Using an IQ Data to RF Power TransmitterUsing an IQ Data ......

Using an IQ Data to RF Power TransmitterUsing an IQ Data to RF Power TransmitterUsing an IQ Data to RF Power TransmitterUsing an IQ Data to RF Power Transmitterto Realize a Highlyto Realize a Highly--Efficient Transmit ChainEfficient Transmit Chain

for Current and Nextfor Current and Next--Generation Mobile HandsetsGeneration Mobile Handsets

Presented by: ParkerVision, Inc.Presented by: ParkerVision, Inc.David Sorrells and Greg RawlinsDavid Sorrells and Greg Rawlins

European Microwave Week 2008European Microwave Week 20082727 30 O t b 200830 O t b 2008

gg

27 27 –– 30 October, 200830 October, 2008Amsterdam RAI, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsAmsterdam RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

All materials contained herein are proprietary, confidential, and copyrighted by ParkerVision, Inc. and may not be distributed without prior written approval.

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This presentation is designed to provide a basic understanding of the principles behind the D2P system theory, implementation, and performance.


Presentation ContentPresentation Content

Introductory CommentsIntroductory CommentsIntroductory CommentsIntroductory Comments

ConceptsConcepts

ArchitectureArchitecture

PerformancePerformance

SummarySummary


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d2pd2p FunctionFunction

BasebandBaseband

RxRx

VCOVCO FEMFEM

TxTx FilterFilter PAPA

Traditional RFTraditional RFSystemSystem

V supplyV supplyVPAVPABias ControlBias Control

V supplyV supply

Upper BranchUpper BranchPhase ControlPhase Control IN 1IN 1

Amplitude ControlAmplitude Control

ZZd2p d2p

Power ModulatorPower Modulator

Multiple InputMultiple InputSingle OutputSingle Output

OperatorOperatorQQ

II VectorVectorSynthesisSynthesis

EngineEngineZZ

Lower BranchLower BranchPh C t lPh C t l

IN 2IN 2 RF OutputRF Output

Phase ControlPhase Control


44

FrequencyFrequencyReferenceReference

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The previous slide illustrates the role that the D2P system plays in a wireless system.

The Transmit Baseband (BB) interface, modulator, filter and output PA are replaced with the D2P.

The D2P consists of a VSE (vector synthesis engine) and VPA (vector power amplifier).

The next slide illustrates the VPA segment in greater detail as it relates to the traditional TX lineupThe next slide illustrates the VPA segment in greater detail as it relates to the traditional TX lineup.

The traditional TX lineup consists of D/A, Interpolation filters, complex modulator and sequential PA stack-up.

In contrast, the D2P architecture consists of multiple branches of RF signal processing with multiple p g p g pdegrees of signal freedom, including; absolute and differential phase control, branch amplitude control, duty cycle, etc.

Traditional architectures reconstruct the complex RF envelope after the modulator then amplify.

This traditional approach requires that linearity be maintained for the amplification process andThis traditional approach requires that linearity be maintained for the amplification process and imposes orthogonal goals on simultaneous achievement of linearity and efficiency.

D2P reconstructs the desired I/Q RF output at power using the MISO operation. MISO is an acronym for multiple input single output amplifier circuitry.

This architecture permits a simultaneous optimization of linearity and efficiency. .

D2P is a complete Baseband I/Q to Power Modulator. It is not a PA. Hence it should be compared to the complete TX chain (Baseband (BB) interface, modulator, Filter and output PA) of traditional


architectures whenever considering design tradeoffs. .

Traditional Architecture vs. d2pTraditional Architecture vs. d2p™™

I Q M d l tI Q M d l t

TransmitterTransmitter PAPAInterpolationInterpolation

Traditional TX FlowTraditional TX Flow

DAC_IDAC_I

DAC_QDAC_Q

VrefVref

n bitsn bits

n bitsn bits

00 9090

I Q ModulatorI Q ModulatorFiltersFilters

I Q Data ClockI Q Data Clock QuadratureQuadratureGeneratorGeneratorLOLO

WCDMA C t ll tiWCDMA C t ll ti

ConstellationConstellation

QQ

BB I tBB I t

BiasBias DCPSDCPSBiasBias

WCDMA ConstellationWCDMA Constellation II

VectorVectorModulatorModulator

MISOMISOAutobiasAutobias

DCPSBB InputsBB Inputsfrom VSEfrom VSE

ClkClk GCGCd2p Flowd2p Flow MISOMISOAutobiasAutobias

BB InputsBB Inputsfrom VSEfrom VSE


d2p Flowd2p Flow



66

from VSEfrom VSE

ClkClk GCGC

ModulatorModulator

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d2pd2p™™ PrinciplesPrinciples

d2p is an Energy Conversion Deviced2p is an Energy Conversion Deviced2p is an Energy Conversion Device.d2p is an Energy Conversion Device.

