USH Unit 3 Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction- Answers

USH Unit 3 Crisis, Civil War and

Reconstruction- Answers

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the power point.

Objective 3.01: Trace the economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War.

Essential Questions: • How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the

Civil War? • How did political, economic, and social differences

develop into the sectionalism that split the North and the South?

• To what extent did differing opinions on slavery as well as the institution’s expansion become a deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?

Goal 3

Objective 3.02: Analyze and assess the causes of the Civil War.

Essential Questions: • How did the issues of sectionalism lead to

the Civil War? • To what extent was slavery the primary

cause of the Civil War? • What did a federal union of states mean

politically and socially before and after the Civil War?

Goal 3

Conflict Over Slavery in the United States

Discovery Education Videos

The Road to Secession

Legislation Regarding Slavery

The debate over slavery grew more heated as more states were admitted into the United States (the Union)

Southern states wanted new slave states added Northern states wanted free states added The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was supposed to

help maintain the balance of power among free and slave states

Why is it important?◦ In Congress slave states would vote with slave states and free

states would vote with free states when making laws◦ Each side wanted to have more power than the other when

laws were made in the Legislative Branch◦ The side with more votes could defeat the other side

When California and New Mexico were gained from Mexico the debate continued

Would these new territories be free or slave? Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850

◦ California would be admitted as free◦ Unorganized western territories would be free◦ Utah and New Mexico would be decided by popular sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty: People vote to decide issues (the people have the power with popular sovereignty)

Fugitive Slave law: part of the Compromise of 1850- stated that northern states had to return escaped slaves to their owners in the South◦ The south liked the law◦ Many northerners did not obey the law


Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: allowed the previously free unorganized territories of Kansas and Nebraska to use popular sovereignty to determine if they would be free or slave

The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise that set boundaries on free and slave states


Kansas-Nebraska Act reignited the slavery controversy

People from the North and South rushed to Kansas to help influence the vote

People on different sides of the issue fought each other to the point that it became known as Bleeding Kansas


The Kansas-Nebraska Act caused angry debates in Washington, D.C. also

In Congress Charles Sumner made a speech against slavery that lasted for two days◦ In the speech he attacked the authors of the Act- Stephen Douglas and

Andrew Butler A few days later in the Senate Sumner was approached by

Preston Brooks, a South Carolina congressman who was angry about Sumner’s speech

Brooks beat Sumner with his cane Sumner was so injured he was not able to work for 3 years It became known as the Sumner-Brooks Incident

Why is it important?◦ Was an example of how heated the debate over slavery was


Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri His owner took him to a free territory to live

for four years The owner took Dred Scott back to

Missouri When his owner died Dred Scott sued for his

freedom because he had lived in a free state

Dred Scott lost in court

The Dred Scott Decision

Why is it important?◦ The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott had no right

to sue because he was a slave and slaves were not citizens

◦ Supreme Court also said a slave owner could not have his property taken away without due process of law

◦ Supreme Court struck down the Missouri Compromise because it said it was a violation of the 5th amendment to declare slaves free of their owners without due process of law even if the slave had entered a free state (because they were property not people)

◦ Abolitionists and people who supported popular sovereignty were ANGRY

The Dred Scott Decision

Free Soilers: political party of people who opposed slavery in new territories (wanted freedom on new soil)

Know-Nothings: Political Party opposed to immigration

In 1854 a group of Democrats, Whigs, Free Soilers, and former Know-Nothings joined together to for the Republican Party

The Republican Party did not call for the abolition of slavery, but it did support the free soilers position of no slavery in new territories

Birth of the Republican Party

1858 Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln to run for senate against Democrat Stephen Douglas

The two men debated the issue of slavery- Douglas for slavery, Lincoln against slavery

Douglas tried to appeal to both the North and the South

Freeport Doctrine: Douglas said slavery could not be implemented if there were no laws to govern it- if a territory had no slave laws then it could not have slaves

Douglas won the election

The Lincoln Douglas Debates

Action Against Slavery

Politicians fought to maintain peace in the nation

Others took action Slave Codes: laws that limited the actions

of slaves Slave codes and harsh treatment of slaves

in the South led people to believe they could not wait for laws to stop slavery- they believed they had to take action immediately

Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman: an escaped slave who returned to the South 19 times to help slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad: a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North and sometimes Canada

Harriet Beecher Stowe: A white woman who had never been a slave who wrote the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 about a fictional account of the horrors faced by a slave family in the South

Why is it important?◦ Northerners believed the book and supported the abolition

movement◦ Southerners were angry and said it was a book of lies

Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad Abolitionists and the Underground Railroad


John Brown: a very active abolitionist October 1859: John Brown and his followers

attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia

They wanted to take the weapons out of the arsenal and give them to slaves to help them rebel

Colonel Robert E. Lee and his troops surrounded the arsenal and forced Brown and his followers to surrender

Brown was hanged Why is it important?

