Using case studies - Renewable heat · Using case studies to understand the integration of ground...

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Using case studies Using case studies to understand the integration of to understand the integration of ground storage of energy intoground storage of energy intoground storage of energy into ground storage of energy into

building and underground structuresbuilding and underground structures

Göran HellströmGöran HellströmGöran HellströmGöran HellströmLund University, SwedenLund University, SwedenNeoEnergyNeoEnergy Sweden LtdSweden Ltd

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

Underground Underground energyenergy storagestorage unitunit (0,6 kWh/(m(0,6 kWh/(m33,K)),K))

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UnbalancedUnbalanced energyenergy loadload

D t t h t t ti t !Due to net heat extraction rate!

5 10 15

Time (years)

Heat carrier fluid temperature variation during 15 years for a large installationOnly extraction of heat

BalancedBalanced energyenergy loadload

Net heat extraction reduced by recharge!

ENDAST VÄRMEUTTAG

H t t ti b h t d h b td i

Extraction in balance with recharge!

Heat carrier fluid temperature variation for system with heat pump and extraction and recharge by outdoor air

Heat extraction by heat pump and recharge by outdoor air

5 10 15

Time (years)

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Heat pump efficiencyHeat pump efficiencyNominal heat pump capacity 10 kW

13

14Heat pump output

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Po

wer

(kW

)

Compressor electric power

0

1

2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Entering heat carrier fluid temperature (C)

Heat pump capacity vs. source temperature1 degree lower temperature causes a 3-4 % reduction of heating output

Heat pump efficiencyHeat pump efficiencyNominal heat pump capacity 10 kW

13

14Heat pump output

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Po

wer

(kW

)

Compressor electric power

0

1

2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Entering heat carrier fluid temperature (C)

Heat pump capacity vs. source temperature1 degree lower source temperature causes a 3-4 % reduction of heat pump output

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Energy balance?Energy balance?

HEAT COLDHEAT COLD

Energy balance for the ground determines choice of system design of ground source

Imbalance may cause undesirable long-term temperature changes

Hybrid GSHPHybrid GSHP

GroundGround sourcesource ExhaustExhaust air air sourcesource OutdoorOutdoor air air sourcesource Water Water sourcesource (lake, river)(lake, river) Solar Solar sourcesource Waste heatWaste heat

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Project Lulevärme

Summer: Storage of waste heat from steel plant

Stored heat: ca 2000 MWh (maximum temp 82 °C)

Seasonal storage of waste heat

Stored heat: ca 2000 MWh (maximum temp 82 C)

Winter: University building heated with/without heat pump

Extracted heat: 1000-1200 MWh

Project Lulevärme, LuleåProject Lulevärme, Luleå

Estimated ground temperature after charging

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Project Lulevärme, LuleåProject Lulevärme, Luleå

3000

3500

4000

4500

Simulated heat injection

Measured heat injection

Simulated heat extraction

Measured heat extraction

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

En

erg

y (

MW

h)

Measured and simulated energy balance 1983-1988

-1500

-1000

-500

1983-84 1985-861984-85 1987-881986-87

Glazed solar collectorsGlazed solar collectors

Glazed solar collectors absorb about 850 kWh/m2/year of which 500 kWh/m2/year for hot water and 350 kWh/m2/year deliveredconnected to evaporator side of GSHP (heat source and recharge)

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COOLING

HEATING• Hot water

• Space heatingGlazed solar

GSHP/Solar hybridGSHP/Solar hybrid

COOLING

HP

• Increasing HP evaporator temperature

• Recharging of ground loop

collectors

HighHigh--temperature seasonal energy storagetemperature seasonal energy storage

Seasonal storage of solar heatSeasonal storage of solar heatExamples: Neckarsulm, Germany, and Anneberg, SwedenExamples: Neckarsulm, Germany, and Anneberg, Sweden

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Project Anneberg, Danderyd

• 70 single-family houses

• Summer: Storage of excess solar heat in ground store

• Winter: Heating without heat pump using under-floor heatingg p p g g

• 100 borehole to 65 meters depth

• In operation: March 2002

• Solar fraction estimated to 70 % of total energy demandStorage pe r form ance

200

250

60

75

0

50

100

150

200

J F M A M J J A S O N D

He

at

[MW

h/m

on

th]

0

15

30

45

60

Te

mp

. [°

C]

Coll. Gain Storage losses

To coll. Temp. Storage temp.

