Using the Engineer Literature

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K12273

Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Bonnie A. Osif

Using theEngineeringLiterature




Using the Engineering Literature

Osif

SecondEdition

Praise for the First EditionA lot of work has gone into compiling this book, and the result is an extremely usefulreference work which should be purchased by all libraries serving engineers of any kind.Internet Resources Newsletter, Issue 146, December 2006

With the encroachment of the Internet into nearly all aspects of work and life, it seems as thoughinformation is everywhere. However, there is information and then there is correct, appropriate, andtimely information. While we might love being able to turn to Wikipedia for encyclopedia-likeinformation or search Google for the thousands of links on a topic, engineers need the best information,information that is evaluated, up-to-date, and complete. Accurate, vetted information is necessarywhen building new skyscrapers or developing new prosthetics for returning military veterans.

While the award-winning first edition of Using the Engineering Literature used a roadmap analogy,we now need a three-dimensional analysis reflecting the complex and dynamic nature of research inthe information age. Using the Engineering Literature, Second Edition provides a guide to the widerange of resources available in all fields of engineering. This second edition has been thoroughly revisedand features new sections on nanotechnology as well as green engineering.

The information age has greatly impacted the way engineers find information. Engineers have an effect,directly and indirectly, on almost all aspects of our lives, and it is vital that they find the right informationat the right time to create better products and processes.

Comprehensive and up to date, with expert chapter authors, this book fills a gap in the literature,providing current information in a user-friendly format.

INFORMATION SCIENCE


Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Bonnie A. Osif


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This book is dedicated to present and future engineering librarians who strive to provide quality services in a critical profession that is always changing and to promote the value of evaluated information. It is also

dedicated to the many faculty, librarians, and family members who have supported me in this effort. Special thanks to Thomas Osif, Thomas W. Conkling, and advisor and mentor extraordinaire, Dr. Joseph S.

Schmuckler of Temple University. The faculty member I have become is largely due to his example of what a faculty member should be.

vii

ContentsPreface...............................................................................................................................................ixAcknowledgments........................................................................................................................... xiiiContributors......................................................................................................................................xv

Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1

Bonnie A. Osif

Chapter 2 General.Engineering.Resources....................................................................................7

John J. Meier (based on the first edition by Jean Z. Piety and John Piety)

. Minorities.in.Engineering...........................................................................................34

Sylvia A. Nyana

Chapter 3 Aeronautical.and.Aerospace.Engineering................................................................... 45

Thomas W. Conkling

Chapter 4 Agricultural.and.Food.Engineering............................................................................ 61

Kathy Fescemyer and Helen Smith

Chapter 5 Architectural.Engineering........................................................................................... 79

Barbara Opar

Chapter 6 Bioengineering............................................................................................................93

Honora Nerz Eskridge and Linda Martinez (based on the first edition by LindaMartinez and Mary D. Steiner)

Chapter 7 Chemical.Engineering............................................................................................... 111

Dana Roth

Chapter 8 Civil.Engineering...................................................................................................... 129

Carol Reese and Michael Chrimes

Chapter 9 Computer.Engineering..............................................................................................203

Hema Ramachandran (based on the first edition

by Hema Ramachandran and Renee McHenry)

viii Contents

Chapter 10 Electrical.and.Electronics.Engineering..................................................................... 241

Larry Thompson

Chapter 11 Engineering.Education.............................................................................................. 259

Jill H. Powell and Jeremy Cusker

Chapter 12 Environmental.Engineering...................................................................................... 277

Robert Tolliver (based on the first edition by Linda Vida and Lois Widmer)

Chapter 13 History.of.Engineering.............................................................................................. 317

Nestor L. Osorio and Mary A. Osorio

Chapter 14 Industrial.Engineering............................................................................................... 341

Nestor L. Osorio and Andrew W. Otieno

Chapter 15 Materials.Science.and.Engineering........................................................................... 371

Leena N. Lalwani and Sara Samuel (based on the first edition by Godlind Johnson)

Chapter 16 Mechanical.Engineering........................................................................................... 395

Aleteia Greenwood and Mel DeSart

Chapter 17 Mining.Engineering.................................................................................................. 427

Jerry Kowalyk

Chapter 18 Nuclear.Engineering.................................................................................................. 453

Mary Frances Lembo

Chapter 19 Petroleum.Engineering.and.Refining........................................................................469

Randy Reichardt

Chapter 20 Transportation.Engineering......................................................................................497

Rita Evans and Kendra K. Levine

ix

PrefaceSince.the.first.edition.of.this.book.was.published,.we.have.had.airplanes.grounded.by.the.ash.from.the.Icelandic.volcano.Eyjafjallajokul,.11.people.died.after.an.explosion.on.an.oil.rig.in.the.Gulf.of.Mexico,.33.Chilean.miners.were.rescued.after.69.days.underground,.many.other.miners.died.in.mining.accidents.in.several.countries,.a.collapse.of.a.football.dome,.massive.flooding.in.Pakistan,.a.bridge.collapse.in.Minnesota,.the.crippling.of.the.Fukushima.Daiichi.reactors,.and.the.devasta-tion.in.Haiti.after.the.earthquake..All.of.these.and.many.other.stories.in.the.news.have.a.number.of.aspects.to.themsocial,.humanitarian,.politicalbut,.they.also.share.engineering.as.one.of.the.main.features.of.the.story..Whether.it.is.the.daring.feat.that.allowed.the.successful.rescue.of.all.33.miners.in.Chile,.which.was.the.result.of.engineers.from.many.subdisciplines.and.many.countries.working.together,.or.whether.it.was.the.disaster.due.to.the.lack.of.standards.and.subpar.construction.that.resulted.in.the.collapsed.buildings.in.Haiti,.engineering.was.involved.

With.the.almost.ubiquitous.encroachment.of. the.Internet,. it.seems.as. if. information.is.every-where..However,.there.is.mere.information.and.then.there.is.correct,.appropriate,.and.timely.infor-mation..While.we.might.love.being.able.to.turn.to.Wikipedia.for.encyclopedia-like.information.or.search.Google.for.the.thousands.of.links.on.a.topic,.that.is.not.what.is.necessary.when.building.new.skyscrapers.or.developing.new.prosthetics.for.returning.Iraqi.veterans..Engineers.need.the.best.information,.information.that.is.evaluated,.up-to-date,.and.complete..The.first.edition.of.Using the Engineering Literature used.a.roadmap.analogy..However,.we.now.need.a.three-dimensional.analy-sis.because.resources.have.become.more.complex.and.more.dynamic.

Google.and.its.competitors.dominate.the.searching.world.for.many.Web.searchers..The.more.sophisticated.use.Google.Scholar.with.its.interdisciplinary.collection.and.familiar.search.func-tions..The.ability. to.actually.have. full. text. links. included. for.ones. institution. is.a.great. feature..However,.the.searching.can.be.less.exact.than.in.a.fee-based.database.with.controlled.vocabulary.and.indexing..And,.the.search.results,.while.not.as.enormous.as.a.regular.Google.search,.can.still.be.overwhelming,.even.for.an.experienced.searcher..Quite.frankly,.if.Google.Scholar.could.substitute.for.the.fee-based.database,.library.budgets.would.be.in.a.better.situation..However,.there.is.still.a.critical.need.for.the.carefully.created.databases.in.engineering,.such.as.Compendex,.NTIS,.Inspec,.and.more.

More.is.not.always.better..Engineers.need.efficient.quality.searches.and.missing.a.critical.paper.can.be.costly.in.time,.effort,.money,.and.loss.of.equipment,.structure,.and.life..At.this.point,.there.is.no.definitive.report.on.the.Deepwater.Horizon.explosion.in.the.Gulf.of.Mexico.in.2010,.but.there.are.reports.of.some.questionable.decisions.in.construction.and.materials..Whether.the.reason.was.a.business.decision.based.on.costs,.corner.cutting,.or.faulty.engineering.decisions,.or.none.of.these.will. be. decided. as. the. study. continues.. However,. it. is. clear. that. the. best. information. is. always.needed.to.provide.the.basis.for.making.decisions.that.impact.both.the.business.bottom.line.as.well.as.the.people.and.environment.affected.by.these.decisions.

In.a.discussion.of.how.faculty.members.locate,.obtain,.read,.and.use.scholarly.articles,.Carol.Tenopir.and.co-authors.find.that.libraries.appear.to.be.the.primary.choice.when.articles.are.iden-tified.by.automated.searching,.citations,.or.mentions.by.others..They.conclude.that.much.of.the.increase.in.reading.that.we.have.observed.can.be.attributed.to.electronic.articles.available.through.their.libraries.(Tenopir,.2009,.pp..5,.17,.28)..While.there.are.differences.among.the.subject.special-ties,.the.finding.is.interesting.and.points.out.the.importance.of.libraries.and.skilled.professionals.who.can.help.with.both.searches.and.location.of.resources.

Another. interesting. study. focused. on. design. engineers.. Allard,. Levine,. and. Tenopir. (2009,.p. 443). write,. In. the. private. sector,. engineers. who. deal. with. each. step. of. the. project. (design,.

x Preface

drawing,.testing,.etc.).coupled.with.tight.product.deadlines,.are.more.likely.to.make.use.of.informa-tion.sources.that.are.immediately.available,.even.if.those.sources.are.not.the.best..This.contrasts.with.engineers.in.academic.or.research.settings,.who.are.more.likely.to.use.documents.or.scholarly.journals. to. satisfy. their. information.needs..They. found. that. colleagues.are. still.very. important.sources.of.information,.but.the.Internet.is.now.used.before.consulting.their.colleagues,.with.Google.their.search.engine.of.choice..They.note.that.engineers.are.realizing.that.not.everything.on.the.Web.is.trustworthy,.so.they.are.relying.on.online.communities.that.they.know.and.trust.to.address.this.issue..They.also.found.that.engineers.are.less.likely.to.feel.that.they.have.as.much.time.to.spend.on.information-seeking.tasks..This.could.have.huge.implications.for.the.innovation.process.in.terms.of.losing.time.on.projects.that.might.have.pertinent.research.published,.but.not.easily.accessible.through.the.engineers.first.stop:.Google.(p..452).