Optimization combines principles from the 1Optimization combines principles from the 1stst and 2and 2ndnd Laws of Thermodynamics, Laws of Thermodynamics, and Shannon’s Theorem.and Shannon’s Theorem.

∑=i

it EE

0≥Δ S

Claude ShannonClaude Shannon19161916 20012001

∑Δ i pnpkH 1l

d2p optimizes Energy Conversion Efficiency (from Potential(battery) to d2p optimizes Energy Conversion Efficiency (from Potential(battery) to Kinetic(RF Power Output) subject to the constraints of essential output entropy, Kinetic(RF Power Output) subject to the constraints of essential output entropy,

1916 1916 -- 20012001 i ip

as defined by Shannon.as defined by Shannon.

d2p provides High Quality Modulation Output using Nonlinear Processing.d2p provides High Quality Modulation Output using Nonlinear Processing.


77

d2p operates Feedforward, Open Loop, with Temperature Compensation.d2p operates Feedforward, Open Loop, with Temperature Compensation.

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Basic MISO Trans Impedance ModelBasic MISO Trans Impedance ModelEnergy TransformerEnergy Transformer

PowerPowerFlowFlow

PowerPowerFlowFlow

Energy TransformerEnergy Transformer

LoadLoad

LLZZ MatchMatch

CZMinimizedReal Power

Flow

+

-

LoadLoadMISOMISO

SE

∑ ∑∑∑ +=i i k

kik

k

kikC xjGxGZ βα βα

1x 2x nxL

He (entropy) is translated via variables ( ) ( )τβταβα kkGG ,,,

The Energy Transformer changes the Electrical Energy from a Potential The Energy Transformer changes the Electrical Energy from a Potential


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Form to a Kinetic Form constrained by the Entropy Control which optimizesForm to a Kinetic Form constrained by the Entropy Control which optimizesthe distribution of Energy into System States subject to maximum Efficiency,the distribution of Energy into System States subject to maximum Efficiency,Quality Factor and Information Content.Quality Factor and Information Content.

The previous slides illustrate that the MISO is not a classical outphasing combiner but rather a variable trans-impedance operator This complex output impedance is varied dynamically according to an algorithm whichimpedance operator. This complex output impedance is varied dynamically according to an algorithm which optimizes efficiency and waveform quality simultaneously, subject to constellation trajectories, their entropy content, state transition probabilities, and other intrinsic signal state properties.

d2p is an energy conversion process with a goal of zero real power transfer through the MISO which invalidates comparisons to classical outphasing and linear PA’s. Of course, some power loss is inevitable at the MISO due to normal technology associated parasitics. The battery energy is converted from a potential to kinetic form by the MISO t t i d Th i d f t diti l lifi b th b tt l dMISO output impedance. There is no need for a traditional power amplifier because the battery already possesses the specified capacity to do the job. It’s energy content simply must be rearranged. There is no power combiner because there is no intention to combine power and convey power through the MISO. The anecdotal parallel transistor MISO output illustrated in the paper is a dynamic impedance converter operating primarily between 3 states with variable duty cycle for most of the dynamic range associated with efficient power transfer from the battery to the load. Efficiency is tailored to maintain a designed waveform quality metric in real time subject to optimization principles which contemplate waste entropy minimization (d2p) rather than management of a p p p p py ( p) gmultiplicity of independent parametric variables (linear transmit chains).

The previous slide (#7) indicates that the principles of these algorithms are derivable from the 1st, and 2nd laws of thermodynamics in conjunction with Shannon’s entropy theorems using an adaptation of Shannon’s Equivocation principles.