Project Anneberg, DanderydProject Anneberg, Danderyd

Max temp:p

+30 C, 2003

+40 C, 2005

Temperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat store.Temperatures in solar collectors and borehole heat store.

System in full operation in summer of 2006.System in full operation in summer of 2006.

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Project Anneberg, DanderydProject Anneberg, DanderydSummer 2003: Leakage in main distribution system between energy plant room and houses. Replacement of manifolds.

Autumn 2004: Poor quality of U-pipes and bottom weight design resulted in leakage in 5 of 100 boreholes. Probably caused by elongation of pipes during heating.

Replacement of UReplacement of U--pipes (summer 2005)pipes (summer 2005)Old New

SolarSolar--assisted GSHP hybridassisted GSHP hybrid

19 boreholes to 300 m with 125 m2 glazed solar collectors

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Unglazed Unglazed solarsolar collectorscollectors

Unglazed solar collectors absorb about 850 kWh/m2/year connected to evaporator side of GSHP as heat source and for recharge

COOLING

HEATING• Solar recharge of

ground loop Unglazed

GSHP/Solar hybridGSHP/Solar hybrid

COOLING

HP

• Increasing HP evaporator temperature

solar collectors

Alternative

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QQ--MED, UppsalaMED, Uppsala

New facilities for New facilities for manufacturing of manufacturing of medicinemedicine

Building consists of four Building consists of four storeys incl. basementstoreys incl. basement

Total area ca 7020 mTotal area ca 7020 m22

Energy service rooms Energy service rooms prepared for future prepared for future storage space of ca storage space of ca 2000 m2000 m22

Design load & criteria Design load & criteria Design loadsDesign loads

CapacityCapacity Annual energy loadAnnual energy loadHeat load Heat load winterwinter

410 kW410 kW 925 MWh925 MWh

Heat load Heat load summersummer

160 kW160 kW 50 MWh50 MWh

Cool load Cool load winterwinter

90 kW90 kW 190 MWh190 MWhwinterwinterCool load Cool load summersummer

330 kW330 kW 305 MWh305 MWh

Criteria for system design:

Boreholes designed for max entering fluid temp +14°C

All air cooling coils designed for 14-17 °C

All air heating coils designed for 50-35 °C

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Ground loopGround loopGround water level

4 t b l 00--25 meter soft clay25 meter soft clay 2525--30 meter silt / sand30 meter silt / sand

3030--200 meter granite200 meter granite

ca 4 meter below ground surface

38 boreholes38 boreholes200 m deep

Energy service roomEnergy service room

6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity6 heat pumps with 41 kW capacity

Three of the heat pumps fitted Three of the heat pumps fitted with desuperheaters forwith desuperheaters forheating of tap waterheating of tap water

Refrigerant R407CRefrigerant R407C

Electric heater 255 kWElectric heater 255 kW

Heat pumps (IVT Greenline F40H) in the service room

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Profitability Profitability –– investment costinvestment cost

Alternative 1Alternative 1Conventional system with Conventional system with district heating and cooling district heating and cooling machinemachineDistrict heating District heating connectionconnection

700 kSEK700 kSEK

District heating centralDistrict heating central 400 kSEK400 kSEK

C li lC li l 1650 kSEK1650 kSEK

Alternative 2Alternative 2GroundGround--coupled heat pump and coupled heat pump and direct coolingdirect coolingAdditional connection cost for Additional connection cost for extended electric power extended electric power installationinstallation