.Engineers.are.contributors.to.the.economic.engine.of.a.nation,.and.their.work.relies.heavily.on.the.ability.to.find,.use,.and.share.information.(Allard,.Levine,.and.Tenopir,.2009,.p..453)..The.changes.that.Allard.and.colleagues.have.documented.indicate.that.shift.toward.using.an.Internet.search.engine.before.asking.a.colleague.suggests.that.engineers.are.changing.their.values.from.a.focus.on.ease.of.access.and.quality.toward.only.considering.ease.of.access..This.suggests.that.engi-neers.would.benefit.from.tools.that.help.them.assess.the.quality.of.the.information.they.are.finding.on.the.Web.since.they.cannot.count.on.it.being.filtered.by.their.colleagues.(p..454)..Librarians.would.be.great.filters.of.that.information.

In.the.book,.I Live in the Future and Heres How it Works,.Nick.Bilton.(2010).discusses.a.number.of.changes.in.our.information.world..He.makes.an.interesting.point..You.can.lament.the.changes.that.are.happening.todaytomorrows.historyconvincing.yourselves.of.the.negatives.and.refusing.to.be.part.of.a.constantly.changing.culture..Or,.you.can.shake.off.your.technochondria.and.embrace.and.accept.that.the.positive.metamorphosis.will.continue.to.happen,.as.it.has.so.many.times.before.(pp..7576)..Librarians.have.been.at.the.center.of.many.of.the.changes.in.our.information.world..They.were.early.adopters.and.pioneers.in.many.ways.and.in.many.technologies..If.a.new.means.of.communication.was.created,.they.looked.at.it,.evaluated.it,.and.determined.how.it.could.be.used.to.deliver.better.services.to.their.patrons..New.service.models.have.been.adopted.by.librarians..Some.libraries.have.gone.almost.completely.digital..Subject.specific.web.portals.or.gateways.often.are.created.and.maintained.by.librarians..Real-time.reference.through.chat,.text,.or.messaging.is.com-monplace..Librarians.are.now.embedded.in.teams,.classes,.and.projects.to.provide.their.specialized.expertise..And,.librarians.have.left. the.confines.of.the.library.to.provide.information.services.in.locations.around.campus.where.students.and.faculty.can.easily.find.them.

Yet,.there.are.also.rumblings.that.all.of.the.information.you.need.is.really.on.the.Web.and.using.Google.or.Bing.or.whatever.is.the.search.engine.flavor.of.the.day.will.turn.up.the.needed.resources..However,.studies.show.that.people.generally.are.rather.imprecise.searchers.and.do.not.look.at.many.pages.of.search.results..It.goes.without.saying.that.much.of.the.information.on.the.Web.is.not.reli-able.and.should.not.be.used.in.serious.research..Also,.much.of.the.needed.information.on.the.Web.is.not.free,.but.must.come.from.subscriptions,.again.returning.us.to.the.important.role.libraries.still.play.in.the.world.of.quality,.accessible.information.in.engineering.

As.information.floods.our.lives.through.television,.radio,.print,.and.more.and.more.via.our.com-puters,.smart.phones,.and.whatever.new.technology.is.just.on.the.horizon,.the.need.to.be.able.to.cut.through.the.chaff.and.get.to.the.relevant.materials.is.getting.more.difficult,.not.less..Technology.has.provided.a.tsunami.of.information.and.it.is.too.easy.to.simply.be.washed.away..We.have.the.warning..Many.authors.have.written.about.the.glut.of.information,.some.of.the.poor.searching.skills.that.are.used.to.wade.through.this.glut,.and.the.ways.it.can.impact.lives..The.question.is:.Have.we.heeded.the.warnings.and.taken.the.precautions.needed.to.find.and.use.the.best. information.in.a.timely.manner?

To.return.to.the.old.days.of.print.resources.or.mediated.searching.would.be.ludicrous.as.well.as.impossible..The.information.genie.is.out.of.the.bottle.and.I.know.of.no.one,.especially.librarians,.

Preface xi

who.want.to.go.back.to.the.way.it.was..Information.is.power,.and.we.have.empowered.our.patrons,.whether. students,. faculty,. researchers,. or. administrators,. to.direct. their. own. research..They.can.search.the.Web.themselves.and.we.have.put.databases,.reference.materials,.journals,.handbooks,.reports,.and.many.other.resources.literally.at.their.fingertips..What.we.still.need.to.do.is.be.sure.those.resources.are.easily.findable.and.usable.and.to.be.teachers.and.guides..Instead.of.being.rel-egated.to.the.list.of.obsolete.professions,.librarians.with.the.tradition.skills.of.collection,.organiza-tion,.and.instruction.are.more.than.relevant.as.these.skills.have.evolved.into.the.electronic.world..These.skills.are.essential.to.engineers,.though.sometimes.not.recognized.by.them..Librarians.and.resources.can.make.a.difference.

REFERENCES

Allard,.S.,.K..J..Levine,.and.C..Tenopir..2009..Design.engineers.and.technical.professionals.at.work:.Observing.information. usage. in. the. workplace,. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.60.(3):.443454.

Bilton,.N..2010..I live in the future and heres how it works..New.York:.Crown.Business.Tenopir,.C.,.D..W..King,.S..Edwards,.and.L..Wu..2009..Electronic.journals.and.changes.in.scholarly.article.see-

ing.and.reading.patterns,.Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives.61.(1):.532.

xiii

AcknowledgmentsMy.heartfelt.thanks.to.the.people.who.agreed.to.give.up.countless.hours.to.research.and.write.their.chapters..The.authors.were.very.carefully.selected.and.represent.some.of.the.giants.in.the.field.of.engineering.librarianship,.as.well.as.some.who.are.newer.to.the.profession.but.are.on.their.way.to.being.the.giants.of.the.near.future..I.was.honored.to.work.with.them.on.this.book.and.learned.so.much.from.them..A.work.such.as.this.is.a.long,.difficult.task,.especially.as.it.is.done.while.juggling.the.normal.workload.of.a.librarian..They.have.put.together.a.work.that.will.help.many.librarians.and.engineers.

I.would.like.to.thank.the.staff.of.the.Engineering.Library.at.Penn.State.University.for.their.sup-port.during.the.editing.of.this.book..And,.as.always,.I.thank.my.husband,.Tom,.who.proofed.all.of.my.writings,.listened.to.me.when.I.needed.to.vent,.and.encouraged.me.every.step.of.the.way.

xv

Contributors

Michael Chrimes. is.director,.Engineering.Policy.and.Innovation.at.ICE,.the.Institution.of.Civil.Engineers.

Thomas W. Conkling. is.head.of. the.Engineering.Library.at. the.Pennsylvania.State.University..From.1975.to.1981,.he.was.assistant.librarian.at.the.Princeton.University.Plasma.Physics.Laboratory.Library..He.has.a.BS.in.physics.and.math.from.the.State.University.of.New.York.at.Stony.Brook.and.an.MLS.from.Queens.College.of.the.City.University.of.New.York..His.research.interests.include.the.production.and.use.of.technical.information..He.is.an.active.member.of.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.(ASEE).Engineering.Libraries.Division..He.was.a.co-recipient.of.the.1995.Engineering.Information/Special.Libraries.Association.Engineering.Librarian.of.the.Year.Award,.and.he.also.received.the.Homer.I..Bernhardt.Distinguished.Service.Award.in.2000.from.the.ASEE.Engineering.Libraries.Division.

Jeremy Cusker.spent.his.early.postcollege.career.in.Wisconsin.with.a.group.of.righteous.rain-makers,.working.for.a.nonprofit.organization. that. fought.health. insurance.companies.on.behalf.of. disabled.people..After. deciding.he.did.not.want. to. go. to. law. school. (and. after.winning. the.gold.medal. in.his.division.of. the.2004.National.Taekwondo.Championship),.he.enrolled.at. the.University.of.WisconsinMadison.School.of.Library.and.Information.Studies..In. the.years. that.followed,.Cusker.worked.for.research.foundations,.public.libraries,.and.yet.more.advocates.for.the.disabled.in.Wisconsin.before.returning.to.his.adolescent.stomping.grounds.of.upstate.New.York..Since.2008,.he.has.been.a. librarian.at. the.Engineering.Library.of.Cornell.University.and.been.involved.with.projects.related.to.curation.of.scientific.data,.student.engineering.project.teams,.and.collaboration.with.engineering.faculty.in.the.classroom.

Mel DeSart.is.head.of.the.Engineering.Library.at.the.University.of.Washington..From.1987.to.2000,.he.served. in.engineering.and.sci-tech. librarian.positions.at. the.University.of. Illinois.at.Urbana-Champaign.and.at.the.University.of.Kansas..He.received.both.his.BA.and.MS.from.the.University.of.Illinois..He.is.a.current.member.of.the.American.Library.Association.(ALA).and.Association.of. College. and. Research. Libraries. (ACRL),. including. its. Science. and. Technology. Section. and.University.Libraries.Section,.but.is.most.active.in.the.Engineering.Libraries.Division.(ELD).of.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.(ASEE),.having.served.ELD.in.over.15.different.roles.during.his.career..DeSart.received.the.Homer.I..Bernhardt.Distinguished.Service.Award.from.ELD.in.2004..His.professional. interests. include. initiating.and.supporting.positive.change. in.scholarly.communication.and.in.the.training.and.mentoring.of.new.sci-tech.librarians..His.nonprofessional.interests.include.a.variety.of.college.and.professional.sports,.in.particular,.baseball,.and.delighting.in.the.long-standing.but.to.date.still.unsuccessful.hunt.for.the.perfect.microbrewed.beer.

Honora Nerz Eskridge. is. currently.director.of.Centennial.Campus.Research.Services. at.North.Carolina.State.University.where. she. leads. library. services. to. the.engineering.community.at.NC.State..She.holds.a.masters.degree.in.library.and.information.science.from.The.Catholic.University.of.America.and.a.bachelors.degree.in.engineering.from.Manhattan.College.

Rita Evans. is. the. library.director.at. the. Institute.of.Transportation.Studies.at. the.University.of.California,.Berkeley,.where.she.has.worked.since.2001..She.previously.spent.25.years.in.corporate.

xvi Contributors

libraries,.including.a.lengthy.stint.at.Dolby.Laboratories.technical.library.in.San.Francisco..Active.in. the. Special. Libraries. Association. (SLA),. Evans. has. chaired. the. Transportation. Division. and.served.as.president.of.the.San.Francisco.Bay.Region.chapter..Away.from.work,.she.enjoys.tromping.through.the.beautiful.terrain.of.northern.California..She.received.her.MLS..from.the.University.of.Pittsburgh.

