Using Drawing Tools - Civil Engineering Drawing

8/10/2019 Using Drawing Tools - Civil Engineering Drawing

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2Using drawing tools

& applied geometry


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Contents

Applied Geometry(or geometrical constructions)

Using of tools

Preparation of tools

Problem solving steps


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Preparation ofTools

Contents


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1. Paper

2. Pencils

3. Compass

Fastening a sheet to a drafting board

Sharpening the lead

Sharpening the lead

Tools to be prepared


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Paper

1. Place a paper close to the left edge of atable where a drafter can work conveniently.

3. Move the paper until its lower edge lies

close to the top edge of a T-square.

4. Align the top edge of the paper with

T-square blade.

5. Attach the papers corners with tape.

6. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.

7. Attach the remaining papers corners

with tape.

2. Place a T-square.


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1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a lead

about 8-10 mm.

2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a sandpaper.

3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.

Pencil


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Compass

2. Adjust the needleand theleadso that the tip of

the needle extends slightly more than the lead.

1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.

needle lead


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Using the Tools

Contents


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Straight line

Arc, Circle4. Circle template

1. T-square

2. Triangles

3. Compass

Tools

Shape to be drawn

Function of the tools

T-square and triangles can be used together to draw

an inclined line with 15oincrement, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o,

60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180oetc.


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To keep your drawing clean

Do Dont


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Using a compass

1. Locate the center of the circle to be drawn.

Draw two intersecting lines.

2. Adjust the distance between a needle and a lead

to be a radius of the circle.

3. Set the needle point at the circles center.


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4. Start circle.Apply enough pressure to the needle,

holding the compass handle between thumb and index

fingers.

5. Complete circle.Revolve the handle clockwise.

Using a compass


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1. Draw two perpendicular lines that pass through center of

a circle to be drawn.

Construction line

Visible line

2. Align all markings on template with the center lines.

3. Tracing the circle.

GivenCenter of a circle to be drawn

Using a template


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A

B

Draw a line through the given points

1. Place the pencil tip at one of the

given points.

2. Place the triangle against the

pencil tip.

3. Swing the triangle around the

pencil tip until its edge aligns with

the second point.

4. Draw a line.

Given

play

Explanations


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Draw a horizontal line

1. Press the T-square head against the left edge

of the table.

2. Smooth the blade to the right.


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Draw a horizontal line3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60owith the paper

in the direction of the line and slightly toed in.

4. Rotate the pencil slowlywhile moving the pencil

from left to right.


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Draw a horizontal line

5. Move T-square up or down to draw another

horizontal line.


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Draw a vertical line1. Set T-square as before.

Place any triangle on T-square edge.

2. Use your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle

in position.


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Draw a vertical line

3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.

4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.


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1. Place 30o-60otriangle on the T-square edge and press

them firmly against the paper.

2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

Draw a line at 30owith horizontal


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1. Place 45otriangle on the T-square edge and press



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1. Place 30o-60otriangle on the T-square edge and press




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Draw a line at 15o with horizontal

1

2

+-30o

45o

= 15oCCW

+60o

(-45o)

= 15oCCW


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1

2

+30o

45o

= 75oCCW

+45o 30o = 75oCCW


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1

2

+60o

45o

= 105oCCW

+45o 60o = 105oCCW


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Practice by Yourself

Arrange the triangles to draw a line at

a) 120o

b) 135o

c) 150

o

with a horizontal.


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Applied Geometry

Contents

r

Bisecting Parallel line

Perpendicular

line

Inclined line

Tangent line

Tangent arc


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Bisecting a lineand an angle

Applied Geometry Contents


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To bisect a given line

1. Swing two arcs having a radius

greater than half-length of the

line with the centers at the

ends of the line.

2. Join the intersection points of

the arcs with a line.

A

B

r1r1

3. Locate the midpoint.

Given

play

Explanations

Applied Geometry


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To bisect a given angle

2. Swing the arcs of any radiusfrom the intersection points

between the previous arc and

the lines.

3. Draw the line.

1. Swing an arc of any radius

whose centers at the vertex.

r1

A

B

C

r2

r2

Given

play

Applied Geometry

Explanations


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Drawing a parallel line



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+C

Line parallel to a given line

through a given point

Given

play

Applied Geometry

Explanations

3. Slide the first triangle until its

edge passes through the

given point.

1. Line an edge of a triangle up

to a given line.

2. Support the triangle with

another one.

4. Draw a line.


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r

Line parallel to a given line

at a given distance

Given

play

Explanations

3. Draw a line parallel to a given

line and tangent to the arc.