200 kSEK200 kSEK

Boreholes, manifolds, etcBoreholes, manifolds, etc 2600 kSEK2600 kSEK

Heat pumps / cooling centralHeat pumps / cooling central 850 kSEK850 kSEKCooling centralCooling central 1650 kSEK1650 kSEK

2750 kSEK2750 kSEK

Heat pumps / cooling centralHeat pumps / cooling central 850 kSEK850 kSEK

3650 kSEK3650 kSEK

Additional investment cost 900.000 SEK Additional investment cost 900.000 SEK (excl. VAT)(excl. VAT)300.000 EUR 400.000 EUR

100.000 EUR

$125.000

Profitability Profitability –– annual operating costannual operating costAlternative 1Alternative 1Conventional system with district heating and cooling machineConventional system with district heating and cooling machine

Heat load winterHeat load winter 925 MWh x 530 SEK/MWh925 MWh x 530 SEK/MWh 490 kSEK490 kSEKHeat load winterHeat load winter 925 MWh x 530 SEK/MWh925 MWh x 530 SEK/MWh 490 kSEK490 kSEK

Heat load summerHeat load summer 50 MWh x 400 SEK/MWh50 MWh x 400 SEK/MWh 20 kSEK20 kSEK

Cool load winterCool load winter 190 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP)190 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP) 52 kSEK52 kSEK

Cool load summerCool load summer 305 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP)305 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP) 83 kSEK83 kSEK

645 kSEK645 kSEK

Alternative 2Alternative 2GroundGround--coupled heat pump and direct coolingcoupled heat pump and direct cooling

Heat load winterHeat load winter 925 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3 0 (COP)925 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3 0 (COP) 253 kSEK253 kSEK

70.000 EUR

Reduced operating

cost

Annual savings 360 kSEK Annual savings 360 kSEK (excl. VAT)(excl. VAT)

Heat load winterHeat load winter 925 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP)925 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP) 253 kSEK253 kSEK

Heat load Heat load summersummer

50 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP)50 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh / 3,0 (COP) 14 kSEK14 kSEK

Cool load winterCool load winter 11 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh (circ.pump)11 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh (circ.pump) 9 kSEK9 kSEK

Cool load summerCool load summer 11 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh (circ.pump)11 MWh x 820 SEK/MWh (circ.pump) 9 kSEK9 kSEK

285 kSEK285 kSEK 30.000 EUR

40.000 EUR

$37.500

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ProfitabilityProfitability

Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 900.000 900.000 SEKSEK100.000 100.000 EUREUR

Reduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 360.000 360.000 SEK/yearSEK/year40.000 40.000 EUR/yearEUR/year

Straight payStraight pay--back timeback time 2,5 2,5 yearsyears

Astronomy Department, LundAstronomy Department, Lund

BTES heating and free cooling combined with district heatingBTES heating and free cooling combined with district heating

Office space 4.900 mOffice space 4.900 m22

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Energy loadEnergy load

Energy supplyEnergy supply

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BoreholesBoreholes

Borehole

20 boreholes, depth 200 m

Energy balanceEnergy balanceEnergy balance Normal year (adjusted)Energy balance Normal year (adjusted)

Heat from heat pumpHeat from heat pump 475 MWh475 MWh

Cold from ground source (free cooling)Cold from ground source (free cooling) 155 MWh155 MWh

El t i it t h tEl t i it t h t 104 MWh104 MWh

Key factors Normal year (adjusted)Key factors Normal year (adjusted)

Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- heat pump (incl. circulation)heat pump (incl. circulation) 4,54,5

Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor -- free coolingfree cooling 4747

Electricity to heat pump compressorElectricity to heat pump compressor 104 MWh104 MWh

District heating (hot water + peak load)District heating (hot water + peak load) 40 MWh40 MWh

Electricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side)Electricity to circulationspumps (ground and condensor side) 7 MWh7 MWh

pp gg

Heating and cooling demandHeating and cooling demand 126 kWh/m126 kWh/m22,yr,yr

Bought energyBought energy 28 kWh/m28 kWh/m22,yr,yr

Seasonal performance factor Seasonal performance factor –– ground source (heat pump + free cooling)ground source (heat pump + free cooling) 5,75,7Seasonal performance factorSeasonal performance factor–– total (ground source + district heating)total (ground source + district heating) 4,44,4