Kathy Fescemyer.is.the.Life.Sciences.librarian.in.the.Life.Sciences.Library.at.Penn.State.University..She.is.a.graduate.of.the.University.of.Illinois.with.a.BS.in.zoology.and.an.MS.in.library.and.infor-mation.science..She.also.has.a.MS.in.entomology.from.Louisiana.State.University..She.is.active.in.the.American.Library.Association,.Council.on.Botanical.and.Horticultural.Libraries,.and.United.States.Agricultural.Information.Network..

Aleteia Greenwood.is.head.librarian.of.the.Science.and.Engineering.Library.at.the.University.of.British.Columbia.(UBC)..She.is.also.the.student,.faculty,.and.collections.development.liaison.to.the.Civil.and.Mechanical.Engineering.Departments..She.received.her.BA.in.English.literature.(1994).and.her.MLIS.(1999).from.UBC..She.devotes.her.off-work.hours.to.creating.innovative.and.colorful.paintings.and.masks.as.well.as.print-making..Having.yet.to.become.a.famous.artist,.she.intends.to.remain.an.engineering.librarian.for.the.time.being.

Jerry Kowalyk. has. been. a. public. services. librarian. for. the. Cameron. Science. and. Technology.Library.at. the.University.of.Alberta.in.Edmonton,.Alberta,.Canada,.since.1992..Currently,.he.is.responsible.for.library.liaison,.bibliographic.instruction,.and.collection.development.in.support.of.teaching.and.research.in.the.Faculty.of.Engineering.Departments.for.Civil,.Mining.and.Petroleum,.and.Electrical.and.Computer.Engineering..Prior.to.1992,.he.was.the.Slavic.literature.and.language.materials.cataloguer.in.the.Bibliographic.Services.Division.of.the.university.library.for.10.years.

Leena N. Lalwani. has. been. the. coordinator. for. Arts. and. Engineering. Collection. at. the. Art,.Architecture,.and.Engineering.Library.(AAEL).at.the.University.of.Michigan.since.2000..Lalwani.has.been.with. the.University.of.Michigan. library.since.1995.as.an.engineering. librarian..She. is.also. the. liaison.librarian.for.Biomedical.Engineering,.Chemical.Engineering,.Materials.Science,.and.Naval.Architecture.and.Marine.Engineering..In.addition,.she.is.also.the.patent.specialist.for.her.library..Prior.to.joining.the.University.of.Michigan,.Lalwani.has.worked.as.librarian.at.Gelman.Sciences.and.American.Tobacco.Company..She.has.an.MLS.degree.from.Catholic.University.of.America.and.an.MS.in.chemistry.from.the.University.of.Mumbai,.India.

Mary Frances Lembo.is.an.information.specialist.for.the.Technical.Library.at.the.Pacific.Northwest.National.Laboratory,.where.she.provides.in-depth.reference.services.and.classes.of.library.products.and.services.for. laboratory.staff.members..She.provides.support. for. the. library.collection. in. the.areas.of.chemistry,.materials.science,.national. security,.nuclear.engineering,.and.physics..She. is.active.in.the.Special.Libraries.Association.and.co-presents.the.Sci/Tech.101.sessions.at.the.annual.conference..She.holds.a.masters.degree.in.library.science.from.the.University.of.Washington..The.Pacific.Northwest.National.Laboratory.is.operated.by.Battelle.for.the.U.S..Department.of.Energy.

Kendra K. Levine.is.the.Reference.and.Outreach.librarian.at.the.Institute.of.Transportation.Studies.Library.at.the.University.of.California,.Berkeley,.a.role.that.involves.interactions.with.a.wide.range.of.transportation.researchers.from.public.agencies,.universities,.and.the.private.sector..Committed.to.the.larger.transportation.and.library.community,.Levine.participates.in.the.SLA.Academic.and.Transportation.Divisions,.the.Transportation.Research.Board,.and.the.Transportation.Knowledge.Networks..Outside.of.work,.she.organizes.and.creates.finding.aids.for.her.record.collection..She.earned.her.MLIS/MSIS.from.Drexel.University.in.2008.

Contributors xvii

Linda Martinez.has.been. library. liaison. to.Duke.Universitys.Pratt.School.of.Engineering.and.the. Department. of. Computer. Science. since. 1996.. Prior. to. Duke,. she. was. at. the. Massachusetts.Institute. of.Technology. as. subject. specialist. in. electrical. engineering. and. computer. science. and.assistant.librarian.for.Core.Information.Competencies..She.holds.an.MLS.degree.from.Simmons.College.Graduate.School.of.Library.and.Information.Science.and.an.EdM.from.Harvard.University.Graduate.School.of.Education..She.is.also.a.registered.yoga.teacher.with.a.focus.on.yoga.for.seniors.and.cancer.survivors.

John J. Meier.is.a.science.librarian.at.the.Physical.and.Mathematical.Sciences.Library.in.the.Penn.State. University. Libraries. at. University. Park.. His. responsibilities. include. instruction,. collection.development,.reference,.and.investigating.methods.of.delivering.library.information.and.services..He. is.also. the.depository. librarian. for. the.U.S..Patent.and.Trademark.Depository.and. liaison. to.the.departments.of.mathematics.and.statistics..John.holds.an.MLIS.degree.from.the.University.of.Pittsburgh.and.an.MS.in.electrical.and.computer.engineering.from.Carnegie.Mellon.University..He.was.selected.as.an.Emerging.Leader.of.the.American.Library.Association.for.2011.and.is.currently.the.secretary.for.the.Science.and.Technology.Section.of.the.Association.of.College.and.Research.Libraries.(ACRL)..He.has.received.many.awards.including.the.2009.Best.Publication.Award.from.the.Engineering.Libraries.Division.of.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.for.the.co-authored.article.Google.Scholars.Coverage.of.the.Engineering.Literature:.An.Empirical.Study..His.current.research.interests.lie.in.using.innovative.technology.to.help.library.users.and.enhance.the.workflow.of.library.professionals.

Sylvia A. Nyana. is.the.Social.Sciences.librarian.at.the.Pennsylvania.State.University..She.has.a.BS.in.sociology.from.Cornell.University.and.an.MLS.from.the.University.at.Buffalo..Her.research.interests.include.improving.access.and.services.to.academic.library.resources,.and.a.special.research.interest.in.the.provision.of.information/knowledge.to.oral.cultures..She.has.published.in.peer-re-viewed.articles.and.presented.papers.and.conducted.workshops.at.professional.conferences.

Barbara Opar. is. Architecture. and. French. librarian. at. Syracuse. University.. She. holds. a. BA. in.French. and. English,. and. MA. and. MLS. degrees,. all. from. Syracuse.. She. has. been. employed. at.Syracuse.University.since.1975..Opar.has.been.a.member.of.the.Art.Libraries.Association.of.North.America.and.of.Western.New.York.(ARLIS/WNY).and.of.the.Association.of.Architectural.School.Librarians..She.has.been.president.of.both.AASL.and.ARLIS/WNY..She.prepares.the.booklist.for.the.Society.of.Architectural.Historians.

Bonnie A. Osif.has.been.engineering.reference.and.instruction.librarian.in.the.Engineering.Library.at.the.Penn.State.University.since.1991..Prior.to.that.she.was.a.physical.sciences.librarian.at.Penn.State.and.managed.the.biology.library.at.Temple.University..She.holds.a.BS.in.biology.from.Penn.State,.an.MS.in.information.science.from.Drexel,.and.an.EdD.in.science.education.from.Temple.University..She.was.co-recipient.of.the.SLA.Engineering.Librarian.of.the.Year.Award.in.1995..Other.awards.include.the.Achievement.Award.from.the.Sci-Tech.Division.of.SLA.and.the.Professional.Achievement.award.from.the.Transportation.Division.of.SLA,.and.Best.Reference.Work.and.Best.Publication.awards.from.ASEE..She.was.a.columnist.for.the.American.Library.Associations.Library.Administration.and.Management.for.17.years..She.is.the.co-author.of TMI: 25 Years Later.

Mary A. Osorio.holds.a.BA.degree.in.English.(minor.in.history).from.the.State.University.of.New.York.(SUNY).at.Buffalo.and.an.MLS.from.the.SUNY.at.Geneseo..Osorio.is.a.reference.librarian.at.Messenger.Public.Library,.North.Aurora,.Illinois..Previous.positions.held.include.working.for.the.Information.Center.of.the.Centro.Colombo.Americano.and.as.instructor.of.English.at.Universidad.del.Norte.in.Barranquilla,.Colombia.

xviii Contributors

Nestor L. Osorio.received.a.degree.in.mathematics.and.physics.from.the.Universidad.del.Atlntico,.Colombia..He.also.holds.masters.degrees.in.physics.and.library.and.information.science.from.the.State. University. of. New. York.. He. joined. Northern. Illinois. University,. DeKalb,. Illinois. in. 1982.and.is.currently.a.professor,.subject.specialist,.and.head.of.the.Science,.Engineering,.and.Business.Department..Professor.Osorio. is.a.member.of. the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education,.The.American.Society.for.Information.Science.and.Technology,.the.Association.for.College.and.Research.Libraries,.and.the.Society.for.the.History.of.Technology..He.is.a.founder.board.member.of.the.journals.Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.(ISTL),.and.Formacin Universitaria..An.author.of.numerous.scholarly.papers.and.bibliographies,.he.has.presented.a.number.of.papers.at.national.and.international.conferences..His.areas.of.interest.include.technical.information,.digital.libraries,.history.of.technology,.content.analysis,.and.bibliometrics.

