Using Primary Historical Resources to Discover the L
13
Using Primary Historical Resources to Discover the Location of an Archaeological Site: The Search for the French Fort sur la Rivière aux Boeufs Modified From 2003 PA Archaeology Month Lesson Plan by: Renata B. Wolynec, Ph. D. Former Director, Fort LeBoeuf Museum Professor of Anthropology Edinboro University of Pennsylvania [email protected]
Transcript of Using Primary Historical Resources to Discover the L
Usin
g P
rim
ary
His
tori
ca
l R
eso
urc
es t
o D
isc
ove
r th
e L
oc
ati
on
of
an
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l S
ite
:
Th
e S
ea
rch
fo
r th
e F
ren
ch
Fo
rt s
ur
la R
iviè
re a
ux
Bo
eu
fs
Mo
dif
ied
Fro
m 2
00
3 P
A A
rch
ae
olo
gy M
on
th L
esso
n P
lan
by:
Re
na
ta B
. W
oly
ne
c,
Ph
. D
.
Fo
rme
r D
ire
cto
r, F
ort
Le
Bo
eu
f M
use
um
Pro
fesso
r o
f A
nth
rop
olo
gy
Ed
inb
oro
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f P
en
nsylv
an
ia
wo
lyn
ec
@e
din
bo
ro.e
du
Co
nte
nt
Are
a
Geo
rge
Was
hin
gto
n’s
vis
it t
o t
he
Fre
nch
Fo
rt s
ur
la R
iviè
re a
ux
Bo
eufs
(F
ort
LeB
oeu
f).
Co
re C
on
ce
pt
Arc
hae
olo
gis
ts m
ust
in
terp
ret
pri
mar
y a
nd
sec
on
dar
y h
isto
rica
l d
ocu
men
ts t
o s
olv
e th
eir
rese
arch
pro
ble
ms.
Ob
jec
tive
Th
e st
ud
ent
wil
l b
e ab
le t
o r
ead
a p
rim
ary
his
tori
cal
do
cum
ent,
in
terp
ret
his
tori
cal
and
cu
rren
t m
aps,
app
ly c
riti
cal
thin
kin
g t
o a
res
earc
h p
rob
lem
, an
d u
nd
erst
and
th
e li
mit
atio
ns
of
pri
mar
y a
nd
seco
nd
ary
his
tori
cal
sou
rces
.
Mate
ria
ls
Pe
nn
sylv
an
ia D
ep
artm
en
t o
f E
du
cati
on
(P
DE
) S
tan
da
rds A
dd
resse
d:
Gra
de
s 1
-3
8
.1.3
.B &
D, 8
.2.3
.B, a
nd
8.3
.3.A
Gra
de
s 4
-68
.1.6
.B &
D, 8
.2.6
.B, a
nd
8.3
.6.A
Gra
de
s 1
-3 H
isto
ry
8.1
.3.B
Dev
elo
p a
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
his
tori
cal
sou
rces
.
8.1
.3.B
Dev
elo
p a
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
his
tori
cal
sou
rces
.8
.2.3
.BId
enti
fy a
nd
des
crib
e p
rim
ary
do
cum
ents
,
mat
eria
l ar
tifa
cts
and
his
tori
c si
tes
imp
ort
ant
in
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia h
isto
ry.
men
ts,
Wri
tin
gs
and
Ora
l T
rad
itio
ns
ts,
Arc
hit
ectu
re a
nd
His
tori
c P
lace
s
8.3
.3.A
Iden
tify
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
of
ind
ivid
ual
s an
d g
rou
ps
to U
nit
ed s
tate
s H
isto
ry s
uch
as
Gra
de
s 4
-6 H
isto
ry
8.1
.6.B
Ex
pla
in.
and
an
aly
ze h
isto
rica
l so
urc
es
8.1
.6.
DD
escr
ibe
and
ex
pla
in h
isto
rica
l re
sear
ch.
8.2
.6.B
Id
enti
fy a
nd
ex
pla
in p
rim
ary
do
cum
ents
,
mat
eria
l ar
tifa
cts
and
his
tori
c si
tes
imp
ort
ant
in
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia h
isto
ry f
rom
Beg
inn
ing
s to
18
24
.