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ProfitabilityProfitability

Additional investment:Additional investment: 180.000 EUR180.000 EURReduced operating cost:Reduced operating cost: 18.000 EUR/yr18.000 EUR/yrStraight payStraight pay--back time: 10 yearsback time: 10 years

Grants: 80 000 EURGrants: 80 000 EURGrants: 80.000 EURGrants: 80.000 EURStraight payStraight pay--back time (with grants): 6 yearsback time (with grants): 6 years

Sea WaterSea Water

Boreholes

Water intake

Hybrid system Hybrid system -- Boreholes with summer recharge from lakeBoreholes with summer recharge from lake

Water outlet

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GSHP with recharge from sea waterGSHP with recharge from sea waterNäsby park slott, SwedenNäsby park slott, Sweden

HP48 boreholes

Cost of borehole B h l t ith t

Lake

storage

230,000 EUR

Borehole storage without lake recharge:80 boreholes400,000 EURCost of recharge

system

40,000 EURInitial cost reduction with recharge about 30 %

ProfitabilityProfitabilityEstimated based on three years of operation Estimated based on three years of operation

Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 1. Oil Alternative 2. GroundAlternative 2. Ground--source heat pump and oil (peak)source heat pump and oil (peak)

Additional investment cost:Additional investment cost: 750.000 EUR750.000 EURReduced operational cost:Reduced operational cost: 225.000 EUR/year225.000 EUR/year

Straight payStraight pay--back time:back time: 3,3 years3,3 years

Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced oil consumption 79 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %Reduced bought energy (oil & electricity) 57 %

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Combining groundCombining ground--source for source for buildings with different load buildings with different load

Community clustersCommunity clusters

RESIDENTIAL OFFICE

Common ground sourceCommon ground source

CombiningCombining groundground--sourcesource for for buildingsbuildings with different with different loadload

AvantorAvantor--NydalenNydalen, Oslo, Norway, Oslo, Norway

Hotel

University

OfficesFlats

Area : 180,000 m2

Energy store : 90 boreholes, depth 200 m

+ 70 borehole, depth 260 m

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Chemistry Department, LundChemistry Department, Lund

Chemistry

IKDC

Architecture

Energy store 153 boreholes

Energy balance by combining buildings with different load profiles

Heating loadHeating load

ChemistryChemistryIKDC

Heating loadHeating loadTotal heat demand 8,5 MW

Heat pump capacity 1,8 MW

- From ground loop 1,2 MW

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Cooling loadCooling load

ChemistryArchitecture

ChemistryIKDC

Cooling loadTotal cooling demand 3,0 MW

Katrineholm Sport CentreKatrineholm Sport CentreCommunity clustersCommunity clusters

ICE RINK

Cooled sep-may

OFFICE

Heated sep-may

GYMNASIUM

Heated sep-may

SWIMMING POOL

Heated all year

CommonCommon groundground sourcesource

Outdoor ICE RINK

Cooled when air below 0 C

p y

Outdoor SOCCER

Heated when air above 0 C

y

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POWER GENERATION

• Hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass

THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

ExampleExample: IKEA : IKEA goesgoes renewablerenewable

THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

• “Green” DH/DC (biomass, waste heat)

• Solar (collectors)

• Geothermal (deep and shallow)

• Natural (air, surface water, snow/ice)

At present two office/service buildings and four stores areusing borehole storage (BTES) or aquifer storage (ATES) for combined heating and cooling

IKEA – Applications in Sweden

• Distribution Centre, Torsvik, installed 1999 (BTES + horizontal GSHP)

• IKEA Meeting Point in Helsingborg, installed 2003 (BTES)

• IKEA Store in Karlstad, installed 2007 (BTES)

• IKEA Store in Uppsala, installed 2008 (BTES) pp , ( )