Andrew W. Otieno.is.an.associate.professor.of.Manufacturing.Engineering.Technology.at.Northern.Illinois.Universitys.Department.of.Technology..He.received.his.PhD.in.mechanical.engineering.from.Leeds.University,.United.Kingdom,. in.1994..He.has.worked. in.various. institutions. in.dif-ferent.capacities. including.the.University.of.Nairobi,.Kenya,.and.Missouri.University.of.Science.and.Technology. in.Rolla..His. research.and. teaching. interests. are. in. the.areas.of.manufacturing.engineering,. computer. applications. in. manufacturing,. finite. element. modeling,. structural. health.monitoring. and. damage. detection,. and. echo-machining.. He. has. published. several. research. and.pedagogical.articles.in.various.journals.and.has.numerous.conference.presentations..He.is.also.a.member.of.the.Society.of.Manufacturing.Engineers,.American.Society.of.Engineering.Education,.American.Society.of.Mechanical.Engineers,.Pi.Epsilon.Tau,.and.Phi.Beta.Delta..Dr..Otieno.is.cur-rently.involved.in.teaching.and.research.in.the.area.of.manufacturing.automation.and.environmen-tally.friendly.machining.of.aerospace.alloys.

Jill H. Powell. has. a. BA. in. German. and. economics. from. Cornell. and. an. MLS. from. Syracuse.University..She.worked.for.Cornell.University.Press.and.Mayfield.Publishing.before.coming.to.the.Engineering.Library.at.Cornell.University.in.1986..Since.2009,.she.has.been.engineering.bibliog-rapher.and.subject.selector.for.the.collection..She.is.active.in.the.Engineering.Libraries.Division.of.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.

Hema Ramachandran.worked.for.a.large.construction.company.in.London,.England,.for.six.years.doing.reference,.interlibrary.loans,.and.ordering.publications..After.moving.to.the.United.States.and.while.studying.for.an.MLS.at.Florida.State.University,.she.worked.at.the.University.of.Floridas.NASA/STAC.(an.information.center).conducting.online.searches.and.document.delivery.for.fee-.paying.cli-ents..After.being.in.charge.of.the.University.of.New.Hampshires.Chemistry.Library.for.three.years,.she. joined. Northwestern. Universitys. Transportation. Library. as. reference/bibliographic. instruction.librarian..She.left.Northwestern.University.in.1997.and.worked.at.San.Jose.State.and.Cal.Tech..After.two.years.as.access.services.librarian.at.Pasadena.City.College,.she.took.up.her.current.position.as.engineering. librarian. at. California. State. UniversityLong. Beach.. Ramachandran. is. active. in. the.Engineering.Division.of.the.Special.Libraries.Association.and.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.

Carol Reese. has. over. 20. years. of. experience. handling. civil. engineering. information. for. the.American.Society.for.Civil.Engineers.(ASCE)..She.first.worked.in.the.Publications.Division.where.her.main.responsibilities.included.the.production.of.indexes.for.all.journal.and.book.publications,.the.development.of.ASCEs.Web-based.Civil.Engineering.database.and.the.societys.full-text.online.publications..With.these.projects.accomplished,.she.then.became.ASCEs.cybrarian.and.archivist.where.she.serves.the.civil.engineering.community.by.providing.research.assistance.to.those.who.need.it..As.archivist,.she.is.responsible.for.organizing.and.maintaining.the.history.of.the.society..In.addition,.she.has.been.active.in.the.Special.Libraries.Association.and.has.held.several.positions..She.

Contributors xix

holds.an.MS.degree.in.library.science.from.Florida.State.University.and.worked.for.over.15.years.in.reference.at.Brookdale.Community.College.in.New.Jersey.

Randy Reichardt. is. research. services. librarian. (engineering). at. the. Cameron. Science. and.Technology.Library,.University.of.Alberta,.Canada..His.subject.responsibilities.include.chemical.and. materials. engineering,. engineering. management,. mechanical. engineering,. nanotechnology,.and.space.sciences.and.technology..He.is.active.on.a.number.of.library.advisory.boards,. includ-ing.Knovel,.CRC.Press,.Begell.House,.and.SPIE..He.published.a.series.of.columns.under.the.title,.Digital.Musings..in.Internet Reference Services Quarterly,.and.is.a.member.of.Special.Libraries.Association.and.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education..He.loves.movies.and.cable.TV,.as.well.as.visiting.New.York.City.and.Cambridge,.Massachusetts..Reichardt.is.a.professional.guitarist,.and.if.his.favorite.band,.Buffalo.Tom,.ever.needs.a.backup.guitarist.for.a.tour,.hell.be.ready.and.willing.to.answer.the.call.

Dana Roth.has.a.BS.in.chemistry.from.UCLA,.an.MS.in.chemistry.from.Caltech,.and.an.MLS.in.library.service.from.UCLA..Employed.at.Caltech.since.1965,.he.served.as.head.of.the.science.and.engineering.libraries.from.1983.to.1995.and.is.currently.the.chemistry.librarian..His.other.interests.are.politics.and.history,.especially.the.World.War.II.era.

Sara Samuel.received.her.undergraduate.degree.from.Hope.College.and.earned.an.MS.in.informa-tion.from.the.University.of.Michigans.School.of.Information..She.is.an.engineering.librarian.at.the.University.of.Michigan.in.Ann.Arbor.

Helen Smith.is.the.agricultural.sciences.librarian.at.Penn.State.University.where.she.provides.refer-ence,.instructional,.and.collection.development.services.in.the.Life.Sciences.Library.with.a.special.focus.on.the.food.sciences,.animal.sciences,.and.agricultural.and.biological.engineering..She.is.active.in.the.American.Library.Association,.the.United.States.Agricultural.Information.Network,.and.has.published.in.the.areas.of.integration.of.library.services.into.course.management.software,.and.has.evaluated.several.databases.for.national.publications.

Larry Thompson.is.the.sci-tech.team.leader.and.the.engineering.librarian.at.Virginia.Polytechnic.Institute.and.State.University.(Virginia.Tech)..He.has.been.at.Virginia.Tech.for.15.years,.serving.as.liaison.to.10.departments.within.the.College.of.Engineering..Previously,.he.served.as.assistant.engineering.librarian.at.the.University.of.NebraskaLincoln..He.received.both.his.BS.in.civil.engi-neering.and.his.MLS.from.SUNY.at.Buffalo..He.is.active.in.the.Engineering.Libraries.Division.(ELD).of. the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.and. in. the.past.has.held.positions.as.secretary/treasurer,.program.chair,.and.division.chair..He.currently.chairs.the.ELD.Development.Committee..In.2008,.he.received.the.ELD.Homer.I..Bernhardt.Distinguished.Service.Award..One.of.his.current.professional.interests.is.the.transition.of.library-land.from.traditional.resources.and.services.to.digital..His.nonprofessional.life.centers.around.his.familys.five.acre.mini-farm.in.the.beautiful.Blue.Ridge.Mountains.

Robert Tolliver.is.the.earth.sciences.librarian.at.the.Fletcher.L..Byrom.Earth.and.Mineral.Sciences.Library.at.Penn.State.University. in.State.College..Dr..Tolliver. is. the.liaison.to.the.Geosciences.and.Meteorology.Departments.and.is.also.interested.in.Web.usability.and.served.as.co-chair.of.the.librarys.usability.expert.team.during.the.recent.redesign.of.the.Penn.State.library.Web.site..Prior.to.his.move.to.Penn.State,.Bob.was.an.engineering.librarian.at.the.Art,.Architecture,.and.Engineering.Library.at.the.University.of.Michigan.in.Ann.Arbor.and.served.as.liaison.to.the.Civil.and.Environmental.Engineering.Department..Dr..Tolliver.is.a.past-chair.of.the.SLA.Engineering.Division. and. has. served. as. the. divisions. nominating. chair. and. is. currently. the. discussion. list.owner..He.also.is.active.in.the.Geoscience.Information.Society,.serving.as.a.member.of.the.Website.

xx Contributors

Committee,.and.is.a.member.of.the.Atmospheric.Science.Librarians.International..He.received.his.MLIS.from.the.University.of.South.Carolina..Prior.to.becoming.a.librarian,.Dr..Tolliver.received.geology.degrees.from.the.University.of.Tennessee.(PhD),.Western.Michigan.University.(MS),.and.Michigan.State.University. (BS),.and.worked.as.a.geology. instructor.at. the.University.of.South.Carolina.at.Spartanburg..His.primary.interests. in.geology.are.paleontology.and.sedimentology,.with.his.dissertation.research.focusing.on.fossil.diatoms.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST EDITION

Godlind Johnson. was. head. of. Science. and. Engineering. Library,. Stony. Brook. University. until.retirement.

Rene McHenry.has.more. than.20.years.experience. in.corporate,. special,.and.academic. librar-ies,.specializing.in.business.and.transportation-related.research..She.has.worked.at.Northwestern.University.and.is.currently.working.as.an.independent.contractor.

Jean Z. Piety.was.head.of.the.Science.and.Technology.Department.of.the.Cleveland.Public.Library.in.Cleveland.before.retirement.

John Piety.worked.at.the.University.of.WisconsinGreen.Bay.Library.and.was.library.director.at.John.Carroll.University.before.retirement.

Mary D. Steiner.is.assistant.dean.of.Students.at.the.University.of.Colorado,.Boulder..Previously.she.was.head.of.the.Engineering.Library.and.coordinator.of.the.Physical.Sciences.and.Engineering.Libraries.at.the.University.of.Pennsylvania.

Linda Vida. is. director. of. the. Water. Resources. Center. Archives. located. on. the. University. of.CaliforniaBerkeley.campus..

Lois Widmer.was.manager.of.the.Science.Library.at.Brandeis.University..She.is.currently.associate.director.for.E-research.

11 IntroductionBonnie A. Osif

The.first.edition.of.this.book.opened.with.the.sentence:.Pick up a newspaper or a magazine and odds are that there will be an article about the role of information in our lives..Now,.2011,.there.are.even.newer.means.of.getting.information.that.are.topics.of.the.articles..It.seems.that.almost.every-one.tweets.and.there.is.a.Twitter.tag.for.almost.every.person.or.topic.imaginable..Libraries.are.using.tweets.to.get.their.messages.out,.they.are.on.Facebook,.have.posted.videos.on.YouTube,.and.use.all.the.varieties.of.instant.messaging..Just.after.the.publication.of.the.first.edition.of.Using Engineering Literature,.Second.Life.took.off..There.was.a.lot.of.buzz.about.Second.Life,.virtual.libraries,.and.avatar.librarians..The.lure.of.creating.a.new.persona.and.answering.questions.via.this.virtual.world.was.intriguing.and.many.jumped.in.eagerly..Interestingly,.there.is.much.less.talk.about.it.lately.and.a.search.of.Library Literature and Information Science shows.few.articles.on.the.subject..A.search.on.the.descriptor.Second.Life.on.December.13,.2010,.and.limited.to.each.year.showed.33.articles.in.2007,.31.in.2008,.14.in.2009,.and.5.in.2010..There.can.be.several.reasons.for.this.decline,.but.one.that.needs.to.be.considered.is.the.role.of.fads.in.information.delivery.and.the.rapidity.of.rise.and.fall.of.these.means.of.communications..What.is.the.hot.way.to.deliver.reference.may.be.frozen.out.by.the.new.in-thing.in.a.blink.of.an.eye.