These ideas are relevant because they provide a unified means of end-to-end and complete analysis of any energy transfer system. These ideas also enable the joint optimization of linear or nonlinear systems involving efficient information transfer, without invoking clumsy, disjoint, circuit equations from multiple design disciplines in an ‘ ad hoc’ iterative procedure. Although, the equations permit optimal architecture synthesis, they cannot select the appropriate technology, or evaluate the viability of the architecture without a priori knowledge of end-product goals and cost functions. Once an architecture is determined, it most certainly can be optimized by manipulating th ti d i d f th i i l i Th ti i ti b li d t f f t ittthe equations derived from the principles given. The optimizations can be applied to any form of power transmitter or so called “power amplifier”

The D2P building blocks are highly and deliberately nonlinear, providing a superior yield paradigm compared to traditional linear amplifier technologies, and as such, D2P does not meet a single classical definition of a pre distortion system as defined in a well known industry and academic reference “Advanced Techniques in Power Amplifier Design” by Steve Cripps (all of chapter 5). To further verify this we examine Cripps’ statement p g y pp ( p ) y pp“Fundamentally, all predistortion methods are open-loop and as such can only approach the levels of linearization of closed-loop systems for limited periods of time, and over limited dynamic range.” D2P exceeds these limiting statements in every conceivable metric over temperature and dynamic range and outperforms all closed loop systems, even after their many years of refinement and testing.


d2pd2p™™ and Entropyand EntropyThe Thermodynamic Entropy of a system is a measure of the number of The Thermodynamic Entropy of a system is a measure of the number of arrangements (degrees of freedom) in which Energy may be constrained orarrangements (degrees of freedom) in which Energy may be constrained orarrangements (degrees of freedom) in which Energy may be constrained or arrangements (degrees of freedom) in which Energy may be constrained or represented. Shannon’s Entropy directly relates to Thermodynamic Entropyrepresented. Shannon’s Entropy directly relates to Thermodynamic Entropywhen applied through the act of modulation.when applied through the act of modulation.

The change in Entropy for an irreversible process can also be represented by the The change in Entropy for an irreversible process can also be represented by the flow of Internal and External Energy Differentials. In the case of d2p these are flow of Internal and External Energy Differentials. In the case of d2p these are referred to as Essential Entropy and Waste Entropy, respectively.referred to as Essential Entropy and Waste Entropy, respectively.

Essential Waste

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=Δ

TE

TEdS We

tot δδ

EssentialEnergy

WasteEnergy

⎠⎝⎠⎝Essential Entropy Waste Entropy

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛∝⎟

⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎛

Δ=Δ ∑ TEnpkH e

mE δll

1 Lord KelvinLord Kelvin18241824 -- 19071907

Efficiency, Efficiency, ηη, and the Energy Source, E, and the Energy Source, ESS, are related to E, are related to Eee and Eand Eww by:by:

⎟⎠

⎜⎝⎟

⎠⎜⎝

∑ Tpp

mmE

ll

l1824 1824 19071907


1010

Se EE ηΔ (Essential Energy)(Essential Energy)

( ) SW EE η−Δ 1 (Waste Energy)(Waste Energy)8580-295-039

Constraining d2pConstraining d2p™™ EquationsEquations

1st Law = Conservation of Energymaximized subject to η, ηi 1 Law Conservation of Energy

∑∑∑ +==i

Wi

eSi

S iiiiEEEE ~~~~

νλ

{ } { } ( ) 0~~~~~~max~max =+⇒= dd λλλ ηηηηηηη

minimized subject to η, ηi

{ } { } ( ) 0maxmax =+⇒=iiiii

dd SSiSi λλλ ηηηηηηη

( ) ⎪⎫⎪⎧⎥⎤

⎢⎡

∑ 11~~~~~1

Lord KelvinLord Kelvin1824 1824 -- 19071907

( )4444 34444 21

ll44444 344444 21

ΔΔ

−

⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

−=Δ=⎥⎥⎥

⎦⎢⎢⎢

⎣

++∝Δ−

=∑entropyShannons

mm

mm

ie

entropymicthermodynaessential

SiiSSiei

i

i

iiiiiii pnp

pnpkHdEdEEdTS

1

1

111νν ληηηλ

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )∑ ++−+−−∝Δ −

Δi

iSiSSiSSi

gradientmanifoldentropywaste

W ddEddEEdddEEdTSdiiiiiiii

1~~~~~2~~~~1 2221ννν ληηλλλη

43421 l

( )All materials contained herein are proprietary, confidential, and copyrighted by ParkerVision, Inc. and may not be distributed without prior written approval.