8.3
.6.A
Id
enti
fy a
nd
ex
pla
in c
on
flic
t an
d c
oo
per
atio
n
amo
ng
so
cial
gro
up
s an
d o
rgan
izat
ion
s in
Un
ited
Sta
tes
his
tory
fro
m B
egin
nin
gs
to 1
82
4
An
tic
ipa
tory
Se
t
arch
aeo
log
ists
.
(map
s, j
ou
rnal
s, d
iari
es,
mil
itar
y r
eco
rds,
lo
cal
his
tori
cal
soci
ety
, co
un
ty h
isto
ries
, p
ast
arch
aeo
log
ical
ex
cav
atio
ns,
ora
l
his
tory
, et
c.)
and
wri
te t
hes
e an
swer
s o
n t
he
bla
ckb
oar
d o
r o
ver
hea
d t
ran
spar
ency
.
pla
ce o
r ac
tiv
ity
at
the
tim
e w
hen
th
at a
ctiv
ity
hap
pen
ed.
Sec
on
dar
y s
ou
rces
are
mad
e b
y p
eop
le w
ho
lea
rned
ab
ou
t th
e
pla
ce o
r ev
ents
fro
m s
om
eon
e el
se.
Pro
ce
du
re
Th
e F
ort
LeB
oeu
f S
ite
(36
ER
65
) is
lo
cate
d i
n W
ate
rfo
rd,
Pen
nsy
lva
nia
, 1
3 m
iles
or
so,
sou
th o
f E
rie,
Pen
nsy
lva
nia
.
Th
e si
te i
s th
e lo
cati
on
of
thre
e d
iffe
ren
t fo
rts,
at
thre
e d
iffe
ren
t ti
mes
. T
he
Fre
nch
bu
ilt
the
firs
t fo
rt i
n 1
75
3.
It
wa
s
call
ed F
ort
su
r la
Riv
ière
au
x B
oeu
fs.
It
wa
s b
uil
t a
t th
e en
d o
f a
n e
arl
y N
ati
ve A
mer
ica
n p
ort
ag
e p
ath
th
at
con
nec
ted
La
ke E
rie
wit
h L
eBo
euf
Cre
ek.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
his
fo
rt w
as
pro
ba
bly
use
d a
s a
tra
din
g p
ost
fo
r b
eave
r fu
rs,
it
ha
d a
mo
re i
mp
ort
an
t p
urp
ose
. I
ts l
oca
tio
n w
as
imp
ort
an
t in
th
e st
rug
gle
fo
r co
ntr
ol
of
the
wil
der
nes
s b
etw
een
th
e
Fre
nch
an
d E
ng
lish
. C
on
tro
l o
f th
e O
hio
Va
lley
wa
s n
eces
sary
to
th
e F
ren
ch i
n c
on
nec
tin
g t
hei
r la
nd
s in
Ca
na
da
wit
h t
ho
se i
n L
ou
isia
na
.
Th
e F
ren
ch c
ou
ld m
ove
men
an
d s
up
pli
es f
rom
Ca
na
da
, u
p t
he
Gre
at
La
kes,
la
nd
at
wh
at
is n
ow
Eri
e, P
enn
sylv
an
ia
(Fo
rt P
resq
u’i
le),
wa
lk o
ver
a p
rep
are
d w
oo
den
ro
ad,
ab
ou
t th
irte
en m
iles
, to
th
e F
ort
su
r la
Riv
ière
au
x B
oeu
fs,
pu
t
thei
r ca
no
es i
n t
he
wa
ter
an
d b
e o
n t
hei
r w
ay
to t
he
Oh
io V
all
ey.
Th
is w
as
very
eff
icie
nt
bec
au
se t
he
fort
wa
s o
n
LeB
oeu
f C
reek
, w
hic
h f
low
s in
to F
ren
ch C
reek
, w
hic
h f
low
s in
to t
he
All
egh
eny
Riv
er,
wh
ich
flo
ws
into
th
e O
hio
Riv
er,
wh
ich
flo
ws
into
th
e M
issi
ssip
pi
Riv
er,
wh
ich
flo
ws
into
th
e G
ulf
of
Mex
ico
. W
hen
th
e E
ng
lish
tra
der
s b
ega
n
to m
ove
in
to t
he
Oh
io V
all
ey,
the
Fre
nch
pla
nn
ed t
o b
uil
d a
ser
ies
of
fort
s so
uth
wa
rd f
rom
Ca
na
da
, to
be
sure
th
at
they
an
d n
ot
the
En
gli
sh w
ou
ld c
on
tro
l th
is i
mp
ort
an
t la
nd
. T
he
En
gli
sh a
lso
cla
imed
th
is p
art
of
Pen
nsy
lva
nia
.