• IKEA Store in Malmö, installed 2009 (ATES)

• IKEA Store in Väla, under construction (BTES)

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General for a 25 000 m2 store in Swedish climate(European system design)

IKEA – Applications in Sweden

50-60 % of the heat load covered by the HP, represents 85-90 % of the annual heat demand

Peak load covered by electric boiler, bio fuel burner or DH

60 % of the cooling load covered by free cooling from the storage,

t 70 80 % f th l ldrepresents 70-80 % of the annual cold demand

Peak load covered by running the HP as a chiller. Dry cooler used for disposal of condenser heat

IKEA – Meeting point 5,000 m2, Helsingborg

Facts:• 36 boreholes, 140 m deep, single U-pipe• Heat pump, 90 kW piston compressors• System heat capacity, 270 kW

S t li it 350 kW• System cooling capacity, 350 kW• SPF (measured) 6,3

Pay-back timeExpected, 5,5 years (2003)Actual, 4,5 years (2007)

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Heat demand• Max load, 1200 kW• Energy, 1200 MWh/year

Cold demand

IKEA – Store 25,000 m2, Karlstad

• Max load, 800 kW• Energy, 500 MWh/year

BTES system installed 2007 100 boreholes, 120 m deep, spaced 4,5 m

Expectations• SPF heating, 3.8 (boiler included)• SPF cooling, 7.3 • Payback time, 6 years

Drilled on excavated rock (granite) Water filled holes, with single U-pipe Construction time 10 weeks (2 rigs) High water yields caused problem

Linked to a 620 kW heat pump/chiller

Heat demand• Max load, 1 300 kW• Energy, 2 200 MWh/year

Cold demandM l d 1 300 kW

IKEA – Store 36,000 m2, Uppsala

BTES system installed 2008 100 boreholes,168m deep, spaced 5 m

• Max load, 1 300 kW• Energy, 1 500 MWh/year

Expectations• SPF heating, 4.3 (boiler included)• SPF cooling, 6.5 (Americ. design) • Payback time, 5.5 years

100 boreholes,168m deep, spaced 5 m 20 m casing through soil into granite Water filled holes, with double U-pipes Construction time 10 weeks (3 rigs) Highly fractured rock caused problem Linked to 2 x 660 kW heat pumps/chillers

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ATES system installed 2009 5 warm and 6 cold wells, 90 m deep into a fractured limestone Average well capacity, approx. 10 l/s Construction time 6 weeks (1 rig) Linked to 2 x 410 kW heat pumps/chillers

IKEA – Store 44,000 m2, Malmö

Linked to 2 x 410 kW heat pumps/chillers

Heat demand• Max load, 1 300 kW• Energy, 2 350 MWh/year

Cold demand• Max load, 1 300 kW• Energy, 1 450 MWh/annuallygy, / y

Expectations• SPF heating, 4.3 (boiler included)• SPF cooling, 45 (100 %) • Payback time, 4.5 years

Arlanda Airport

World’s largest open loop system –savings 3-4 Gwh electricity, 10-15 Gwh heatPayback time 6-7 years

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Server room coolingServer room cooling

Installed at 200 sites; 40 with ground sourceInstalled at 200 sites; 40 with ground source


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•Few moving parts and simple technology•Low operational and maintenance costs•High-temperature cooling

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Telia’s ground cooling projectsTelia’s ground cooling projectsSite Length (m) Cooling rate

borehole (kW)

Stockholm 30 5100 220Stockholm 30 5100 220Aspudden 26 4160 150Hageby 17 2720 111Hässleholm 19 3135 105Kalmar 14 2520 85Sundbyberg 14 2170 83,3Hässelby 16 1920 70Ludvika 5 750 55Karlskrona 12 1980 55Linköping 7 1120 45,5Tumba 6 960 45Ulriksdal 7 1120 42Växsjö 6 930 35Borlänge 5 750 32,5Örnsköldsvik 3 690 28