11

onminimizatigf ( ) 0~~~~

=+−iiii

ddEEdd iSSi ννληηλ

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The previous slide (10) creates the defining relationships between Efficiency,The previous slide (10) creates the defining relationships between Efficiency, Entropy (waste and essential), Essential output energy in the RF envelope, and the Waste Energy. Waste entropy processes give rise to unwanted IMD’s , Quantization noise, harmonics, thermal noise, heat, ACPR, etc.. The waste products can be minimized in unified fashion without having to divide and conquer the signal attributes while optimizing efficiencyconquer the signal attributes while optimizing efficiency.

Slide 11 summarizes the relationships between efficiency, essential and waste entropy.

The next slide (13) illustrates all the degrees of freedom for D2P to transferThe next slide (13) illustrates all the degrees of freedom for D2P to transfer entropy from input to output while tailoring efficiency. This equation plays an important historical role in thermodynamics based on the work by Max Planck in defining and formulating his famous solution of the black body radiation problem (1900), constraining thermodynamic degrees of freedom, for which he received a Nobel prize in 1918 The equation form (our derivation) which follows wasa Nobel prize in 1918. The equation form (our derivation) which follows was obtained from the optimal D2P formulation independent of the Planck realization yet it bears great resemblance in many respects and is also intimately related in a thermodynamic degree of freedom context. Again, this equation is universal and can be applied to any transmit architecture. It has been associated with and

ti i d f th D2P li ti di t th i t i ioptimized for the D2P application according to the previous constraining concepts by limiting certain frequency, phase, differential phase, amplitude and other degrees of entropic freedom according to the application at hand using optimization principles.

O ifi d2 li ti i i i th t ti l hi h hOne specific d2p realization is given in the presentation examples which has also been reduced to production hardware.


Summary of d2pSummary of d2p™™ System EquationsSystem Equationsof State Represented by the of State Represented by the

Planck EquationPlanck EquationPlanck EquationPlanck Equation

M Pl kM Pl kMax PlanckMax Planck1858 1858 -- 19471947Lord RayleighLord Rayleigh

1842 1842 -- 19191919Magnitude of Modulation Energies contained in output RF

envelope are distributed here.p

( ) ( )( ) ( )τηη φωi

tttjiSS ueppEE iiiC Δ+Θ+∑=⇒ ( )τηη νν iiS

iSe ueppEE

iiii∑⇒0

Amplitude Degreesof Freedom State

Degrees of Freedomfor λ Operator

ProbabilityDegrees ofFreedom

Phase of Modulation Energies contained in output RF envelope are distributed here.

13

Ludwig BoltzmannLudwig Boltzmann1844 1844 -- 19061906

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p

( )τiu is the duty cycle


Energy Conversion and λ Operator

d2pd2p™™ Entropy DecompositionEntropy Decomposition

II m

Re

1 1

I m

ReEntropy Entropy2 2e

M MM

Demux Mux2 2

I m

Re

I/Q ConstellationI/Q ConstellationFrom BB ProcessorFrom BB Processor

Reconstituted ConstellationReconstituted ConstellationModulated onto RFModulated onto RFEnvelope @ PowerEnvelope @ Power

i i

{ }WSΔmin


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{ }W

{ }iiS νλ

ηη ~~max ⋅

Ee SH Δ=Δ

The previous slide conveys the essence of the optimization conceptually by indicating that a joint information theoretic and thermodynamic approach result in the decomposition of original complex I/Q baseband constellation

t ti d th Sh ’ t (i f ti ) i t lti lrepresentation and parses the Shannon’s entropy (information) into multiple processing paths and hierarchies which maintain H while optimizing the power added efficiency of each conceptual processing path. Furthermore, waste entropy is minimized in the process of the carefully designed parsing. py p y g p gThe parallel operations are recombined in the energy transformation process via an entropy multiplexing operation which optimally perturbs the complex impedance of the RF (MISO) output node, thereby converting the potential energy of the battery to the kinetic energy of the Complexpotential energy of the battery to the kinetic energy of the Complex modulated RF envelope, at power, without traditional linear amplification. The d2p system is designed and implemented as a complete and practical realization of these principles.