1. Choose a convenient point on

a given line.

2. Use that point as center of an

arc with a radius equal to a

given distance.

Applied Geometry

r


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Drawing a perpendicular line



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+C

Line perpendicular to a point in a line

Revolv e method

Given

play

Explanations

3. Flip the first triangle and slide

until its edge passes through

the given point.

1. Line an oppositeedge of a 45o

triangle up to a given line.

2. Support the triangle with another

one.

4. Draw a line.

Applied Geometry


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+C

Ad jacent-s ides method

Given

play


Explanations

3. Slide the first triangle until

another adjacent edge passes

through the given point.

1. Line an adjacentedge of a 45o



one.

4. Draw a line.

Applied Geometry


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r1

+C

r2

r2 > r1

A

B

D

Given

play


Compass method

Explanations1. Use a given point as center,

draw the arc with any radius.

2. Bisect the distance between the

intersection points between anarc and a given line.

3. Draw a line.

Applied Geometry


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Line perpendicular to a given line

through a point outside the line

+C

Given

play

Ad jacent-s ides methodExplanations


another adjacent edge passes

through the given point.




one.

4. Draw a line.

Applied Geometry


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Given

play

r2

+C

r2

r1

B

A

D

Line perpendicular to a given line

through a point outside the line

Compass method Explanations

1. Use a given point as a center,

draw the arc with any radius that

intersect the given line.

2. Bisect the distance between the

intersection points between an

arc and a given line.

3. Draw a line.

Applied Geometry


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Practice by Yourself

Draw a line perpendicular to a given line and passthrough a point lies outside using revolvedmethod.

Applied Geometry


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Drawing an inclined line


Li ki 15o ith i li


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Line making 15owith a given line


+C

+C

Given

play

Given

play

Applied Geometry

Li ki 30o ith i li


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+C

+C

Given

play

Given

play

Applied Geometry

Li ki 75o ith i li


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+

C

Given

play

Given

play

+

C

Applied Geometry


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Drawing a Tangent lineto an arc (or a circle)


T t li t i ( i l )


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C

Tangent line to a given arc (or circle)

play

Case 1 : A given po int l ies on an arc

Applied Geometry

Given Explanations


another adjacent edge passesthrough the given point.


triangle up to the center of an

arc and a given given.


one.

4. Draw a line.

T t li t i ( i l )


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Tangent line to a given arc (or circle)

play

C

play

C

Applied Geometry

Case 2 : A given po int l ies outs ide an arc

Given Given1stmethod

2ndmethod


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Drawing a tangent curveto the given lines


K C t


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Key Concept

1. its center, C.

To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R),

it is necessary to locate

2. the startand end points

(or tangent points) of the arc.

It places outside a line for a distance

equal to a radius of an arc.

It lies on a given line in the way

that the line passing through this

point and the center of an arc be

perpendicular to a given line.

R

R R

T t t th i li


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Tangent arc to the given lines

R

R

play

Given 1. Locate the center of an arc

Applied Geometry

Continue

T t t th i li


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TP.1TP.2

Tangent arc to the given lines

2. Locate the tangent points

Applied Geometry

Replay


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Drawing a tangent curveto the given curves


Key Concept


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Tangent point lies on the line passes through the centers

of each arc (or circle).

Key Concept

R1

R2

R3

Tangent arc to a gi en arcs (or circles)


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Tangent arc to a given arcs (or circles)

C2C1

C

C1 C2

C

1. its center, C.

To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R),

it is necessary to locate

Case 1 : External Case 2 : Internal

2. the startand end points(or tangent points) of the arc.

R1R

R

R2 R1

R-R1 R-R2

R2

External tangent arc


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++C

1

C2

R+ R1

R+ R2

R1

R2C

External tangent arc

R

play

Applied Geometry

Given

Internal tangent arc (Type 1)


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++

C1C2

RR2


RR1

R1

R2

C

R

play

Applied Geometry

Given



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R+ R2

RR1C


++C1 C

2

R1

R2

play

R

Applied Geometry

Given



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1. Calculate the required space

2. Understand the drawing type and information to be required

3. Choose suitable scale

4. Start drawing

Drawing Tools to be Purchased


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Drawing Tools to be Purchased

1. Transparent T-Square

2. Drawing board (optional)

3. Lead Pencil / Clutch Pencil

4. Sharpener, Eraser

5. 30o60oTriangle & 45oTriangle (Set Squares)

6. Compass and Divider

7. Paper Tape (0.5 inch wide)

8. Pocket size tissue pack

Using Drawing Tools - Civil Engineering Drawing

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