Geothermal tunnel liningsGeothermal tunnel linings

How to deal with air temperatues in tunnelsHow to deal with air temperatues in tunnels

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AirAir

Rock wallRock wall

Temperature conditions along tunnelsTemperature conditions along tunnels


Annual variations of rock surrounding tunnelAnnual variations of rock surrounding tunnel

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Vienna metro projectVienna metro project

Four metro stationsFour metro stations-- 449 kW heating capacity449 kW heating capacity-- 213 kW cooling capacity 213 kW cooling capacity


Diaphragm wallsDiaphragm wallsBase slabsBase slabsTunnel wallsTunnel walls

Heating and cooling of Heating and cooling of buildingsbuildings

Ice preventionIce preventionHeating points sensible to coldHeating points sensible to cold

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Heating and cooling requirementsHeating and cooling requirements


Examples of ”absorber” installationsExamples of ”absorber” installations

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Energy fleece with embedded pipes for tunnel liningsEnergy fleece with embedded pipes for tunnel linings


Rock temperatures along a proposed alp tunnelRock temperatures along a proposed alp tunnel

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Karlstad’s Hospital, SwedenKarlstad’s Hospital, Sweden

Heating and cooling with combined groud and river sourceHeating and cooling with combined groud and river source

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Karlstad’s Hospital, SwedenKarlstad’s Hospital, SwedenEnergy demand (=bought energyEnergy demand (=bought energy))

BEFORE (2000)BEFORE (2000)District heatingDistrict heating 26,4 GWh/year26,4 GWh/yearElectricityElectricity 23 6 GWh/year23 6 GWh/yearElectricityElectricity 23,6 GWh/year23,6 GWh/yearTotalTotal 50,0 GWh/year50,0 GWh/year

Step 1Step 1. Energy efficiency measures. Energy efficiency measures-- Changing windows, improving thermal insulationChanging windows, improving thermal insulation

Step 2Step 2. Change of energy production. Change of energy production-- Installation of groundInstallation of ground--source heat pump/energy storage with free source heat pump/energy storage with free cooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during wintercooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during winterg g p g gg g p g g

AFTER (2011)AFTER (2011)District heatingDistrict heating 2,5 Gwh/year2,5 Gwh/yearHVAC/GSHP electricityHVAC/GSHP electricity 22,2 GWh/year22,2 GWh/yearTotalTotal 24,7 MWh/year24,7 MWh/year

Savings 24,1 GWh heat (91 %) 1,4 Gwh electricity Savings 24,1 GWh heat (91 %) 1,4 Gwh electricity Payback time 5 yearsPayback time 5 years

CSK Hus 41 Värme- energiproduktion Alt 0

2750

3000

3250

3500

3750

4000

4250

4500

W]

Fjärrvärme

Energy supply Energy supply -- beforebefore

HeatDistrict heating

CSK Hus 41 Kyl-energiproduktion Alt 0

Frikyla älvVKA

VKA

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

0 350 701 1051 1402 1752 2102 2453 2803 3154 3504 3854 4205 4555 4906 5256 5606 5957 6307 6658 7008 7358 7709 8059 8410 8760

Timmar [h]

Fjärrvärme

0

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0 350 701 1051 1402 1752 2102 2453 2803 3154 3504 3854 4205 4555 4906 5256 5606 5957 6307 6658 7008 7358 7709 8059 8410 8760

Eff

ekt

er [

kW

Heatheating

6868

VKA1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3250

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4000

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4500

Eff

ekt

er

[kW

]

VKAVKAFrikyla älv

ColdFree cooling / river

Coolingmachine

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System designSystem designDistrict heating Heating load

Cooling loadCool machine

Heat pump Heat exchanger

River Ground

Energy supply Energy supply -- afterafter

HeatDistrict heating

CSK Hus 41 Värme- energiproduktion Alt 9 - 80 berghål

Fjärrvärme

2500

2750

3000

3250

3500

3750

4000

4250

4500

kW]