d2pd2p™™ Blended (Entropy) Control FunctionBlended (Entropy) Control Functionvs. Ideal Theoretical Outphasingvs. Ideal Theoretical Outphasing

Vector GenerationVector GenerationVector GenerationVector Generation

Upper Branch Vector Trajectory for Pure “ideal” Upper Branch Vector Trajectory for Pure “ideal” Outphasing System (on unit circle) Case for Outphasing System (on unit circle) Case for θθmm=0=0oo

mmII

Upper Branch Vector Trajectory d2pUpper Branch Vector Trajectory d2pVPA AlgorithmVPA Algorithm

{ }WSMin Δ

{ }iiSMax ληη

VPA AlgorithmVPA Algorithm

eeRR

ii

Yellow area represents valid area ofYellow area represents valid area ofVector Operation for d2p Vector Operation for d2p subject tosubject to

Performance GoalsPerformance Goals

Lower Branch Vector Trajectory for Lower Branch Vector Trajectory for d2p d2p VPA AlgorithmVPA Algorithm

L B h V t T j t f P “Id l” O t hL B h V t T j t f P “Id l” O t h


1616

Lower Branch Vector Trajectory for Pure “Ideal” Outphase Lower Branch Vector Trajectory for Pure “Ideal” Outphase System (on unit circle) Case for System (on unit circle) Case for θθmm=0=0oo

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Th i lid ill t t th t t ti l b l d t t lThe previous slide illustrates that a vector operation analogy may be employed at a conceptual level to convey the aggregate impact of signal operations which coalesce through the MISO.

Although somewhat removed to a layer of abstraction the vector paradigm illustrates that the Thevenized output RF envelope of the MISO does react similar to outphasing systems from a simple vector math point of view. However, the MISO is not designed to transmit power and traditional outphasing systems are.

The MISO conveys an impedance differential which stimulates the flow of currents into and out of the critical fulcrum node to emulate the vector operations which fundamentally differ from outphasing systems that explicitly must convey power transmission through their branches.

Moreover the constraining degrees of freedom for the virtual vector operations of the d2p, when observed in the complex plane, map locus or trajectories subject to the previous optimization theory. y

This is completely opposed to the limited degrees of freedom for traditional outphasing system which can neither minimize waste entropy or maximize efficiency to the simultaneous constraint proposed herein unless the trajectories are drastically altered as implemented in the d2p.

D2P does not adhere to any classical definition of an outphasing system nor a known modified LINC outphasing system. Traditional definitions would have to be expanded significantly to encompass D2P, particularly since all such known systems are literally obsessed with the optimization of branch power flow and branch power combining which are avoided at all costs in the D2P theory and implementationthe D2P theory and implementation.

Moreover, differential phase degrees of freedom conveyed by the MISO output sink are not in general required to traverse + and – 90 degrees as is the case for outphased systems.


Dynamic Load Line andDynamic Load Line andClass TransitioningClass Transitioning

d2p RF Outputd2p RF OutputClass of OperationClass of Operation Example Waveform EnvelopeExample Waveform Envelope

EE~

ppClass E

Class C

Class C

Switc

hing

Cla

sses

ing

es

Linear Classes Variable ClassesAA

Modified Class S

Class E

Switc

hiC

lass

e

TimeTime

Modified Class S

Conduction Angle (independent of outphasing)Conduction Angle (independent of outphasing)

Degrees of FreedomDegrees of FreedomConduction Angle (independent of outphasing).Conduction Angle (independent of outphasing).Duty Cycle (outphasing conduction angle ratio with multi level pulse density). Duty Cycle (outphasing conduction angle ratio with multi level pulse density). Branch DriveBranch DriveBranch Amplitude DifferentialBranch Amplitude DifferentialBranch Phase DifferentialBranch Phase Differential

Modified Class SModified Class S


1818

Power SupplyPower Supply

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The previous slide indicates that several branch circuits as well as MISO circuitsThe previous slide indicates that several branch circuits as well as MISO circuits provide multiple degrees of freedom for controlling attributes of the d2p system in real time as a function of the instantaneous operating point on the Complex RF envelope.

The Thevenized Output MISO circuits for instance can be compared to an amplifier operating in a class E mode at peak instantaneo s po er o tamplifier operating in a class E mode at peak instantaneous power out. As the instantaneous operating point changes, the dynamic load line is modified accordingly and the d2p system emulates the desired class of amplification. Correspondingly, waste entropy is minimized.