Can
ada
to t
he
Gu
lf o
f M
exic
o o
n t
he
US
map
(e.
g.
Lak
e O
nta
rio
, L
ake
Eri
e, p
ort
age
bet
wee
n E
rie
and
Wat
erfo
rd,
LeB
oeu
f
Cre
ek,
Fre
nch
Cre
ek,
All
egh
eny
Riv
er,
Oh
io R
iver
, M
issi
ssip
pi
Riv
er,
and
Gu
lf o
f M
exic
o).
In 1
75
3,
the
Go
vern
or
of
the
Co
lon
y o
f V
irg
inia
, G
ove
rno
r D
inw
idd
ie,
sen
t a
let
ter
to t
he
com
ma
nd
er a
t th
e F
ren
ch
fort
, d
ema
nd
ing
th
at
the
Fre
nch
lea
ve t
he
are
a.
The
lett
er w
as
del
iver
ed b
y a
yo
un
g m
an
, o
nly
tw
enty
-on
e ye
ars
old
,
na
med
Geo
rge
Wa
shin
gto
n.
Wa
shin
gto
n a
nd
his
gu
ide
Ch
rist
op
her
Gis
t ea
ch k
ept
a j
ou
rna
l o
f th
e tr
ip.
Th
e F
ren
ch
an
swer
ed t
he
lett
er b
y sa
yin
g t
ha
t th
ey d
id n
ot
take
ord
ers
fro
m a
nyo
ne
bu
t th
e F
ren
ch k
ing
, a
nd
th
eref
ore
, th
ey
wo
uld
no
t le
ave
. S
ever
al
mo
nth
s la
ter,
th
e F
ren
ch a
nd
En
gli
sh w
ere
invo
lved
in
th
e fi
rst
ba
ttle
of
the
Fre
nch
an
d
Ind
ian
wa
r.
Geo
rge
Wa
shin
gto
n f
ou
gh
t in
th
is b
att
le a
s w
ell.
T
he
Fre
nch
lo
st t
he
wa
r a
nd
ha
d t
o l
eave
th
eir
fort
s.
Sin
ce t
hey
wer
e n
ot
ha
pp
y a
bo
ut
this
, th
ey t
oo
k ev
eryt
hin
g t
hey
co
uld
wit
h t
hem
an
d w
ha
t th
ey c
ou
ld n
ot
take
th
ey
des
tro
yed
. T
her
efo
re,
the
Fre
nch
bu
rned
th
eir
ow
n F
ort
su
r la
Riv
ière
au
x B
oeu
fs i
n 1
75
9.
An
En
gli
sh s
urv
eyin
g p
art
y co
nsi
stin
g o
f L
ieu
ten
ant
Hu
tch
ins
an
d C
ap
tain
Pri
ce f
ou
nd
th
e fo
rt i
n i
ts b
urn
ed c
on
dit
ion
an
d m
ad
e a
ma
p o
f th
e fo
rt s
ho
win
g t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
e d
iffe
ren
t b
uil
din
gs
an
d a
ctiv
ity
are
as.
T
he
Eng
lish
bu
ilt
a m
uch
sma
ller
fo
rt o
n t
he
site
in
17
60
. T
hey
ca
lled
th
is f
ort
, F
ort
LeB
oeu
f.
Th
is f
ort
wa
s b
urn
ed d
ow
n d
uri
ng
Po
nti
ac’
s
Reb
elli
on
in
an
att
emp
t b
y N
ati
ve A
mer
ica
ns
to g
et t
hei
r la
nd
s b
ack
fro
m t
he
Eu
rop
ean
s.
In t
he
17
90
s, t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
of
Am
eric
a b
uil
t a
blo
ck h
ou
se n
earb
y, w
hic
h w
as
bu
rned
do
wn
in
th
e m
idd
le 1
80
0s.
they
wan
ted
to
dis
cov
er t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
e F
ren
ch f
ort
(e.
g.
Geo
rge
Was
hin
gto
n’s
Jo
urn
al,
Ch
rist
op
her
Gis
t’s
Jou
rnal
, an
d
Lie
ute
nan
t H
utc
hin
s’ M
ap.)
