USES OF SOLAR ENERGY Dimitar Dimitrov Associate Professor Faculty of Electrical Engineering and...
Transcript of USES OF SOLAR ENERGY Dimitar Dimitrov Associate Professor Faculty of Electrical Engineering and...
USES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Dimitar DimitrovAssociate Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies
ORIGIN OF RENEWABLES
HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY DO WE HAVE
SOLAR RADIATION IN EUROPE
USING THE SOLAR ENERGY• Solar thermal systems • Solar electric systems
EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS
PASSIVE SYSTEM FOR WATER HEATING
• Systems with thermosyphon
WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH PUMPING
SYSTEM FOR SPACE HEATING
INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS
INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF COLLECTORS (per capita)
DISTRIBUTION BY APPLICATION
SOLAR COLLECTOR'S MARKET GROWTH
PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMSPV systems directly convert the solar energy into electricity
ADVANTAGES:– can operate in almost any location– don't pollute– don't make noise– highly reliable– modular concept etc.
ADVANTAGES:– Expensive cost of electricity– Output variability (day – night, seasonally..)– houligasm (steal, broke)...
Types of PV cells• monocrystalline• polycrystalline• amorphous• thin films etc.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLThe „hearth“ of PV generators is a PV cell
PV cellPV panel
PV generatorPV module
ELEMENTS OF A PV GENERATOR
STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS
~G
DC
~–
AC
ECONOMIC VIABILITY OD STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Daily load consumption (kWh/day)
1 km
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18
20
Ele
ctri
city
net
cos
t (€/
kWh)
GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS DC
~–
AC
kWh
Governments offer incentives in order to encourage the PV industry to achieve the economies of scale.
Incentives involve: tax decreasing, soft credits, grants,feed-in tariffs etc.
Such policies are implemented to: promote national or territorial energy independence, high tech job creation, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions,obtain political benefits etc.
Feed-in tariffs for PV systems in RM are:for PV systems ≤ 50 kW, 0,16 €/kWh,for PV systems > 50 kW, 0,12 €/kWh.
PV INCENTIVES
GRID-CONNECTED VS. OFF-GRID (STAND-ALONE)
DISTRIBUTION OF PV INSTALLATIONS
EVOLUTION OF PV MODULE PRICES [per/Wp]
PV INDUSTRY GROWTH: corrected forecast
CELL EFFICIENCES
CELL TECHNOLOGY SHARES
OPERATIONAL PRINCIPES OF PV CELLS
CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS
CATALOGUE DATA OF A PV MODULE
I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV MODULE
I-V CHARACTERISTIC MEARUREMENTS
R1 R2 R3
DATA LOGGER
Tа G EMS32 SA-200
"1" "2" "3" + –
+ –
+
– "0"
+ –
+ –
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2
4
6
8
10
12
Напон на ФВ генератор [V]
мерени податоци модел теоретски
Gh = 770 W/m2
Ta = 29 °C
Tc = 49,5 °C
Стр
уја
од Ф
В г
енер
атор
[A
] модел реален
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV GENERATOR IN REAL CONDITIONS
PV
gen
erat
or c
urre
nt [
A]
PV generator voltage [V]
measured data
model theoreticalmodel real
0 10 20 30 400
5
10
Gh = 875 W/m2, Ta = 29,5 °C, Tc = 52,5 °C
Gh = 493 W/m2, Ta = 20 °C
Tc = 32,7 °C
Напон на ФВ генератор [V]
Gh = 145 W/m2, Ta = 21,2 °C
Tc = 24,9 °C
Gh = 767 W/m2, Ta = 28,2 °C
Tc = 48,1 °C
Стр
уја
од Ф
В г
енер
атор
[A]
MEASURED DATA AND THE MODEL
PV generator voltage [V]
PV
gen
erat
or c
urre
nt [
A]
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE PV CELLS
BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) COMPONENTS
TRACKING PANELS
STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM
GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM
+
–
N PV,s
N PV,p
– ~
Инвертор 400 V 10 kV
10 kV мрежа
ФВ модули ФВ генератор
CAD LAYOUT OF A PV GENETRATOR
TRANSPOSITION FACTOR
TRANSPOSITION WITH TRACKING
SOLAR "MOVEMENT" AND SHADING
BASIC PERFORMACES OF A PV GENERATOR
MONTHH0
[kWh/m²]Ta,sr [°C] Hβ [kWh/m²] Еout [kWh] ηtot [%]
jan 56 0,0 96 70782 10,9
feb 72 2,1 107 79086 10,9
mar 113 6,1 134 96132 10,6
apr 147 10,4 158 115643 10,8
may 188 15,5 191 135900 10,5
jun 200 19,4 198 138090 10,3
jul 210 21,8 209 143927 10,1
aug 189 21,6 199 136422 10,1
sep 142 17,2 160 113087 10,5
oct 106 11,8 151 106004 10,4
nov 66 5,9 111 79715 10,6
dec 47 1,8 92 65542 10,5
TOTAL/ AVERAGE
1535 11,1 1803 1280330 10,5
AREA SIZE OF A PV GENERATOR
HYBRID PV SYSTEM
–~
~GS
DUMP LOAD
LOADS220 V50 Hz
PV GENERATOR
MPPT
BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLER
BATTERY
INVERTER
BATTERY CHARGER
DIESEL GENSET
WHY TO USE A HYBRID PV SYSTEM?
• PV generatorAdvantages Disadvantages
• Eco acceptable • Reliable energy source• Minimal o&m
• High investment• Daily and seasonal variations• Dependent on meteo conditions
• Diesel genset Advantages Disadvantages
• Low investment cost• Controlled operation (on&off)
• High o&m costs• Need of transport and stocking of fuel• Exhaustion gases and noise
What is achieved by the „hybridization“?
• Lower investment cost (from a PV system)• Lower o&m costs (from a genset only system)• Minimal pollution• Increased reliability• Decreased sensitivity on daily and seasonal
meteorological variations
but it is required...• Proper sizing and designing• Energy dispatching
220 V50 Hz
–~
~GS
DUMPLOAD
MODE 1234
OPERATIONAL MODES OF HPV SYSTEMS
5
Project and documentation
3.1%
Insurance2.2%
o&m12.9%
Batteries13.7%
GS (with overhaus)5.1%
PV modules15.0%
Genset3.7%
Batteries4.7%
Inverter1.1%
Controller1.4%
Supporting structure4.5%
Other components0.5%
Diesel fuel with transportation
32.0%
Initial costs 30%
TOTAL COSTS
LOAD15 kWh/day
10 20 30 40 500.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2 Цена на ел. енергија [€/kWh]
Потрош. на ел. енергија [kWh/ден]
ELECTRICITY PRICES AND COMPONENT CAPACITIES
0
10
20
30
40
10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15Капацитет [kWh]Моќност [kW, kVA]
Потрош. на ел. енергија [kWh/ден]
ФВ генератор Дизелагрегат Инвертор Батерија
Daily load [kWh/day]
Daily load [kWh/day]
Electricity price [€/kWh] Power [kW, kVA] Capacity [kWh]
PV generatorDiesel gensetInverterBattery
GALLERY
GALLERY
VISIONS
Thank You!!!