The next slide illustrates how all of the degrees of freedom come into play to produce a pristine constellation at the highest possible output power.

The plethora of control functions are known as blended control functions because of their synergistic rolebecause of their synergistic role. Some portion of essential entropy (Shannon’s Entropy) is conveyed through all of the controls. Moreover the controls are parsed to maximize efficiency while minimizing waste entropy in the process. The functions therefore are not partitioned arbitrarily. The d2p theory which optimizes the parsing process is unified with the thermodynamic concepts of efficiency and entropy.


d2pd2p™™ Blended (Entropy) ControlBlended (Entropy) ControlDistributionDistributionAutobias OutputsAutobias Outputs

Upper Branch VectorUpper Branch VectorBiasBias DCPSDCPSBiasBias

IImm

Upper Branch VectorUpper Branch Vector


DCPS

BB InputsBB Inputsfrom VSEfrom VSE

GCGCClkClk CDMA2000CDMA2000

RRee

Differential Output Phasing Angle Differential Output Phasing Angle ΔφΔφ (rad.)(rad.)

d2p Flowd2p Flow MISOMISOAutobiasAutobias

GCGCClkClk CDMA2000CDMA2000

Lower Branch VectorLower Branch Vector

BB InputsBB Inputs


VectorVector

Envelope Magnitude @ MISO OutputEnvelope Magnitude @ MISO OutputClkClk GCGC

from VSEfrom VSE ModulatorModulator


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The next slide illustrates the time domain view for current and voltage waveform outputs, Thevenized at the MISO output for a variety of parameter variations, and shows the practical results of the d2p in operation.


Transient Response Transient Response ThéveninizedThéveninizedMISO Output {MISO Output {φφ, E, ESSii , , ττ…}…}

CurrentVoltage


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The next slide is a simulation of the efficiency resulting from the blended control functions of d2p versus waveform trajectory


MISO Periodic Steady State ResponseMISO Periodic Steady State Responseηη vs. {vs. {φφ, E, ESSii , , ττ…} @ Load…} @ Load


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The following slides are measurements of waveforms and efficiencies created from a single d2p integrated circuit (IC)


d2pd2p™™ Modulation AgilityModulation Agility


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d2pd2p™™ HSUPAHSUPA


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Additional screen captures available at www.parkervision.com

d2pd2p™™ 2G/3G Efficiency2G/3G Efficiency


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d2pd2p™™ 3.5G/4G Efficiency3.5G/4G Efficiency


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The next slide is measured data from a previous generation d2p VPA and includes early estimates for the VSE

Note that current VSE hardware implemented in 65nM CMOS pconsumes <160mW for 2G/3G mobile phone standards and results in increased system efficiency


WCDMA Efficiency (PAE) vs. Output PowerWCDMA Efficiency (PAE) vs. Output Power(Previous Generation)(Previous Generation)


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The next slides indicate the effectiveness of D2P processing techniques at reducing waste entropy in the system. The following slide represents the waste entropy correction employed for a particular operational state and the lower views illustrate the effectiveness in that correction process.


3 Dimensional Complex Cross Section of3 Dimensional Complex Cross Section ofNN--Dimensional Waste Entropy Error ManifoldDimensional Waste Entropy Error Manifold

Magnitude Entropy Phase EntropyMagnitude EntropyError Surface

Phase EntropyError Surface

d2p Reduced MagnitudeEntropy Error

Surface{ }WSMin Δ

d2p Reduced Phase Entropy Error

Surface{ }WSMin Δ


33

MAGNITUDE SurfacesMAGNITUDE Surfaces PHASE SurfacesPHASE Surfaces

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Note on the next slide that full temperature and full 80dB of dynamic RF operating range are shown for an actual d2p implementation


Performance SectionPerformance SectionUpper 885 kHz and 1.98 MHz ACPRs @ Upper Band EdgeUpper 885 kHz and 1.98 MHz ACPRs @ Upper Band Edge

ACPR (Upper 885kHz)@ U B d Ed

ACPR (Upper 1.98MHz)@ U B d Ed

-35

@ Upper Band Edge

45

-40

@ Upper Band Edge

50

-45

-40

ACPR 60

-55

-50

-45

ACPR

40C

80C

-60

-55

-50(dBc)