Blink.of.an.eye.is.more.than.a.figure.of.speech.here.because.it.seems.that.Internet/electronic.changes.are.as.fast.as.that.figure.of.speech.implies..Electronics.keep.getting.smaller.and,.while.hard.to.believe,.even.more.ubiquitous..Everyone.seems.to.be.connected.all.of.the.time..People.have.to.be.warned.not.to.do.the.obviously.dangerous.texting.while.driving,.and.even.talking.on.the.phone.while.driving.has.proved.to.be.dangerous..Walking.while.texting.is.so.common.it.is.rare.on.a.college.campus.to.see.someone.who.isnt.multitasking.this.way.

The. implications. for. the. libraries.are.great..Speed. is.of. the.essence..All. information.should.be.right.at.the.fingertips,.right.now..If.it.isnt,.a.substitution.is.just.as.good.(view.of.the.user),.even.if.it.isnt.(opinion.of.the.librarian)..Google.Scholar.is.a.great.interdisciplinary.research.tool,.but.it.can.fool.people.into.thinking.that.what.they.want.is.available.for.no.fee.on.the.Web..They.dont.realize.the.connection.is.actually.taking.them.to.their.institutions.paid.resources..For.this.reason,.libraries.have.to.worry.about.branding..They.need.their.name.prominently.displayed.to.dispel.this.notion.of.the.everything.is.free.on.the.Web,.so.why.do.I.need.a.library..It.is.a.common.theme.to.hear.librarians.say.that.if.it.isnt.in.electronic.form,.it.might.as.well.not.be.there.because.the.users.only.want.e-resources..Some.libraries.are.going.almost.totally.digital,.relegating.print.materials.to.another.location.

So,.in.this.environment.of.questionable.evaluative.skills,.trends.that.change.so.fast.it.is.easy.to.be.out.of.date,.and.users.wanting.instant.resource.gratification,.what.is.a.librarian.to.do?.The.answer.is.probably.the.same.as.it.always.has.been..Librarians.are.professionals.who.are.very.aware.of.new.technologies.and.trends..They.still.utilize.their.professional.skills.of.collecting,.organizing,.promoting.

CONTENTS

Intended.Audiences.............................................................................................................................2The.Literature.of.Engineering.............................................................................................................2The.Value.of.Information....................................................................................................................5How.to.Use.This.Book........................................................................................................................6References...........................................................................................................................................6

2 UsingtheEngineeringLiterature,SecondEdition

access,.instruction,.reference,.and.more,.but.in.different.ways..Collections.have.changed.as.more.move.to.the.electronic.format.and.the.opportunities.to.share.resources.and.means.to.gain.access.when.needed.have.increased..While.there.is.a.wealth.of.resources.to.purchase,.and.budgets.have.grown.tight,.the.range.of.collection.options.has.allowed.libraries.to.customize.their.purchases.to.their.specific.needs.or.to.join.with.consortia.to.optimize.their.purchasing.power..Organizing.collections.has.changed.with.the.granularity.of.object-level.metadata.when.appropriate..Full.text.searching.has.provided.the.abil-ity.to.find.much.more.detailed.information.and.to.combine.search.terms.to.find.very.specific.data,.in.many.cases.much.better.than.that.available.from.an.index..Speed.of.access.has.changed.as.well,.with.the.instant.access.of.online.publications..In.addition.to.our.traditional.skills,.new.ones.have.become.essential..Our.professional.lives.are.largely.computer.based..We.search.online.catalogs.and.databases,.create.Web.guides,.create.databases,.digitize.materials.and.provide.detailed. indexing,.and.do.chat.reference.and.online.teaching..Flexibility.is.the.key.to.providing.quality.service.

Quality.service.is.the.cornerstone.of.the.profession.and.it.is.essential.to.providing.the.resources.that.engineers.need..Engineering. is.at. the.core.of.so.much.of.our. lives..A.glance.at. the.chapter.titles.of.this.book.indicate.how.engineering.is.involved.in.just.about.every.aspect.of.our.lives.from.our.homes.(architectural,.civil,.and.mechanical.engineering).to.our.meals.(agricultural,.chemical,.and. industrial. engineering),. trips. (aeronautical,. mechanical,. mining,. petroleum,. and. transporta-tion.engineering),.equipment. (computer,.electrical.and. industrial.engineering),.a. trip. to. the.doc-tor.(bioengineering,.chemical,.materials,.mechanical,.computer.and.electrical.engineering),.energy.use. (nuclear,. mining,. petroleum,. and. environmental. engineering),. and. so. many. other. aspects..Engineering.is.a.basic.part.of.our.lives.and.the.need.for.evaluated,.appropriate,.and.timely.informa-tion.is.essential.for.the.best.results.

Education.is.essential.from.the.start.of.the.engineers.training,.hence,.a.chapter.devoted.specifi-cally.to.this.topic..Textbooks.do.not.provide.the.information.needed.for.a.career.in.engineering;.the.materials.will.be.dated.far.too.soon..Engineers.cannot.depend.on.the.textbooks.and.manuals.they.had.in.school..To.keep.up,.they.must.be.lifelong.learners.and.this.requires.skills.to.continue.to.learn.and.the.knowledge.of.when.to.go.to.a.professional.for.help..Instead,.engineering.students.need.to.learn.the.most.efficient.means.to.locate.appropriate.information.efficiently,.the.ways.to.evaluate.their.information.needs.and.the.resources.they.locate,.and.to.use.the.expertise.of.their.librarians..Faculty.need.to.understand.the.need.to.make.the.librarian.an.integral.part.of.the.educational.team..Researchers.need.to.know.how.to.search,.evaluate,.locate,.and.obtain.needed.information.and.who.to.turn.to.when.additional.help.is.needed..These.are.the.skills.of.the.librarian,.performed.in.a.new.environment,.but.vitally.essential.

INTENDED AUDIENCES

Students.of.library.and.information.science.or.librarians.new.to.engineering.can.benefit.from.the.expertise.of.the.contributors.in.this.book..They.have.evaluated.resources.in.18.areas.of.specializa-tion,. plus. general. engineering. resources,. to. provide. an. overview. for. the. beginner.. Experienced.engineering. librarians.can.use. it. as.a. reference.guide.and.as.a.collection.development. resource..Practicing.engineers,.especially.those.without.a.librarian.in.the.organization,.can.use.it.as.a.guide.to.finding.resources..For.all.three.groups,.it.provides.a.detailed.overview.of.resources.in.specific.subdisciplines.of.engineering..It.should.be.noted.that. the.boundaries.between.engineering.disci-plines.have.blurred..While.at.one.time.an.area.of.study.may.have.been.located.in.one.specific.field.of.engineering,.now.they.tend.to.be.much.more.interdisciplinary.and.knowledge.of.the.resources.needs.to.expand..The.contributors.have.provided.a.means.to.navigate.these.interconnected.subjects.

THE LITERATURE OF ENGINEERING

Engineers.use.a.wide.variety.of.information.formats,.and.share.many.of.these.with.other.profession-als,.while.others.are.more.closely.associated.with.engineering.than.other.subject.

Introduction 3

Periodical.publications.range.from.the.scholarly.journal.to.the.news-oriented.trade.magazine..Journals.provide.relatively.up-to-date.information.with.detailed.reports.of.the.materials,.methods,.and.results.of.research..The.articles.are.normally.refereed.or.reviewed.by.experts.in.the.field.who.evaluate.the.quality.of.the.research.and.determine.whether.it.should.be.published..Journal.articles.allow.the.engineer.to.keep.up.with.the.new.discoveries,.trends,.and.issues.in.their.discipline;.deter-mine.lead.researchers.and.institutions;.and.provide.a.record.to.consult.when.additional.information.is.needed..Journals.are.published.by.a.number.of.commercial.companies.that.specialize.in.scientific.and.technical.publications.or.by.learned.societies..Trade.journals.are.not.refereed.and.serve.a.differ-ent.purpose..They.normally.cover.the.business.trends,.industry.information,.such.as.new.products.and.methods,.job.opportunities,.and.news.about.the.industry..Both.serve.a.vital.purpose.and.it.is.important.that.engineers.be.aware.of.and.have.access.to.the.titles.most.important.to.their.discipline.and.job.activities..One.of.the.major.trends.in.journal.and.trade.magazines.is.the.move.to.electronic.access..Some.may.be.read.for.free.on.the.Web,.others.may.be.subscribed.to.individually.or.through.aggregators. (companies. that.provide.access. to.a.number.of. titles.bundled. together)..The. trend.toward.desktop.access.to.full.text.journals.is.extremely.popular.and.provides.fast,.efficient.access..Titles,. length.and. type.of.access,.and. licensing.regulations,.along.with.cost,.must.be.considered.when.evaluating.this.option..However,. the.popularity.and.convenience.is.considerable.and.is.the.trend.in.journal.access.

Conferences.are.an.important.means.of.communication.in.engineering..Most.societies.sponsor.some.conferences.and.they.range.from.general.to.extremely.specialized.topics..Conference.papers.are.usually,.but.not.always,.published..Some.conference.proceedings.are.easily.purchased,.while.others.are.only.available.for.a.short.time.after.the.conference.or.even.made.available.only.at.thecon-ference..Increasingly,.conference.proceedings.are.published.in.electronic.format..Conference.papers.are,.in.some.cases,.the.only.account.of.a.research.project.if.the.findings.are.not.published.as.a.jour-nal.article..This.increases.the.importance.of.monitoring.conference.literature.carefully..One.added.benefit.of.attending.a.conference.is.the.ability.to.network,.meet.other.researchers.or.practitioners,.and.to.ask.questions.of.the.presenter.to.gain.additional.insight.into.the.work.presented..Most.of.the.subject.databases.described.in.the.subsequent.chapters.do.index.conference.papers..Often,.presenta-tions.will.be.made.available.on.an.association.or.participants.Web.site.when.conference.papers.are.not.published.