◦ Southern resentment toward the abolition movement grew

John Brown’s Raid

Harper’s Ferry

Discovery Education Video

At the time of the Presidential Election of 1860 the country was divided in half between those who supported slavery and those opposed

At the democratic Convention the Democrats spilt in half between North and South

Each set of Democrats nominated their own candidate for president

The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln saw slavery as a moral evil

Election of 1860 and Southern Secession

The South feared Lincoln would end slavery across the country

Lincoln won the election without winning any southern electoral votes

Why is it important?◦ When Lincoln won the election South Carolina

took the action of seceding from the Union in December 1860

◦ To secede means to leave the United States


Other Southern states followed South Carolina's action and left the Union as well

Delegates from the seceded states met in Alabama to draft their own constitution

They elected Jefferson Davis to be their president

They named their new union The Confederate States of America


Union soldiers were located at Fort Sumter in South Carolina

President Lincoln knew the soldiers there were low on food and ammunition

President Lincoln’s main goal was to keep the Union united as one nation

Out of respect he notified the Governor of South Carolina that he was going to send food, but no ammunition to his soldiers in Fort Sumter

Before the supplies could arrive in April 1861 Confederate soldiers attacked the Union soldiers at Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter

After the surprise attack the Union soldiers surrendered

President Lincoln then called for 75,000 volunteers to fight against the Confederacy

States located in the middle of the Union (known as border states) had to decide which side they would fight for the Union or the Confederacy

The capital of the Confederacy was moved to Richmond, Virginia

Why is it important?◦ This began the Civil War!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Fort Sumter

Objective 3.03: Identify political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their significance to the outcome of the conflict.

Essential Questions: • Why are the Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege of

Vicksburg considered the military turning points of the Civil War?

• How did the political actions of President Lincoln affect the outcome of the war?

• Was it inevitable that the North would win the war?

Goal 3

The Civil War

Union StatesMaine New Hampshire VermontMassachusetts Connecticut Rhode IslandNew York Pennsylvania New JerseyOhio Indiana MichiganIllinois Iowa WisconsinMinnesota Kansas CaliforniaNevada Oregon

Confederate States of America

Secededfrom Union

Readmittedto Union

1. South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860 July 9, 18682. Mississippi Jan. 9, 1861 Feb. 23, 18703. Florida Jan. 10, 1861 June 25, 18684. Alabama Jan. 11, 1861 July 13, 18685. Georgia Jan. 19, 1861 July 15, 18702

6. Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861 July 9, 18687. Texas March 2, 1861 March 30, 18708. Virginia April 17, 1861 Jan. 26, 18709. Arkansas May 6, 1861 June 22, 1868

10. North Carolina May 20, 1861 July 4, 186811. Tennessee June 8, 1861 July 24, 1866

Confederate States of America

KentuckyMissouri DelawareMaryland Border States: States that refused to give

up slavery, but also refused to secede from the Union.

The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 did not grant freedom to slaves in the border states, so that they would not have an excuse to secede from the Union.

West Virginia broke away from Virginia in 1863 and joined the Union.

Border States

Union and Confederate States

The Two Sides of the Civil War

The North = the Union = the United States- no slaves

The South = the Confederacy = side that left the United States and formed their own nation- had slaves

Key Figures of the Civil War

Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States and the first Republican president

General Ulysses S. Grant: General of Union forces in Civil war, accepted general Lee’s surrender, became 18th president of the United States

George McClellan: Lincoln wanted him to command the Union army but he was too weak of a leader- tried to run for president in 1864 but lost to Lincoln

General William Sherman: Union General, his defeat of Atlanta in 1864 helped Lincoln win the election of 1864, famous for his “march to the sea” where he burned southern cities and railroads to defeat the South

Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederate States of America

General Robert E. Lee: Commander of Confederate army, surrendered to General Grant in 1865


General Stonewall Jackson: The “right hand man” of General Robert E. Lee, he was a brilliant leader, led his troops in a surprise attack on the Union at Chancellorsville, Virginia- accidentally shot by his own troops from North Carolina, left arm had to be amputated, died from pneumonia while recovering from wound