40C

80C

-75

-70

-65

-60(dBc)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80-40C

0C-65

Attenuation (dB)

Temp.(C)

65 60 60 55 55 50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80-40C

0C-80

Attenuation (dB)

Temp. (C)


3535

-65--60 -60--55 -55--50-50--45 -45--40 -40--35

-80--75 -75--70 -70--65 -65--60-60--55 -55--50 -50--45 -45--40

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Output Harmonics Showing Absolute Power LevelsOutput Harmonics Showing Absolute Power LevelsFrom Fundamental @ 837 MHz to 4From Fundamental @ 837 MHz to 4thth Harmonic @ 3348 MHz,Harmonic @ 3348 MHz,

no Bandpass Filterno Bandpass Filter


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Mode Independent SoftwareMode Independent SoftwarePower TransmitterPower Transmitter

Spotlight on Power Control

Technology provides 82dB of WCDMA power control from a single SiGe die

Open loop attenuation

Technology provides 82dB of WCDMA power control from a single SiGe die

Open-loop attenuationerror < + -.25dB


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The next slide shows micrographs of existing silicon for a complete d2p system


d2pd2p™™ SiliconSilicon

Power

d 2 p 1052 .3GTPA

n te r

face

d2p Vector

SynthesisE i

TX Data

ITX

QTX

Cont

Vector Mod & Gain Control

PowerManagement

/2

L

PA Bias

VPA

d2p

DA

Cs

L

1710-1980 MHz

Matching

824-915 MHz

Dig

RF

Ba s

eban

dIn Engine

(VSE )

TX SynthesizerSys

Clock

Clock

Cont

Clock

Control Data

/4

Vector Mod & Gain Control

PA Bias

VPA

D 824-915 MHz

Matching

Clock

REF

65nM CMOS .13μ RF SiGe< 160mW up to MISO


398580-295-039All materials contained herein are proprietary, confidential, and copyrighted by ParkerVision, Inc. and may not be distributed without prior written approval.

SummarySummary

d2d2 i E C i P hi h tili li f d f d li E C i P hi h tili li f d f d ld2pd2p is an Energy Conversion Process which utilizes nonlinear, feed forward, open loop is an Energy Conversion Process which utilizes nonlinear, feed forward, open loop algorithms.algorithms.

Waste entropy minimization, maximized system efficiency, and optimal RF envelope Waste entropy minimization, maximized system efficiency, and optimal RF envelope tit ti i ifi d d i t l d di t ib ti i l d l titit ti i ifi d d i t l d di t ib ti i l d l tireconstitution, require unified design, control, and distribution using several modulation reconstitution, require unified design, control, and distribution using several modulation

degrees of freedom. degrees of freedom.

A MISO Operator provides a reconstitution of modulation entropy. The MISO operator is A MISO Operator provides a reconstitution of modulation entropy. The MISO operator is d i f l hi h l t f ti f th t ti ld i f l hi h l t f ti f th t ti lused as an energy conversion fulcrum which leverages transformation of the potential used as an energy conversion fulcrum which leverages transformation of the potential

energy from the battery into a dynamic (kinetic) form, routed to the load and sculpted by a energy from the battery into a dynamic (kinetic) form, routed to the load and sculpted by a blended control function. This control function consisting of several signals, passes the blended control function. This control function consisting of several signals, passes the information entropy (essential entropy) to the complex RF envelope while minimizing information entropy (essential entropy) to the complex RF envelope while minimizing

t t d i i i ffi it t d i i i ffi iwaste entropy and maximizing efficiency.waste entropy and maximizing efficiency.

Optimization can be derived from the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and Optimization can be derived from the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and Shannon’s Theorem. This results in a set of equations and constraints which must be Shannon’s Theorem. This results in a set of equations and constraints which must be

l d i lt l Thi th ti l h id ifi d t t t fl d i lt l Thi th ti l h id ifi d t t t fsolved simultaneously. This theoretical approach provides a unified treatment of solved simultaneously. This theoretical approach provides a unified treatment of translating complex modulations at BB to RF at Power with excellent quality and translating complex modulations at BB to RF at Power with excellent quality and efficiency. The d2p system is a practical realization of these principles.efficiency. The d2p system is a practical realization of these principles.


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