FjärrvärmeEL VPAÄlvBerg 1KB-systemet

District heating

Heat pump electricity

River

Heat

F li /

heating

KB-systemet som värmekälla

Berg 1

Älv

EL VPA

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

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2250

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Ti [h]

Eff

ekte

r [k

RiverGround

Hc fluid

CSK Hus 41 Kyl-energiproduktion Alt 9 - 80 borrhål

KB-systemet VKA

Frikyla berg 1

VKA

0

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1250

0 350 701 1051 1402 1752 2102 2453 2803 3154 3504 3854 4205 4555 4906 5256 5606 5957 6307 6658 7008 7358 7709 8059 8410 8760

Timmar [h]

H fl id F li /Cold

Free cooling / river

Coolingmachine

1500

1750

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Eff

ekte

r [k

W]

VKAFrikyla berg 1VKAKB-systemet

Hc fluid Free cooling / ground

Coolingmachine

River

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Specific energy demandSpecific energy demand

BeforeBefore GSHP with 80 boreholes (four different versions)GSHP with 80 boreholes (four different versions)

Kristinehamn’s Hospital, SwedenKristinehamn’s Hospital, SwedenEnergy demand (=bought energy)Energy demand (=bought energy)

BEFOREBEFOREDistrict heatingDistrict heating 2135 MWh/year2135 MWh/yeargg /y/yHVAC electricityHVAC electricity 605 MWh/year605 MWh/yearTotalTotal 2740 MWh/year2740 MWh/year

Step 1Step 1. Energy efficiency measures. Energy efficiency measures-- Changing windows, improving thermal insulationChanging windows, improving thermal insulation

Step 2Step 2. Change of energy production. Change of energy production-- Installation of groundInstallation of ground--source heat pump/energy storage with free source heat pump/energy storage with free cooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during wintercooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during wintercooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during wintercooling during summer and preheating of outdoor air during winter

AFTERAFTERDistrict heatingDistrict heating 155 MWh/year155 MWh/yearHVAC electricityHVAC electricity 465 MWh/year465 MWh/yearTotalTotal 620 MWh/year620 MWh/year

Savings 2120 MWh (78 %) Payback time 5 yearsSavings 2120 MWh (78 %) Payback time 5 years

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Kristinehamn’s Hospital, SwedenKristinehamn’s Hospital, Sweden

2500

3000

HVAC electricity

District heating

1000

1500

2000

Bought energy (M

Wh)

0

500

Before After energy efficiency measures After installation of GSHP

Bought energy (MWh)

Performance

Heating

Seasonal performance factor

3-4g Heating and cooling Heating and predominantly free

cooling (without cooling machine) Free cooling*

3-4

5-6

12-35

* Free cooling with boreholes is used in Sweden for telephone switching stations and broadcasting stations (about 100 installations). Ground temperatures are in the range 4-10 C.

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Installation costs

Drilling* 25-35 EUR per m

Complete system (borehole heat exchanger, installation, heat pump)

1500 EUR per kW heating capacity

*Depending on local geological conditions

Profitability

Heating

Pay-back time (years)

5-10+g

Heating and cooling Heating and predominantly free

cooling (without cooling machine)

4-10+

3-10+

* Depending on local conditions (geology, climate, distribution system, competing technology, costs, etc). Rough indication achieved for suitable applications.

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Based on developed techniques and parts Based on developed techniques and parts Low operational costsLow operational costs

Reasonable payReasonable pay--back timesback times

Large hybrid groundLarge hybrid ground--source systemssource systems

p yp y

Seasonal energy storageSeasonal energy storage

Potential for further developmentPotential for further development

Heating Heating andand coolingcooling Large fraction renewable energy (75Large fraction renewable energy (75--85 %)85 %)

HeatingHeating HeatingHeating Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)Recharging with renewable (water, air, solar)

CoolingCooling Techniques for highly efficient highTechniques for highly efficient high--temperature ground source temperature ground source

cooling availablecooling available

Using case studies - Renewable heat · Using case studies to understand the integration of ground...

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