While.journals.and.conferences.are.very.important.in.most.academic.fields,.reports,.while.not.unique.to.engineering,.are.extremely.important..The.report.literature.covers.all.engineering.disci-plines.and.is.the.official.record.of.research.that.is.often.done.with.funding.from.the.government..Reports.are. required.of. researchers.under.government.contract,.although. research.findings. from.other.sources.may.be.reported..These.reports.must.be.filed.with.the.National.Technical.Information.Service. for. inclusion. in. their.NTIS.database..Most. reports. are. then.available. for.purchase. from.NTIS,.although.the.trend.is.for.many.reports.to.be.available.as.full.text.on.the.Web..Having.a.Google.or.other.search.engine.page.open.when.searching.NTIS.is.an.efficient.way.to.check.for.free,.full.text.access..Copy.the.title.of.the.report.and.paste.into.the.phrase.search.box.for.almost.instant.discovery..A.number.of.portals.have.made. locating. these.reports.easier.and.are.detailed. in. the.appropriate.chapters..Increasingly,.the.value.of.reports.is.the.fact.that.many.of.these.studies.will.not.be.available.in.other.formats,.but.only.made.public.as.a.report..Reports.tend.to.be.very.detailed,.providing.valu-able.in-depth.information.to.the.researcher,.and.can.be.published.very.rapidly..Even.with.the.advent.of.electronic.publication,.there.is.often.some.delay.in.electronic.publication.of.journals.and.confer-ence.proceedings..A.review.of.the.report.literature.is.crucial.if.a.thorough.search.is.required.

Many.reports.are.commonly.referred.to.as.gray.(or.grey).literature..Gray.literature.is.defined.as.information.produced.on.all.levels.of.government,.academics,.business,.and.industry.in.electronic.and.print.formats.not.controlled.by.commercial.publishing,.i.e.,.where.publishing.is.not.the.primary.activity.(Grey.Literature.Network.Services,.2010)..This.form.of.communication.is.an.important,.if.somewhat.elusive,.form.of.communication..Types.include.reports,.preprints,.white.papers,.working.papers,.research.in.progress,.presentations,.datasets,.and.so.on..Chapter.2.on.general.engineering.


resources. includes.a.guide. to.gray. literature..Access. is. improving.as. libraries.make.an.effort. to.systematically.collect.gray.literature.that.is.relevant.to.their.research.needs.and.as.more.is.made.available.on.the.Web..However,.gray.literature.can.be.both.one.of.the.most.valuable.and.more.dif-ficult.to.obtain.resource.type.

Monographs.are.extremely.important.in.many.of.the.liberal.arts.and.humanities,.but.less.so.in.engineering..Because.so.much.of. the. relevant. research. is.published. in.a.more. timely.manner. in.reports,.journal.articles,.or.conference.papers,.or.even.faster.as.a.Web.paper,.the.time.needed.to.write.an.entire.book.and.to.go.through.the.publication.process.limits.the.usefulness.of.monographs..However,.there.are.a.number.of.books.that.are.published.in.engineering.and.they.serve.many.use-ful.purposes,.including.introductory.textbooks,.reviews,.analysis,.historical.studies,.and.in-depth.research..While.a.monograph.is.not.the.primary.format.for.much.of.engineering.communication,.it.is.still.important.and.should.be.included.in.a.literature.review.

Handbooks,. encyclopedias,. and. dictionaries. are. an. integral. part. of. the. engineers. library..Engineering.dictionaries.define.words. in.appropriate.context.and.detail. for. the.engineer.and. the.student..Technical.dictionaries.are.essential.for.understanding.engineering.terms.because.general.purpose.dictionaries.either.fail. to. include. the.many. technical. terms.or.define. them.in.a.general,.relatively.useless,.manner..The.same.may.be.said.for.the.benefit.of.using.engineering.encyclopedias..Encyclopedias.range.from.the.general.(AccessScience).to.the.highly.specific.(Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology),.and.they.provide.the.same.service.that.the.encyclopedias.did.in.our.school.daysthey.supply.basic.background.information.that.is.most.useful.when.working.in.a.new.field..However,.the.engineering.encyclopedias.are.often.very.detailed.and.provide.an.excel-lent.introduction.to.the.topic..Handbooks.provide.fast.access.to.charts,.tables,.short.descriptions,.formulas,.etc..needed.to.do.everyday.tasks..While.most.engineers.will.have.a.copy.of.the.handbooks.that.are.most.relevant.to.their.work.on.their.desk.or.on.their.computer.desktop,.they.will.seldom.have.access.to.the.wide.range.of.handbooks.to.support.the.increasingly.interdisciplinary.nature.of.engineering..A.number.of.companies.are.now.bundling.specialized.handbooks.and.making.these.available.in.electronic.format..Knovel, EngNetBase,.and.AccessEngineering.are.some.of.these.and.will.be.discussed.later.

An.easily.overlooked.resource.is.the.dissertation.or.thesis..The.research.done.by.an.engineer-ing.student.often.will.be.rewritten.and.published.as.an.article.or.a.conference.paper,.less.often.as.a.book..In.some.cases,.it.will.be.published.in.a.shorter.format,.as.a.technical.report.because.the.research.may.have.been.funded.by.the.government..However,.the.dissertation.may.be.the.only.pub-lication.or.may.be.available.significantly.before.it.is.published.elsewhere..While.this.in.itself.is.a.good.reason.to.search.Dissertation Abstracts.(now.called.Digital Dissertations),.an.even.better.one.is.the.quality.of.many.bibliographies.in.a.dissertation..These.bibliographies.will.often.represent.the.results.of.a.thorough.literature.search.and.are.an.excellent.short.cut.up.to.the.time.of.the.disserta-tion..While.these.bibliographies.should.not.substitute.for.a.well.thought.out.and.executed.literature.search,.they.can.be.very.useful.

Standards,.while.important.to.some.other.disciplines,.are.basic.to.engineering..A.standard.is.a.document,.established.by.consensus.that.provides.rules,.guidelines,.or.characteristics.for.activities.or.their.results.(World.Intellectual.Property.Organization,.2010)..Standards.define.terms,.provide.common.methods.of.testing,.interchangeability.of.parts,.and.work.to.improve.quality,.safety,.and.efficiency..Much.of.modern.society.depends.on. the.adherence. to.standards.so. that.our. intercon-nected.world.can.actually.interconnect..General.standards.organizations.are.reviewed.in.Chapter.2,.and.more.specific.standards.are.covered.in.their.appropriate.chapters.

As.defined.by.the.U.S..Patent.Office,.a.patent.is.the.grant.of.a.property.right.to.the.inventor.and.it.may.be.for.a.design,.a.new.or.improved.process,.machine,.or.even.for.a.plant..While.there.are.very.specific.reasons.to.search.patents,.and.to.search.carefully.if.there.is.interest.in.filing.a.patent,.valuable.information.may.be.found.in.patents.while.doing.research.or.trying.to.understand.a.product.or.process..Patent.research.is.much.easier.now.that.there.are.options.to.search.at.no.cost.in.relatively.user-friendly.Web.sites.

Introduction 5

The.World.Wide.Web.is.ubiquitous.and.we.ignore.it.at.our.peril..Almost.all.of.the.electronic.databases.we.search.are.now.on.the.Web..We.can.say.almost.all.because.there.may.still.be.locations.that.have.workstations.with.a.database.or.handbook.on.a.CD-ROM..Full.text.journal.articles,.con-ference.papers,.technical.reports,.white.papers,.preprints,.even.encyclopedias,.handbooks,.patents,.and.entire.monographs.are.hosted.on.the.Web.and.accessed.from.our.desktop..It.is.difficult.to.name.an.organization.that.does.not.have.a.Web.site,.usually.with.a.wealth.of.information.a.few.clicks.away..Most.people.think.everything.is.on.the.Web.and.a.vast.amount.of.material.is.

However,.one.thing.not.recognized.is.that.everything,.or.almost.everything,.is.not.available.on.the.Web.for.free..While.the.trend.is.strong.to.make.report.literature.available.on.the.Web.for.free.and.there.are.a.number.of.fantastic.sites.with.chemical.data.or.computer.information.free.to.all,.most.of.the.detailed,.quality,.and.essential.reference.materials.are.still.the.product.of.a.commercial.publisher.and.are.not.free..And,. these.resources.can.be.very.expensive.and.the.researchers.with.desktop.access.may.not. realize. that. their.organization,.usually. through.a. library,. is.making. this.service.available.after.contract.negotiation.and.the.payment.of.fees..The.ease.of.access.and.the.look.makes.it.appear.to.be.another.Web.product,.but.the.difference.is.that.this.is.a.Web.product.that.is.not.free..A.number.of.the.resources.in.this.book.are.available.in.multiple.formats;.the.most.popular,.and.sometimes.the.most.costly,.is.desktop.access.to.the.electronic.files.

Communication.patterns.continue.to.evolve..In.the.first.edition,.RSS.(real.simple.syndication).and.blogs.were.discussed..Value.varies.widely,.but.in.engineering.a.local.blog.by.an.information.specialist.can.be.an.extremely.valuable.way.to.keep.up.with.new.resources.and.services..RSS.feeds.from.databases.and.Web.sites.can.be.a.real.timesaver,.if.selected.carefully..Twitter.and.Facebook.are.now.options,.as.is.setting.up.iGoogle.pages.with.links.to.commonly.visited.sites.and.the.ability.to.embed.search.widgets.for.databases..These.pages.can.be.used.to.create.your.own.personal.library.homepage,.saving.time.and.reminding.you.of.what.needs.to.be.checked..Actually,.you.can.now.set.up.alerts.in.a.number.of.databases.and.they.will.proactively.send.you.information.based.on.a.profile.you.create..These.provide.excellent.ways.to.efficiently.monitor.the.sites.of.interest..So,.keep.moni-toring.for.new.communication.trends.