Why is it important?◦ General Lee said “Jackson lost his left arm, but I have lost my

right.” ◦ Many believe if Jackson had lived the South could have won the

War◦ Gettysburg was 2 months later- without Jackson it was a horrible

loss for Confederacy


Key Battles of the Civil War

The First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)

Also known as First Manassas First confrontation between the North and the South The Union lost The loss made the North realize the war would be longer

than they had expected The loss led Lincoln to adopt general Winfield Scott’s

“Anaconda Plan” Anaconda Plan: to cut off Southern supplies and

communication by…◦ Taking control of the Mississippi River◦ Cutting Confederate territory◦ And beginning coastal blockades

The Union’s goal was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond

The South intended to fight until help arrived from France or England

The South was at a disadvantage because they did not have the industrial power of the North- meaning they didn’t have factories to make supplies and ammunition for the War

The South had a deep desire to fight and defend their homeland

The Civil War was fought on two fronts called theaters: Eastern and Western

The First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)

The South defeated the North at the Second Battle of Bull Run General Lee thought the time was right to invade the North The North found General Lee’s invasion plan and were prepared

for their attack at Antietam Creek, Maryland The battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the War

Why is it important?◦ Antietam halted the Confederate advance toward the North◦ General McClellan was a weak general and when he hesitated

to defeat general Lee the South was able to escape and continue to fight the War

◦ President Lincoln freed the slaves in January 1863 after the battle

The Eastern Theater:Antietam (September 17, 1862)

Antietam National Battlefield


Gettysburg, Pennsylvania- 2 months after the death of Stonewall Jackson at Chancellorsville

Without Jackson to lead and motivate them, General George Meade led the Union in a victory over the Confederacy

Why is it important?◦ 51,000 soldiers died◦ It was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War◦ It was a turning point for both the North and the South

The South had no hope of ever defeating the North after the battle

Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)

Gettysburg Address: November 1863 President Lincoln went to Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery to the fallen soldiers of the battle

He described the Civil War as a fight to preserve the nation

He stated “…government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”

Gettysburg

Gettysburg: Turning Point of the Civil War The Obstacle of Emmitsburg Road President Lincoln The Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address


The Wester

n Theater

Vicksburg (May 15 – July 4, 1863)

Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last town standing in the way of the Union having total control of the Mississippi River

Siege: strategy by which an army surrounds its enemy, cuts off their supplies, and starves them into surrendering

General Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for two months By the time of the surrender of Vicksburg in July the

people had been forced to eat horses, mules, dogs, and even cats

Why is it important?◦ The Union gained control of the Mississippi River

Two Turning Points: the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg


General Sherman and Union forces captured Atlanta in September 1864

This victory helped President Lincoln win re-election Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground From Atlanta he continued his “march to the sea”

to destroy Southern bridges, factories, and railroad lines

Sherman burned a 300 mile path across Georgia Savannah, Georgia surrendered without a fight After Georgia Sherman turned North and headed for

the Carolinas to trap General Lee’s army between himself and General Grant

Sherman’s March (May – December 1864)

President Lincoln was worried that if Maryland was to join the South the nation’s capital of Washington, D.C. would be surrounded by Confederate territory

To prevent Maryland’s secession President Lincoln took drastic action◦ He declared martial law in Maryland◦ He suspended the writ of habeas corpus- now people could be

put in prison without being brought before a judge◦ He jailed the strongest supporters of the Confederacy

Why is it important?◦ Allowed Maryland’s legislature to vote in favor of remaining

with the Union

Political Issues of the War

President Lincoln made a lot of people mad when he began to use the draft during the Civil War

Poor people and immigrants did not like the draft Rich people could buy their way out of the draft

for $300 or they could hire a substitute to fight in their place

Why is it important?◦ Draft riots broke out◦ More than 100 people died◦ 11 African Americans were lynched by immigrants and

poor people who blamed them for the Civil War


Copperheads: Union Democrats who criticized Lincoln and the Civil War

They told white Northerners that free slaves were going to come up North and take white peoples’ jobs

Copperheads encouraged Union soldiers to desert the army and told citizens to resist the draft


After the Union victory at Antietam in September of 1862 President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to free all the slaves in the Confederacy by January 1, 1863

Why is it important?◦ It freed the slaves◦ It gave the Civil war a moral focus ◦ Encouraged free African Americans to fight in the Civil