? W
hat
oth
er s
ou
rces
of
info
rmat
ion
co
uld
be
use
d b
y a
rch
aeo
log
ists
to
co
nfi
rm t
he
loca
tio
n
(e.
g.
actu
al e
xca
vat
ion
of
the
site
)?”
and
is
alm
ost
su
rro
un
ded
by
th
e cr
eek
, an
d a
sm
all
bra
nch
of
it w
hic
h f
orm
s a
kin
d o
f an
isl
and
…”)
and
lev
eled
hig
h a
reas
as
the
tow
n g
rew
.
LeB
oeu
f C
reek
.
stu
den
ts t
hat
arc
hae
olo
gis
ts h
ave
to l
earn
to
rea
d t
he
lan
gu
age
of
the
tim
e in
wh
ich
th
e h
isto
rica
l re
sou
rce
was
cre
ated
. T
his
cou
ld b
e an
old
fo
rm o
f E
ng
lish
or
Fre
nch
.)
des
crip
tio
n o
f ac
tiv
itie
s, e
tc.
Gu
ide
the
stu
den
ts t
o i
den
tify
th
e sc
ale,
wh
ich
un
fort
un
atel
y h
as n
o n
um
ber
s an
d u
nit
s o
f
mea
sure
an
d t
her
efo
re i
s o
f n
o u
se i
n d
isco
ver
ing
th
e si
ze o
f th
e fo
rt u
nle
ss t
he
arch
aeo
log
ists
can
dis
cov
er w
hic
h u
nit
s o
f
mea
sure
wer
e u
sed
at
the
tim
e.
Dis
cuss
th
e fa
ct t
hat
nam
es o
f st
ream
s an
d c
om
mu
nit
ies
may
dif
fere
nt
tod
ay.
LeB
oeu
f
Cre
ek n
ow
id
enti
fies
an
old
fo
rk o
f F
ren
ch C
reek
. T
he
com
mu
nit
y o
f V
enan
go
, P
A i
s n
ot
the
loca
tio
n o
f th
e F
ort
at
Ven
ang
o,
wh
ich
was
lo
cate
d w
her
e F
ran
kli
n,
PA
is
tod
ay.)
14
. T
ell
stu
den
ts t
o l
oo
k a
t th
e cr
eek
an
d o
bse
rve
the
ben
ds
in t
he
cree
k.
Tel
l st
ud
ents
th
at t
he
cree
k s
till
has
th
is s
hap
e to
day
in o
ne
loca
tio
n.
Arc
hae
olo
gis
ts h
ave
use
d t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
is b
end
to
id
enti
fy t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
e F
ren
ch f
ort
.
Un
ma
rked
US
GS
Ma
p S
egm
ent
to e
ach
gro
up
. T
ell
each
gro
up
to
fin
d L
ake
LeB
oeu
f, t
he
tow
n o
f
Wat
erfo
rd,
and
LeB
oeu
f C
reek
. U
sin
g H
utc
hin
s’ M
ap
, as
k t
hem
to
lo
cate
th
e F
ren
ch f
ort
. (
Alt
ern
ativ
ely
, as
k s
tud
ents
to
fin
d t
he
fort
wit
ho
ut
firs
t id
enti
fyin
g t
he
lak
e, t
ow
n,
and
cre
ek,
ther
eby
fo
rcin
g t
hem
to
mak
e d
ecis
ion
s ab
ou
t w
hic
h
feat
ure
s m
ay b
e u
sefu
l fo
r th
e ac
tiv
ity
.)
Giv
e st
ud
ents
no
mo
re t
han
fiv
e m
inu
tes
to d
iscu
ss a
nd
det
erm
ine
the
po
ssib
le
answ
er.
Ma
rked
An
swer
US
GS
Ma
p S
egm
ent
to e
ach
gro
up
. L
et e
ach
gro
up
det
erm
ine
ho
w c
lose
th
ey w
ere
to t
he
answ
er.
Th
e v
alu
e o
f th
e ex
erci
se i
s in
th
e ac
tiv
ity
an
d n
ot
in n
eces
sari
ly f
ind
ing
th
e co
rrec
t lo
cati
on
. S
tud
ents
are
sim
ula
tin
g a
ver
y r
eal
acti
vit
y c
on
du
cted
by
Ed
inb
oro
Un
iver
sity
of
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia a
rch
aeo
log
ists
.
17
. T
ell
stu
den
ts t
hat
th
ey w
ere
thin
kin
g l
ike
arch
aeo
log
ists
by
try
ing
to
dis
cov
er t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
e fo
rt.
