including indicators of material deprivation– Included on FRS since 2004/05
Recent policy focus => interest in non-financial measures, and the situation of the very poorest?
Change in child deprivation (HBAI)
Deprivation indicators
• Townsend (1979), survey in 1968-69– Critique by Piachaud (1981)
• Breadline Britain surveys, and related studies– 1983; 1990; 1999; & 2002-3 in NI– Have this OR don’t have & don’t want OR
don’t have and cannot afford it
• Incorporation as a DWP measure for child poverty (e.g. in Child Poverty Act 2010).
Week’s holiday away from home: trends over time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Townsend1968-69
PSE -1999 PSE -NI,2002-3
DWP 04-05 DWP 07-08
Adult
Child
Selection of questions for FRS
• 1999 PSE Study provided information on a very wide range of indicators (Gordon et al 2000)
• Study in 2003 identified a shorter set that could do most (~92%) of the same job – Set of 11 adult/family questions– Set of 10 child-focused questions
• Both sets included in DWP material deprivation measure
– Question on arrears on various commitments• Not part of the DWP measure
• Questions recently being revised (5 year time horizon)
DWP approach
• Merging of adult and child data into a single index
• Summed according to prevalence (more weight to items that more people have) rather than actual number lacked– Weights now change each year, originally
fixed at baseline year
• A threshold set as indicating deprivation (score of 25 on a 0-100 scale)
FRS data structure – deprivation questions are at ‘benunit’ level
Household [SERNUM]
‘Family’ [SERNUM. BENUNIT]
‘Family’ [SERNUM. BENUNIT]
‘Adult’ [SERNUM. BENUNIT, PERSON]
‘Child’ [SERNUM. BENUNIT, PERSON]
‘Job’ [SERNUM. BENUNIT, PERSON, JOBTYPE]
So, results can be for households, families or individuals (or adults or children). Many other files for pensions, housing: N=26 files.
+
Number of items cannot afford
42
128 8 7 6 5
8
59
21
105 2 1 1 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
Adults
Children
Adults deprived ‘before’ children (number of family units)
Children not deprived
Children lacking 2+
things
Adults not deprived
4.4m 0.14m
Adults lacking 3+ things
1.46m 1.36m
Deepening definition of material deprivation among families – lone parenthood
7
14.2
24.9
38.2
44.5
53.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8,9 10+
N items cannot afford
Lone parent families
Deepening definition of material deprivation among families – DDA disability
9.8
15.217.2
23.1
29.2
34.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8,9 10+
N items cannot afford
Has a DDA disability
Deepening deprivation – number of children
33 34 33 34 31 29
48 46 43 38 37 35
15 16 1720 21
21
4 5 9 12 13 18
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
0 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8,9 10+
N items cannot afford
4+
3
2
1
Other significant differences
• High risks of deprivatoin– Workless or unemployed– Child with a health problem (maybe partly
reflecting larger families)– Living in London, West Midlands, North-West– Not married
• Strong link to arrears on household commitments
Logits on most deprived – selected coefficients (odds ratios), all p<0.01
Worst 30% Worst 20% Worst 10%4+ child (cf 2) 2.8 2.6 2.3Workless (cf FT emp)
3.4 3.9 5.0
Unemployed 6.5 6.7 8.5
Pa, Ba 4.1 3.5 4.2
DDA 2.2 2.1 1.9
Pseudo-R2 0.32 0.30 0.26
Some conclusions
• Excellent source for tracking material deprivation among families– Time series since 2004-05, other studies tend
to be ad hoc, or fewer indicators (BHPS)– Limited exploitation of child vs adult
measures, and of the arrears indicators– Good starting sample sizes
• Possible to focus in on the most deprived, or look at a wider group, and to combine with income