Using Synchrophasors for Preventing Cascading Outages

CAMS/RRPA Panel Session Mitigation and Prevention of Cascading Outages: Methodologies and Practical

Applications PES General Meeting, Vancouver, Canada

July 24, 2013 Eric Heredia (BPA) and Ryan Quint (BPA) on

behalf of Dmitry Kosterev (BPA)  

BPA  “Defense  in  Depth”  approach  

§  Reliability  starts  with  good  planning  –  long-­‐range  and  opera;onal  planning  …  But,  actual  system  condi;ons  are  o@en  different  from  what  is  planned  …  

§  State  es;mator  based  real  ;me  con;ngency  analysis    …  But,  your  model  may  be  wrong  (model  errors,  control  failures,  etc)  …  

   …  or  a  dispatcher  may  not  have  adequate  ;me  to  respond  to  an  event  …  

§  Intrinsic  indicators  of  system  stability  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

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BPA  PMU  Project  

•  5-­‐year,  $35M  investment  began  in  2010  •  PMU  Installa;on  

–  50  substa;ons  and  wind  sites  –  120  PMUs  installed    

•  Control  center  upgrades  for  system  operators  –  PDCs,  Applica;ons,  Archives  

•  Wide  Area  Controls  (RAS)  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

3  

Applica;ons  The  value  of  the  investment  will  be  realized  

through  the  deployment  of  applica9ons  

•  Engineering  Applica9ons  –  Understand  system  performance  issues,  make  

beWer  capital  investments,  set  safer  opera;ng  limits  

•  Real-­‐Time  Wide-­‐Area  Situa9onal  Awareness  –  Give  grid  operators  beWer  visibility  of  the  system  

state  

•  Wide  Area  Controls  –  Increase  stability  limits  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

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Model  Valida;on  for  BeWer  Planning  •  BPA  has  installed  PMUs  at  power  plant  POIs  •  General  Electric  Company  implemented  disturbance  playback  func;on  

in  GE  PSLF  •  BPA  developed  Power  Plant  Model  Valida;on  (PPMV)  applica;on  using  

PMU  data  

~  

Record:    -­‐  POI  bus  voltage  -­‐  POI  bus  frequency  -­‐  Power  plant  MWs  and  MVARs  

Point  of  Interconnec;on  

V I

Model  Valida;on  for  BeWer  Planning  •  What  a  good  models  looks  like:  

Blue  line  =  actual  recording  Red  line  =  model  

Voltage  and  frequency  are  inputs  Ac;ve  and  reac;ve  power  are  “measures  of  success”  

Model  Valida;on  for  BeWer  Planning  •  What  a  bad  model  looks  like:  

Blue  line  =  actual  recording  Red  line  =  model  

Voltage  and  frequency  are  inputs  Ac;ve  and  reac;ve  power  are  “measures  of  success”  

Mode  Meter  •  Mode  Meter  (Ac9ve)  

–  Developed  by  Dan  Trudnowski  at  Montana  Tech  

–  Applica;on  es;mates  frequency  and  damping  of  inter-­‐area  oscilla;ons  from  ambient  data  

–  Available  to  BPA  dispatchers  –  Opera;ng  procedures  are  under  

development  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

8  

Display of oscillation trend

MMM: N-S_A DampingMMM: N-S_A2 DampingMODE METER NS-A LOW DAMPING LIMIT

percent

percent

15:00 15:30 16:00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

0.00

15.00

5

9.90

9.27

MMM: N-S_A Frequency MMM: N-S_A2 Frequency

Hz

Hz

7/9/2013 2:14:48 PM 7/9/2013 4:14:48 PM2.00 hours

0.205

0.210

0.215

0.220

0.225

0.230

0.235

0.240

0.245

0.200

0.250

0.217

0.217

Oscilla;on  Detec;on  Applica;on  •  Oscilla9on  Detec9on  Applica9on  (Ac9ve)  

–  Developed  by  Dan  Trudnowski  at  Monata  Tech  –  Scans  voltages,  frequencies,  ac;ve  and  reac;ve  power  for  signs  of  

sustained  or  growing  power  oscilla;ons  –  Applied  to  inter;es,  load  centers  and  genera;ng  facili;es  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

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The oscillation spectrum is divided into four frequency bins A bin turns to red when a sustained oscillation is detected

How  can  we  use  angles?    

Wide-­‐Area  Stability  Controls  •  Wide-­‐Area  Stability  Controls  (Under  Development)  

–  Takes  synchronized  wide-­‐area  measurements  to  determine  voltage  stability  risks  –  Enable  fast  switching  of  reac;ve  devices  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

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Malin 500-kV Bus Voltage

0

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0.8

1

1.2

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Time (sec)

Volta

ge (p

er u

nit)

Disturbance

Timely actions are needed to ensure the system stability

Defense  in  Depth  Study  

Value  of  Synchrophasor  Investment  

IEEE  Boise,  Nov  16,  2012  

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•  Improved  capital  investment  –  BeWer  understanding  of  the  system  risks  through  deployment  of  

engineering  analysis  applica;ons  

•  Improved  reliability  and  large  scale  outage  avoidance  –  BeWer  situa;onal  awareness  by  dispatchers  of  oscilla;on  and  voltage  

stability  risks  –  Wide  area  control  schemes  and  defense  in  depth  to  deal  with  

extreme  events  

•  Reliable  wind  integra9on  –  Improved  modeling,  valida;on  –  Dynamic  transfer  capability