Clo
su
re
Hu
tch
ins’
Map
is
a p
rim
ary
or
seco
nd
ary
so
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n.
(A
pri
ma
ry h
isto
rica
l so
urc
e w
as c
reat
ed b
y a
n
eyew
itn
ess
to a
n e
ven
t.
Ase
con
da
ry h
isto
rica
l so
urc
e is
so
meo
ne’
s id
ea o
f w
hat
hap
pen
ed.
Geo
rge
Was
hin
gto
n w
as a
n
eyew
itn
ess
to t
he
fort
. H
e ac
tual
ly v
isit
ed t
her
e.
Lie
ute
nan
t H
utc
hin
s w
as a
n e
yew
itn
ess
to t
he
loca
tio
n o
f th
e b
urn
ed f
ort
bu
t h
e m
ade
go
od
gu
esse
s ab
ou
t th
e ac
tiv
itie
s w
hic
h t
oo
k p
lace
th
ere.
T
her
efo
re,
the
map
is
bo
th a
pri
mar
y a
nd
sec
on
dar
y
sou
rce
of
info
rmat
ion
.)
LeB
oeu
f C
reek
, d
eter
min
ing
wh
ich
Ven
ang
o i
s li
sted
on
th
e m
ap,
etc.
) an
d w
hic
h s
ou
rce
was
mo
st u
sefu
l.
pre
sid
ents
bu
t n
oth
ing
ab
ou
t th
e o
rdin
ary
cit
izen
s.
can
rea
d t
he
wri
tin
g.
even
th
ou
gh
th
e w
ord
can
be
read
.
dan
ger
ou
s jo
urn
ey.
Su
gg
este
d R
ea
din
g L
ist
Was
hin
gto
n,
Geo
rge,
17
54
.T
he
Jou
rna
l o
f M
ajo
r G
eorg
e W
ash
ing
ton
, S
ent
by
the
Ho
n.
Ro
ber
t D
inw
idd
ie,
Esq
; H
is M
aje
sty’
s
Lie
ute
na
nt-
Go
vern
or,
an
d C
om
ma
nd
er i
n C
hie
f o
f V
irg
inia
, to
th
e C
om
ma
nd
an
t o
f th
e F
ren
ch F
orc
es o
n O
hio
, 1
95
9,
rep
rin
t.
Wil
liam
sbu
rg:
Th
e C
olo
nia
l W
illi
amsb
urg
Fo
un
dat
ion.
Ac
kn
ow
led
ge
me
nts
Geo
rge
Was
hin
gto
n’s
Jo
urn
al e
ntr
y w
as r
epri
nte
d w
ith
th
e p
erm
issi
on
of
the
Co
lon
ial
Wil
liam
sbu
rg F
ou
ndat
ion
.
Lie
ute
nan
t H
utc
hin
s’ M
ap w
as r
epri
nte
d w
ith
th
e p
erm
issi
on
of
the
His
tori
cal
So
ciet
y o
f P
enn
sylv
ania
.
Th
is l
esso
n p
lan
was
mo
dif
ied
fro
m l
esso
n p
lan
s cr
eate
d f
or
use
at
the
Fo
rt L
eBo
euf
Mu
seu
m,
wit
h p
erm
issi
on
of
the
Fo
rt
LeB
oeu
f M
use
um
dir
ecto
r, R
enat
a B
. W
oly
nec
, P
h.
D. A
dd
itio
nal
var
iati
on
s o
f th
is l
esso
n p
lan
hav
e b
een
pri
nte
d i
n c
urr
icu
la
and
tea
cher
mat
eria
ls d
evel
op
ed b
y t
he
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia A
rch
aeo
log
ical
Co
un
cil,
wit
h p
erm
issi
on
of
the
Fo
rt L
eBo
euf
Mu
seu
m
dir
ecto
r.
Var
iati
on
s o
f th
is l
esso
n p
lan
are
fo
un
d i
n c
urr
icu
lum
pro
ject
s fu
nd
ed b
y g
ran
ts f
rom
th
e P
enn
sylv
ania
His
tori
cal
and
Mu
seu
m C
om
mis
sio
n.