In.addition.to.the.format.types,.engineering.has.become.increasingly.interdisciplinary,.not.only.within.different.disciplines.of.engineering,.but.with.science.and.business..At.different.times.it.may.be.important.to.review.the.specialized.databases,.journals,.handbooks,.etc..in.physics,.chemistry,.biology,.or.medicine,.or.to.consider.business.models.and.trends..As.this.is.a.book.devoted.to.the.engineering.literature,.there.are.specialized.titles.that.introduce.these.subjects.and.may.be.found.by.searching.a.catalog.or.asking.a.librarian..From.this.description.of.resource.formats.and.increas-ingly.blurry.boundaries.of.disciplines,.it.is.clear.that.very.few.libraries.will.have.all.the.resources..Interlibrary.loan,.or.cooperative.borrowing.among.libraries,.is.a.necessity,.and.librarians.can.assist.engineers.in.obtaining.materials.not.held.locally.or.not.available.on.the.Web.

THE VALUE OF INFORMATION

Libraries.sometimes.arent.used.by.engineers.because.they.are.unaware.of.important.services.that.are.provided.or.because.they.dont.fully.appreciate.the.benefits.of.their.use.(Tenopir.and.King,.2004,.p..184)..One.of.the.often.overlooked.and.under-researched.areas.of.study.is.the.value.of.infor-mation..Engineers.are.trained.to.look.at.value,.risks,.and.cost/benefits.as.they.relate.to.their.work..It.can.be.very.useful.to.use.these.same.skills.to.document.the.value.of.libraries.and.library.services..While.librarians.have.relied.on.anecdotes.to.indicate.the.value.of.their.resources.and.services,.a.few.documented.cases.can.provide.much.stronger.support..Return.on.investment.studies.have.been.done.by.several.and.the.results.can.be.staggering.(Baldwin,.2002;.Metcalf,.2003;.Portugal,.2000)..Baldwins.study.showed.a.cost/benefit.ratio.of.12:1..A.study.funded.by.the.Transportation.Research.Board.surveyed.state.departments.of.transportation.and.others.to.obtain.a.number.of.case.studies.where.a.short.literature.review.saved.significant.amounts.of.money.in.indicating.technologies.that.could.be.used.to.perform.tasks.better.and.less.expensively.(Dresley.and.Lacombe,.1998).


In.addition.to.the.case.studies.with.an.actual.dollar.amount,.there.are.a.number.of.studies.that.indicate.that.access.to.information.can.save.lives,.time,.equipment,.and.improve.safety.(Osif,.2004)..One.final.way.to.look.at.the.value.of.information.is.that.anything.that.can.save.engineers.time.in.doing.their.jobs,.help.avoid.expensive.or.wasteful.dead.ends,.save.equipment,.and.improve.safety.and.efficiency.has.real.value..This.translates.into.better.work,.better.evaluation,.and,.most.likely,.better.pay..The.many.ways.to.indicate.the.value.of.information.cannot.be.overlooked.and.is.a.useful.tool.to.market.the.value.of.libraries.and.library.resources.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

While.it.is.doubtful.that.anyone.is.going.to.sit.and.read.this.book.from.cover.to.cover,.the.index.can.lead.the.reader.to.descriptions.of.specific.titles..In.other.cases,.the.reader.will.go.to.a.specific.chap-ter..Each.of.these.provides.some.background.information.of.the.subject.and.then.details.selected.resources.in.that.subject..The.book.is.intended.to.be.selective.and.evaluative,.not.exhaustive..Many.titles.have.a.brief.description.except.for.those.titles.that.are.self-explanatory..It.is.recommended.that.Chapter.2,.General.Engineering,.be.reviewed.as.most.of.these.resources.have.applications.for.all.the.other.chapters.and.many.of.the.titles.are.not.repeated.

Some.resources.are.repeated.in.several.chapters..These.are.resources.that.are.critical.to.the.field,.for.example,.Compendex..They.are.repeated.to.emphasize.their.importance.and.to.guarantee.the.reader.sees.them.if.they.dont.check.Chapter.2.

Another.important.point.to.make.is.the.ever-changing.URL..All.URLs.were.checked.between.December.6.and.15,.2010..However,.dates.in.the.chapters.represent.the.date.the.authors.utilized.the.sites..As.of.these.dates.in.December,.all.URLs.were.correct..However,.they.change.rapidly,.so.if.the.URL.is.incorrect,.most.sites.can.be.found.by.typing.in.the.name.of.the.site.in.a.search.engine.

As.with.the.first.edition,.the.expertise.of.the.chapter.authors.cannot.be.lauded.enough..While.some.are.very.experienced.librarians.and.engineers,.others.are.some.of.the.upcoming.leaders.in.the.field..Care.was.taken.in.selecting.these.authors.and.the.expertise.they.have.to.share.is.invaluable.as.they.provide.a.guide.to.the.information.resources.in.their.area.of.specialization.

We.live.in.interesting.information.times.with.change.constant..The.resources.here.are.some.of.the.best,.but,.of.course,.they.will.change.over.time..However,.these.resources.provide.a.good.start.to.your.search.for.information.and.the.springboard.to.keeping.abreast.of.new.resources..And,.while.the.delivery.will.change,.as.we.have.seen.in.the.short.few.years.between.editions.of.this.book,.the.professional.skills.will.allow.for.engineering.librarians.to.continue.to.meet.the.challenges.of.the.information.needs.of.our.user.groups.

REFERENCES

Baldwin,.J..2002..The.crisis.in.special.libraries..Sci-Tech News.56.(2):.411.Dresley,.S..and.A..Lacombe..1998..Value of information and information services..Washington,.D.C.:.Federal.

Highway.Administration.Grey.Literature.Network.Services..http://www.greynet.org/.(accessed.December.15,.2010).Metcalf,.J..2003..The.business.case.for.translation.of.transportation.documents..Sci-Tech News.57.(4):.49.Osif,. B.. 2004.. The. value. of. information:. The. missing. piece. in. the. puzzle.. In. Knowledge and change:

Proceedings of the 12th Nordic Conference for Information and Documentation..Copenhagen:.Royal.School.of.Library.and.Information.Science.

Portugal,.F..H..2000..Valuating information intangibles..Washington,.D.C.:.Special.Libraries.Associations.Tenopir,.C..and.D..W..King..2004..Communication patterns of engineers..Piscataway,.NJ:.IEEE.Press;.Hoboken,.

NJ:.Wiley-Interscience.World.Intellectual.Property.Organization..2010..Standards, intellectual property rights (IRPs) and standards-set-

ting process..http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/ip_standards.htm.(accessed.December.15,.2010).

72 GeneralEngineeringResourcesJohn J. Meier (based on the first edition by Jean Z. Piety and John Piety)

Minorities in EngineeringSylvia A. Nyana

CONTENTS

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................8Starting.a.Search.................................................................................................................................9

Books.............................................................................................................................................9Traditional.Research...........................................................................................................................9

Bibliographies.and.Guides.to.the.Literature................................................................................ 10Directories.................................................................................................................................... 11Language.Dictionaries................................................................................................................. 13Handbooks.and.Manuals.............................................................................................................. 13

Journals.and.Periodicals.................................................................................................................... 14Periodical.Titles............................................................................................................................ 14Periodical.Directories................................................................................................................... 15Electronic.Sources.for.Periodicals............................................................................................... 15

Electronic.Research.......................................................................................................................... 16Books........................................................................................................................................... 16Online.Tools.and.Indexes............................................................................................................. 17

Conferences.......................................................................................................................................20Sources.........................................................................................................................................20

Industrial.Standards.......................................................................................................................... 21Books...........................................................................................................................................22Electronic.Sources.for.Standards.................................................................................................24

Patent.Searching................................................................................................................................26Books...........................................................................................................................................26Electronic.Sources........................................................................................................................26

Gray.Literature.and.Technical.Reports.............................................................................................27Books...........................................................................................................................................28Search.Portals...............................................................................................................................28Internet.Resources........................................................................................................................28Blogs............................................................................................................................................29

Engineering.Design,.Management,.and.Ethics.................................................................................29Books...........................................................................................................................................30Design..........................................................................................................................................30Ethics............................................................................................................................................ 31Online.Sources............................................................................................................................. 31


INTRODUCTION

Engineering.is.the.application.of.knowledge.to.the.world.around.us..Whether.it.is.designing.and.implementing.devices,.materials,.structures,.or.systems.all.engineering.fields.share.a.common.foun-dation..This.chapter.presents.a.number.of.basic.concepts.and.areas.that.are.needed.to.support.all.engineering.specializations..Information.resources.for.general.engineering.are.presented.along.with.sources.addressing.engineering.studies,.engineering.ethics,.standards,.and.major.concepts.common.to.all.engineering.subfields..It.includes.dictionaries,.thesauri,.encyclopedias,.and.online.resources..Some.of.these.items.are.classic.print.books,.but.many.are.large.information.databases.

Some.sources.for.understanding.engineering.as.a.profession.are.suggested..A.succinct.description.is.found.in.the.Occupational Outlook Handbook,.which.describes.what.an.engineer.does,.what.working.conditions.may.prevail,.what.training.and.qualifications.are.needed,.and.suggests.sources.for.more.infor-mation..The.handbook.continues.with.descriptions.of.specific.branches.of.engineering..Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design.is.recommended.for.high.school.students.thinking.about.careers.in.engineering..Examples.of.successful.engineers.are.found.in.Real People Working in Engineering..This.book.not.only.gives.vignettes,.but.also.demonstrates.some.of. the.varied. engineering.fields..The.Web. sites. for. the.National.Society.of.Professional.Engineers.and.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education.help.in.the.decision-making.process.

In.todays.global.economy,.a.successful.engineer.may.be.employed.in.a.company.that.has.offices.in.another.country..That.engineer.should.know.the.industrial.standards.needed.for.implementation.of.the.companys.product,.and.also.should.understand.the.culture.and.mores.of.that.country..Multilanguage.dictionaries.help.with.words.pertinent.to.the.professional.field..Hondas Working in Japan: An Insiders Guide for Engineers and Scientists.is.just.one.example.of.the.necessity.of.understanding.what.an.engi-neer.working.in.another.country.should.learn.about.the.social.life.and.customs.of.that.country.

