User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)
description
Transcript of User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)
![Page 1: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
User-Centred Design:
Design Principles(lecture-4)
Prof. Dr. Matthias RauterbergFaculty Industrial Design
Technical University of Eindhoven
![Page 2: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 2
The first most important invariant
• horizon– the horizon is always
lighter than the ground
• ground– the ground is always
darker than the horizon
![Page 3: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 3
The second most important invariant
• The Top– All good, strong and
important things are at the top (e.g., God in heaven, the king, the boss, etc.).
• The Bottom– All small, weak and
unimportant things are at the bottom line.
![Page 4: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 4
Limits of the Working Memory
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
remember rate
time interval until remember items (in sec)
• working memory– remember time < 5 sec
– about 5-9 chunks
– masking
– interferences
• long-term memory– no capacity limits
![Page 5: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 5
Knowledge in the World and in the Head
Property Knowledge in the World Knowledge in the Head
Retrievability: Retrievability whenevervisible or audible or tangible.
Not readily retrievable.Requires memory search orreminding.
Learning: Learning not required.Interpretation substitutes forlearning.
Requires learning, which canbe considerable.
Efficiency of use: Tends to be slowed up by theneed to find and interpret theexternal information.
Can be very efficient.
Ease of use atfirst encounter:
High. Low.
Aesthetics: Can be unaesthetic andinelegant, especially if thereis a need to maintain a lot ofinformation.
Nothing need be perceivable,which gives more freedom tothe designer and can lead tobetter aesthetics.
![Page 6: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 6
The Difference between Internal and External Memoryinternal memory external memory
• the mental model of the user about the external world is always incomplete
• all necessary information which is not in the internal memory must be provided by the environment (the “external memory”)
![Page 7: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 7
The Concept of Natural Mappings
• Definition [see Norman, D., 1988, p. 75ff]:
– A design solution based on a natural mappings reduces the need for additional explanatory information in memory!
– Natural mappings guarantee a minimum number of cognitive transformation steps.
– If a design depends upon labels, it may be faulty. Labels are important and often necessary, but the appropriate use of natural mappings can minimize the need for them. Wherever labels seem necessary, consider another design!
![Page 8: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 8
Design of Light Switch Panels (1)• Problem:
– no direct mapping between switches and corresponding lamps
![Page 9: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 9
Design of Light Switch Panels (2)
![Page 10: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 10
Corrective Design (1)• Problem:
– sliding door can damage the open petrol flap
![Page 11: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 11
Corrective Design (2)
• Solution:– extra bar to
lock the sliding door
![Page 12: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 12
Design of Door Handles
![Page 13: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 13
Design of Shower Faucets• Natural mapping:
– hot water left sideor RED
– cold water right sideor BLUE
• Un-natural mapping:– something else
(see figure)
![Page 14: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 14
Natural Mapping (1)
![Page 15: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 15
Natural Mapping (2)
![Page 16: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 16
Double Design
• Water-tap with– normal screw caps
• plus– infrared sensor for
automatic opening
![Page 17: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 17
physical operation
feedback control of action
goal-, subgoal-setting
mental operation
task(s)
planning of execution selection of means
the complete action cycle
synchronisation in time
synchronisation in space
![Page 18: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 18
The most important design principle
• Perception Space– The physical space where
the user’s attention is.
• Action Space– The physical space where
the user acts in.
• Design Principle:– perception space and action
space must coincide!
![Page 19: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 19
Design of Stove Controls (1)
![Page 20: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 20
Design of Stove Controls (2)
![Page 21: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 21
Interactive Directness: the desktop example
Pull down menus
Pull down menus
Toolbar
![Page 22: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 22
action space
perception space
![Page 23: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 23
Head-up Displays in Cars
• More information and less distractionInformation on the state of the road, on the speed of the vehicle in front (supplied by the intelligent cruise control), on obstacles lying around the next bend in the road identified by the remote detection system, or direction arrows sent by the driver guidance system... drivers will be receiving more and more information from "intelligent" vehicle systems. Although the information is intended to enhance safe driving, there is a danger that an abundance of information may produce the opposite effect if driver glance-away time has to increase in order to apprehend the data.
![Page 24: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 24
Electronic Performance Support System
• Food processing plant worker with a first-generation prototype wearable computer.
• Possible applications include support for quality control data collection or assistance with environmental auditing.
• This system gives its users the information the users need to perform a task as they actually perform the task.
![Page 25: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 25
Airline Applications
• This remarkable ultra-lightweight computer, worn as a belt, delivers maximum information to users with a minimum of work.
• Designed for individuals who demand mobility, this computer offers voice control and heads up display for complete, hands-free operation.
• Users can enter or retrieve information while going about their jobs, instead of constantly returning to the shop area to check a stationary computer, or stopping work to punch keys.
![Page 26: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 26
Interlacing display and manipulation spaces
• Exercise-4:– Design a user interface for a computer system
with some of the following components:• input devices: joystick, graphic tablet with pen,
keyboard, mouse, video camera, touch screen
• ouput devices: monitor, video projector
• other components: semitransparent mirrors
![Page 27: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 27
Two design principles for natural user interfaces (NUIs):
No technical equipment inside to body space of the user!
2. design principle
Perception space and action space must coincide!
1. design principle
![Page 28: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 28
Architecture of a Natural User Interface (NUI)
Working Area
Communication & Working Area
Paper document
Electronic documents
Tognazzini B: Tog on Software Design. (1996).
Wellner P, Mackay W, Gold R: Computer-Augmented Environments: Back to the Real World. (1993)Fitzmaurice G, Ishii H, Buxton W: Bricks: Laying the Foundations for Graspable User Interfaces. (1995)
![Page 29: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 29
The Virtual Workbench
The KOSIMA projectat the TU Aachen
![Page 30: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 30
virtual player
real chipvirtual chips
overhead projector
video camera
NEW button
NUI (1): The Digital Playing Desk
![Page 31: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 31
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Cel
l Me
an f
or
time
of
use
r (s
)
Cell Line Chart for "playing time" Grouping Variable(s): Interface type Error Bars: ± 1 Standard Deviation(s)
CI MI TI DPDP<.001P<.01P<.001
P<.001P<.001
P<.001
Digital Playing Desk: Playing time per game
![Page 32: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 32
Digital Playing Desk: winning chance per dialog technique
computer win
remis
user win Cell Line Chart for "winning chance" Grouping Variable(s): Interface type Error Bars: ± 1 Standard Deviation(s)
CI MI TI DPDP<.001P<.080P<.020
P<.802P<.001
P<.007
![Page 33: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 33
ProjectionCamera
Gesture Database
NUI (2): a team oriented planning tool
![Page 34: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 34
NUI (2): The Build-It System
![Page 35: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 35
Section of thetop-view projection“the machine depot”
Picking the object out of the depot
Moving the objectinto the plant
Build-It System: the interaction handler
![Page 36: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 36
BUILD-IT: an integrative design tool
• design team with different domain knowledge
• unconstrained social interaction
• integration of form and content
• intuitive interaction style
![Page 37: User-Centred Design: Design Principles (lecture-4)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/568147b3550346895db4f7c5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 37
Actual research goals...
• hand-written input• speech input• two-handed interaction
• new methods and concepts for integrative design