War◦ It led to the 13th amendment

13th Amendment: Abolished slavery in the United States

Emancipation Proclamation

There were so many Democrats in the North opposed to Lincoln that it was unclear if he could win re-election in 1864

When Sherman defeated Atlanta 2 months before the election everyone knew the Civil War would be over soon

Why is it important?◦ Lincoln won re-election in 1864

Election of 1864

In March 1864 President Lincoln made General Grant commander of the Union army

General Grant met General Lee in a series of bloody battles that pushed the South backward away from the North

General Lee and his army were surrounded in Virginia- to avoid more loss of life General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

Two weeks later General Joseph Johnson surrendered to General Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham, N.C.

Why is it important?◦ The Civil War was over◦ The North won the Civil War

Union Victory

There were many reasons why the North won the Civil War:◦ Larger number of soldiers than the South◦ Industrial advantage because they had so

many factories to produce all the weapons, ammunition, and supplies they needed to fight the Civil War

◦ The demand for supplies boosted the North’s economy

The death and destruction of the Civil War left the South’s economy destroyed

Military Technology and the Industrial North

During the Civil War technology increased Guns became more efficient

◦ They could fire rounds of ammunition quickly and accurately

The use of muskets decreased and the use of rifles increased


The North and South both developed stronger navies

The South created the ironclad out of the old ship the Merrimack and renamed it the Virginia

Ironclad: a warship with the sides shielded with iron to protect it from enemy fire

Originally the Union had wooden ships that could not defeat the ironclad

Later the North created their own ironclad named the Monitor


The Merrimack and the Monitor fought in March of 1862- neither side won the battle

The South blew up the Merrimack to keep the North from getting it

The Monitor sank in a storm Why is it important?

◦ The two ships and the battle they fought began a new era of naval warfare


The Civil War was the first time submarines were used as weapons in a war

The Union was the first to use submarines The Confederacy had a submarine named

the CSS Hunley The Hunley was intended to sink Union

ships blockading Confederate harbors CSS Hunley was the first North American

submarine to sink an enemy ship The CSS Hunley also sank in the battle


Objective 3.04: Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why

Reconstruction came to an end. Essential Questions: • How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict

and change? • How have changes during Reconstruction made a lasting

impact on America? • To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction

positively impact the lives of former slaves, women, and landless tenants in the US?

• To what extent did the federal government wield its power over the states during and after the Civil War?

Goal 3

Objective 3.05: Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national

government. Essential Questions: • Which changes of the Civil War and Reconstruction

era were short-lived and which have had a lasting impact?

• To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction establish the supremacy of the national government?

• To what extent have the issues surrounding the Civil War yet to be resolved?

Goal 3

Reconstruction of the

South

Assassination After the North won the Civil War President

Lincoln planned to reconstruct the South, not punish them

Before President Lincoln could begin his plans for reconstruction he was assassinated by a supporter of the Confederacy named John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater (5 days after the end of the Civil War ended)

Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln's assassination

President Johnson was from the South and had owned slaves at one time- he was sympathetic to the South and their beliefs

Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans

President Johnson’s plan for reconstruction was too nice for many Northern Republicans

Radical Republicans were members of the Republican Party who wanted tougher punishment for the former Confederate states

Why is it important?◦ Radical Republicans wanted full citizenship rights for

African Americans◦ Radical Republicans wanted Congress not the president to

oversee reconstruction◦ Radical Republicans wanted a majority of each former

Confederate state’s voting population to pledge allegiance to the flag before being readmitted into the Union

Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans

1866 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act with the intent of giving citizenship rights to freed slaves

President Johnson vetoed the law, but Congress voted to override the veto

To secure the citizenship rights of freed slaves Congress added a new amendment to the Constitution-The 14th amendment of 1868

Why is it important?◦ It defined citizenship as anyone born in or naturalized into

the United States◦ It granted equal protection to citizens◦ It guaranteed no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or

property without due process of law

The Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866

In 1868 President Johnson tried to fire the Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, a Radical Republican

President Lincoln had appointed Stanton When Johnson attempted to fire Stanton it violated the

Tenure of Office Act that limited the president’s power to hire and fire government officials

Thaddeus Stevens led the Radical Republicans to impeach President Johnson

Impeach: charging an official with wrongdoing to remove them from office

Why is it important?◦ President Johnson won his impeachment trial and was able to

stay in office

Johnson’s Impeachment

The Plight of American

s After the Civil

War

The Freedman’s Bureau 1865

13th amendment- freed slaves Now free slaves had to learn to adjust to life as free

and independent people The Freedman’s Bureau- the first federal relief

agency in the United States- provided clothing, medicine, food, education, and sometimes land to freed African Americans and poor white people