Many.electronic.resources.are.expensive.and.not.all.corporations.and.institutions.can.provide.total.access..Thus,.a.number.of.freely.available.information.sources.are.presented.along.with.refer-ence.to.earlier.print.editions.that.may.be.available.through.libraries.even.today..The.emphasis.in.this.chapter.is.on.resources.that.help.with.a.basic.understanding.of.how.to.do.research..Seeking.informa-tion.on.one.subject.often.leads.to.serendipitous.ideas.and.encourages.further.research.

Career.Information............................................................................................................................ 31Guides.for.Writing............................................................................................................................ 32

Books........................................................................................................................................... 32Current.Awareness............................................................................................................................ 33

Electronic.Services....................................................................................................................... 33Minorities.in.Engineering.................................................................................................................34

Introduction..................................................................................................................................34Searching.the.Library.Catalog.....................................................................................................34Databases..................................................................................................................................... 35Bibliographies.and.Guides.to.the.Literature................................................................................ 35Directories.................................................................................................................................... 35Encyclopedias,.Dictionaries,.and.Handbooks.............................................................................. 36Dissertations.and.Theses.............................................................................................................. 36Monographs................................................................................................................................. 38Video/TV.Program....................................................................................................................... 38Journals........................................................................................................................................ 38Journal.Articles............................................................................................................................ 39Societies,.Organizations,.and.Associations..................................................................................40Corporate.Scholarships.for.Minorities.in.Engineering................................................................ 42

References......................................................................................................................................... 43Chapter.Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 43

GeneralEngineeringResources 9

STARTING A SEARCH

Whether.starting.with.a.search.engine,.bibliographic.database,.or.in.a.library.catalog,.it.is.important.to.know.how.to.search.effectively..Many.systems.support.keyword.searching.where.results.reflect.the.frequency.and.location.of.a.term,.but.some.also.offer.controlled.vocabulary..Library.catalogs.or.biblio-graphic.databases.use.a.controlled.thesaurus,.a.predetermined.set.of.descriptors.to.describe.a.topic..This.ensures.that.searching.the.catalog.will.have.a.more.focused.result.than.searching.with.uncontrolled.ter-minology..Using.the.subjects.in.a.catalog.may.result.in.a.smaller,.but.more.pertinent,.quantity.of.mate-rial..Keyword.searching.is.often.more.effective.when.controlled.vocabulary.is.used.perhaps.directly.due.to.the.control.exercised.in.assigning.such.headings..Useful.tools.for.library.catalogs.include.the.Library of Congress Subject Headings.and.SUPERLCCS: Gales Library of Congress Classification Schedules..Specific.thesauri,.such.as.Ei Thesaurus,.also.aid.in.developing.search.strategies.

With.a.book,. the.contents.should.be.checked.for.an.index,.a. table.of.contents,.a.preface,.and.special.instructions.that.may.be.entitled.How.to.use.this.source..A.site.map.or.help.section.in.an.online.resource.serves.a.similar.purpose..It.should.be.noted.that.many.online.databases.maybe.limited. to.a.set.group.of. subscribers,.depending.upon. the. license.agreements,.while.others.may.beaccessed.for.free..One.element.that.is.essential.and.common.to.most.systems.is.that.instructions.should.be.understood.before.plunging.into. the.contents,.whether.a.book,.a.catalog,.an. index,.an.encyclopedia,.or.in.searching.online.

Books

Ei Thesaurus,.5th.ed..2007..Hoboken,.NJ:.Engineering.Information,.Inc..This.book.serves.as.the.indexing.tool.for.Engineering Index.and.Ei Compendex,.and.can.be.searched.online.as.part.of.EI Engineering Village.www.engineeringvillage2.org.(accessed.August.5,.2010)..It.provides.keywords.that.may.be.useful.in.any.engineering.research.

Library of Congress.Subject Headings LCSH26,.21st.ed..2009..(5.vols.).Washington,.D.C.:.Library.of.Congress,.Cataloging.Distribution.Service..Produced.from.records.in.the.MARC21.subject.authority.format,.the.headings.help.in.constructing.the.right.terms.to.use.in.searches..Words.in.bold.letters.are.real.headings,.while.lighter.ones.are.cross-references..Broader.and.narrower.terms,.those.that.are.used.for.another.word.and.appropriate.subdivisions.are.also.included..All.are.similar.to.the.see.and.see.also.references.formerly.found.in.library.card.catalogs..The.explanations.found.within.a.heading.are.helpful..For.example,. the.heading:.Engineering-graphic.methods.starts.with:.Here.are.entered.works.on.the.use.of.scales,.graph.papers,..with.other.works.entered.under.Engineering.graphics,.which.is.a.broader.term..Current.authorities.also.can.be.found.online.at.http://authorities.loc.gov.(accessed.August.3,.2010).

Super LCCS. Class T. Technology..2010..Detroit,.MI:.Gale..This.series.serves.as.companion.volumes.to.the.Library of Congress Subject Headings.(LSCH)..Individual.volumes.issued.on.each.Library.of.Congress.classification.show.the.breakdown.of.the.classification.struc-ture..The.volume.on.Class.T.covers.technology.and.most.engineering.topics..With.lookup.by.classification.code.(such.as.TA337).as.opposed.to.alphabetical.list,.it.can.help.locate.subjects.in.challenging.research.questions.

Thesaurus of Engineered Materials,. 4th. ed.. 2003.. Bethesda,. MD:. Cambridge. Scientific.Abstracts..This.tool.provides.vocabulary.in.numerous.materials.fields,.such.as.polymers,.ceramics,.and.composite.materials.

TRADITIONAL RESEARCH

The.engineer.should.be.aware.of.specific.handbooks,.dictionaries.and.encyclopedias,.indexes.and.abstracts,.standards,.journals,.specialized.guides,.and.online.resources..A.comprehensive.bibliog-raphy.of.the.engineering.literature.was.compiled.by.Charles.Lord.and.published.in.2000..Although.


he.emphasized.the.literature.of.the.1990s,.many.of.the.resources.are.still.useful.today..His.over-view. describes. the. historical. roots. to. engineering,. and. the. complexities. and. challenges. to. engi-neering.today..The.contents.of.both.Lords.book.and.Malinowskys.Reference Sources in Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Agriculture.serve.the.librarian.in.collection-building..While.some.titles.were.published.years.ago,.they.continue.to.provide.useful.information.for.current.work,.historical.perspectives,.or.may.still.be.the.primary.resource.on.the.topic..Most.of.the.information.sources.they.detail.continue.to.exist.today,.though.many.have.gone.online.or.experienced.a.name.change.

Locating.information.online.has.become.an.even.greater.challenge..What.the.engineer.will.find.while.researching.is.often.a.lot.of.gray.literature,.resources.that.do.not.seem.to.fit.into.a.standard.category..Gray.literature.is.defined.as.information.produced.on.all.levels.of.government,.academ-ics,.business.and. industry. in.electronic.and.print. formats.not.controlled.by.commercial.publish-ing,.i.e.,.where.publishing.is.not.the.primary.activity.of.the.producing.body.(Luxembourg,.1997:.expanded. in.New.York,.2004):.http://www.greynet.org/greynethome/aboutgreynet.html. (accessed.October.12,.2010)..Augers.bibliography.describes. this.obscure. literature. that.offers. a. challenge.to.researchers.trying.to.identifying.sources..Conferences,.standards,.and.reports.that.only.exist.in.the.digital.environment.also.are.difficult.to.locate.via.traditional.research.methods..A.multitude.of.indexing.and.abstracting.databases.have.replaced.their.print.counterparts..Some,.such.as.Web of Science,.described.in.the.index.section,.provide.greater.information.with.tools.that.shows.where.and.how.often.an.author.is.cited.

Several.dictionaries.are.listed.to.help.with.definitions.of.the.highly.technical.language.used.by.engineering,.as.are.encyclopedias. that.describe.unfamiliar.concepts..Both.KirkOthmer.and. the.McGraw-Hill.encyclopedias.describe.concepts.and.processes,.with.bibliographic.listings.that.lead.to.other.sources.for.additional.information..In.the.global.environment,.language.dictionaries.and.fluency.in.foreign.language.become.a.great.asset.for.engineers..Handbooks.and.manuals.provide.a.quick.look.up.for.solving.everyday.problems.

As.engineers.work,.they.may.be.in.a.situation.where.they.need.to.design,.to.create,.or.to.develop.a.product,.or.to.be.a.member.of.a.professional.committee.that.helps.to.develop.standards..They.need.to.know.how.to.design,.how.to.write,.how.to.interpret.industrial.standards,.and.how.to.do.a.patent.search..They.need.to.understand.engineering.ethics..Separate.sections.in.this.chapter.on.general.engineering.provide.some.guides.in.these.categories..To.practice.in.a.specific.state.in.the.United.States,.engineers.have.to.be.registered.with.that.state..Most.states.maintain.online.sites.for.regis-tered.professional.engineers,.but.two.directories.are.listed.as.examples.of.sources.for.information.

BiBliographies and guides to the literature

Auger,. C.. P.. 1998.. Information Sources in Grey Literature,. 4th. ed.. London. and. New.Providence,. NJ:. Bowker-Saur.. Unique. tool. for. showing. the. more. difficult. and. obscure.types.of.technical.literature.

European Sources of Scientific and Technical Information, 11th. ed.. 1994..Harlow,.Essex:.Longman;.New.York:.Stockton.Press..The.editors.make.an.effort.to.include.a.source.for.every.country.by.providing.the.name,.address,.library.facility,.consultant.information,.and.types.of.publications.for.the.prime.technical.body.within.each.country.of.the.world.

Lord,. C.. 2000.. Guide to Information Sources in Engineering.. Englewood,. CO:. Libraries.Unlimited..This.is.an.excellent,.comprehensive.bibliography.of.all.engineering.specialties..It.is.also.available.for.purchase.as.an.e-book.

Macleod,.R..A..and.J..Corlett..2005. Information Sources in Engineering,.4th.ed..New.York:.Bowker-Saur..Another.title.in.the.Guides.to.Information.Sources.series.includes.experts.presenting.and.evaluating.the.variety.of.reference.sources.in.engineering,.from.conferences.to.standards.

Malinowsky,. H.. R.. 1994.. Refere

Using the Engineer Literature

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