Fo
r m
ore
in
form
atio
n a
bo
ut
Pro
ject
Arc
ha
eolo
gy:
PA
, A
n E
du
cati
on
al
Sta
nd
ard
s B
ase
d C
urr
icu
lum
fo
r
Gra
des
Fo
ur
Th
rou
gh
Eig
ht
(20
03
) an
dL
ife
at
the
Fre
nch
Fo
rt s
ur
la R
iviè
re a
ux
Bo
eufs
: C
urr
icu
lum
Pro
ject
, A
Vid
eo B
ase
d
Cu
rric
ulu
m f
or
Gra
des
4-6
(A
da
pta
ble
to
Gra
des
1-3
) (2
00
4)
ple
ase
con
tact
wo
lyn
ec@
edin
bo
ro.e
du.
Ge
org
e W
ash
ing
ton
's J
ou
rn
al
En
try (
Pa
ge
17
)
Ge
org
e W
ash
ing
ton
's J
ou
rn
al
En
try (
Pa
ge
17
)
13
th,
It i
s si
tuat
ed o
n t
he
So
uth
, o
r W
est
Fo
rk o
fF
ren
chC
reek
, n
ear
the
Wat
er,
and
is
alm
ost
surr
ou
nd
ed b
y t
he
Cre
ek,
and
a s
mal
l B
ran
ch o
f it
wh
ich
fo
rms
a K
ind
of
an I
slan
d ;
fo
ur
Ho
use
s
com
po
se t
he
Sid
es ;
th
e B
asti
on
s ar
e m
ade
of
Pil
es d
riv
en i
nto
th
e G
rou
nd
, an
d a
bo
ut
12
Fee
t ab
ov
e,
and
sh
arp
at T
op
, w
ith
Po
rt-H
ole
s cu
t fo
r C
ann
on
and
Lo
op
-Ho
les
for
the
smal
l A
rms
to f
ire
thro
ug
h
; th
ere
are
eig
ht
6 l
b.
Pie
ces
mo
un
ted
, tw
o i
n e
ach
Bas
tio
n,
and
on
e P
iece
of
fou
r P
ou
nd
bef
ore
th
e
Gat
e ;
in t
he
Bas
tio
ns
are
a G
uar
d-H
ou
se,
Ch
apel
, D
oct
or’
s L
od
gin
g,
and
th
e C
om
man
der
’s p
riv
ate
Sto
re, r
ound w
hic
h a
re lai
d P
lat-
Form
s fo
r th
e C
annon a
nd M
en to s
tand o
n : T
her
e ar
e se
ver
al B
arra
cks
wit
ho
ut
the
Fo
rt,
for
the
So
ldie
rs D
wel
lin
g,
cov
ered
, so
me
wit
h B
ark
, an
d s
om
e w
ith
Bo
ard
s, m
ade
chie
fly
of
Lo
gg
s :
Th
ere
are
also
sev
eral
oth
er H
ouse
s, s
uch
as
Sta
ble
s, S
mit
hs
Sh
op
,&
c.
I co
uld
get
no
cer
tain
Acc
ou
nt
of
the
Nu
mb
er o
f M
en h
ere
; b
ut
acco
rdin
g t
o t
he
bes
t Ju
dg
men
t I
cou
ld f
orm
, th
ere
are
an H
un
dre
d e
xcl
usi
ve
of
Off
icer
s, o
f w
hic
h t
her
e ar
e m
any.
I a
lso
gav
e O
rder
s
to t
he
Peo
ple
th
at w
ere
wit
h m
e, t
o t
ake
an e
xac
t Acc
ou
nt
of
the
Can
oes
th
at w
ere
hal
ed u
p t
o c
on
vey
thei
r F
orc
es d
ow
n i
n t
he
Sp
rin
g, w
hic
h t
hey
did
, an
d t
old
50
of
Bir
ch B
ark
, an
d 1
70
of
Pin
e, b
esid
es
man
y o
ther
s th
at w
ere
blo
ck’d
ou
t, i
n R
ead
ines
s to
mak
e.
Lie
ute
na
nt
Hu
tch
ins' M
ap
Un
ma
rke
d U
SG
S (
Un
ite
d S
tate
s G
eo
log
ica
l S
urv
ey)
Ma
p S
eg
me
nt
Ge
org
e W
ash
ing
ton
's J
ou
rna
l E
ntr
y (
Pa
ge
17
)
Ge
org
e W
ash
ing
ton
's J
ou
rna
l E
ntr
y (
Pa
ge
17
)
Ma
rke
d A
nsw
er
US
GS
Ma
p S
eg
me
nt