President Johnson felt the Bureau overstepped the federal powers allowed under the Constitution- he vetoed the law

It didn’t have enough support to survive and eventually ended in 1869

Although African Americans were free, they had no money or land

To survive they began sharecropping Sharecropping: when a family farmed a portion of a landowner’s

land in exchange for housing and a share of the crop Some landowners were dishonest and treated their

sharecropping families like slaves The goal of most sharecroppers was to save enough money to

become a tenant farmer Tenant Farmer: when you paid to rent a piece of land and got to

own the crops you grew

Why is it important?◦ Both systems kept African Americans working white-owned land

Sharecroppers and Tenant Farmers

After President Johnson took office, but before Congress could come together to make a plan for Reconstruction, many southern states made their own Black Codes

Black Codes: Southern laws meant to keep African Americans subordinate to whites by restricting the rights of freed slaves

Basically Black Codes continued many of the practices of slavery

Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan

Examples of Black Codes:◦ Black people could not…

meet together after sunset Own weapons Rent property anywhere except rural areas

◦ Black people convicted of vagrancy (not working) could be whipped or sold for a year’s labor


Some white people supported violence against free black people

Ku Klux Klan: a secret organization whose members often dressed in hooded robes

They used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate black people and anyone who believed in giving black people equal rights

KKK lynched people and used other forms of violence openly until late in the 20th Century


To stop the South from undermining Reconstruction, the federal government established military rule over the former confederate states

The military rule was used to make sure each state followed the rules and laws of Congress

This military rule made many southerners mad

Military Reconstruction

Southerners were angry after the Civil war They resented the Union and those people who

benefited from Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: Northerners who came to the South to

do business Southerners saw carpetbaggers as people taking

advantage of southern suffering for their own economic gain

Scalawags: Southerners who supported Reconstruction Southerners hated scalawags and published their

names in the paper so the Ku Klux Klan and other Hate Groups could attack them

Bitterness Grows in the South

The Grant

Administration

Corruption President Johnson survived the impeachment

process, but was not supported by his political party in the election of 1868

The nation elected former General and Republican Ulysses S. Grant

President Grant was a bad judge of character Why is it important?

◦ President Grant filled his administration with dishonest people

◦ Whiskey Ring: a scheme by internal revenue collectors and whiskey makers to cheat the government out of tax money Many people were indicted- even President Grant’s personal

secretary

President Grant signed the last piece of Reconstruction legislation into law- 15th Amendment

15th Amendment: gave all men the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Why is it important?◦ Southerners hated it because African Americans

were now allowed to vote

The Fifteenth Amendment and Texas v. White

Texas v. White: the Supreme Court ruled the federal government had the authority to oversee the restructuring of southern state governments

Why is it important?◦ The decision expanded the powers of the central

government◦ It established that from now on the authority of the

federal government would take precedent over the states

◦ Southern states could no longer use the 10th Amendment to claim states’ rights outweighed federal laws 10th amendment: all rights not given to the federal

government are reserved for the states

The Fifteenth Amendment and Texas v. White

In the election of 1876 Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden and Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes

Tilden won more popular votes, but officials disputed the results

Congress appointed an electoral commission to settle the controversy

Why is it important?◦ Compromise of 1877: Democrats agreed to let Hayes be

president and Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction◦ Southern states also received federal money, more power to

govern themselves, and a promise to withdraw federal troops from the South

Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction

Solid South: a period of almost 100 years after the Compromise of 1877 and Reconstruction when Southerners distrusted the Republican Party and “solidly” supported the Democratic Party


After reconstruction southern states passed Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws: segregated the South Many states tried to get around the 15th

amendment by requiring literacy tests or poll taxes to vote

Why is it important?◦ Many African Americans in the South were poor

and uneducated◦ The new voting laws prohibited them from voting


To keep voting laws from stopping poor or illiterate white people from voting Southern states made grandfather clauses

Grandfather Clauses: laws that allowed people to vote if they or their ancestors had voted in previous elections, or served in the Confederate military

Why is it important?◦ Allowed poor or illiterate white people to vote

while excluding African Americans from voting


Ending the War Post Civil War Laws and Constitutional

Amendments


USH Unit 3 Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction- Answers

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