Useful Pages in Book

• This plant book project will cover chapters 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39.•Drawings pages: 598, 599, 603, 713-726.

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity• Charophyceans or green algae are the

closet relatives to land plants. They are a type of protist.

• Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs as well as the algae.

• Plants have cell walls made of cellulose, along with green/brown alga, and dinoflagellates.

• Plants have chloroplasts with chlorophyll, as well as euglenas, green alga, and dinoflagellates.

4 Key Traits Plants Share Only with Charophyceans/Green Alga

1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis called rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes. They have proteins in their plasma membrane and have a % of them.

2. Perixosome enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic materials from photosynthesis.

3. Structure of flagellate sperm for reproduction without water.

4. Formation of phragmoplast to help divide the cell wall during cytokinesis.

Adaptions for Life on Land

1. Can live without being immersed in water.

2. Can prevent water loss. 3. Can reproduce without water.4. Have a support system5. Have a way to move nutrients.

FLOWER/ANGIOSPERM (Chp. 38)

Pollen

Parts of a Flower (Page 772)• Stamen• Style• Stigma• Pollen grain(s)• Anther• Filament• Pistil/Carpel• Petal (Corolla)• Sepal (Calyx)• Receptacle• Pedicel/Peduncle• Ovule• Ovary• Pollen tube

Parts of a Seed• Seed Coat: Outer protective covering of a seed. • Cotyledon: A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant,

which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges and becomes green.

•  Hypocotyl: Part of the embryo that is between the cotyledon and the radicle.

• Epicotyl: the part of an embryo plant stem above the cotyledons but beneath the terminal bud

• Endosperm: The nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants that surrounds and nourished the embryo

• Radicle: Part of the plant embryo that develops in the root.

LEAF TYPES

Parts of a Leaf Exterior• Axil: The angle between a branch or leaf and

the axis from which it arises.• Petiole:  A slender stem that supports the

blade of a foliage leaf• Stipule: Either of a pair of appendages born

at the base of the petiole in many plants.• Blade: The leaf of an herb or a grass that is

flat and expands to collect sunlight. • Tip: End of a leaf, can sometimes be pointed,

rounded, or jagged.• Vein:  Any of the vascular bundles forming

the framework of a leaf.

Parts of a Leaf • Cuticle: A thin continuous fatty or

waxy film on the external surface of vascular plants that consists chiefly of cutin.

• Guard cells: One of the two crescent-shaped epidermal cells that border and open and close a plant stoma.

• Epidermis:  A thin surface layer of tissue in vascular plants formed by growth of a primary meristem.

Parts of a Leaf • Meristem: A formative plant tissue usually made up of

small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells or to cells that differentiate to produce the definitive tissues and organs

• Palisade layer/tissue/mesophyll:  A layer of cylindrical cells rich in chloroplasts found beneath the upper epidermis of foliage leaves. Used heavily in photosynthesis.

• Spongy layer/tissue/mesophyll: This is an area below the palisade layer has loosely packed cells with many air pockets. The cells are more ball-shaped than cylindrical-shaped. The large air pockets allow for gas exchange between different areas of the leaf. The cells in this layer contain few chloroplasts and are therefore not generally responsible for photosynthesis. This makes sense, as the layer is further into the leaf and will therefore not get as much sun as the palisade layer, which is closer to the leaf surface.

Parts Of Leaf Continued• Chloroplast: An organelle that contains

chlorophyll in plants for photosynthesis.• Chlorophyll: The green substance in plants

that makes it possible for them to make food from carbon dioxide and water.

• Stomata/stoma: One of the minute openings in the epidermis of a plant organ (as a leaf) through which gaseous interchange takes place.

Parts Of Leaf Continued• Xylem: A type of vascular tissue found in

wood stems or in bundles that moves mainly water and some nutrients upwards throughout the plant. From roots up. Usually the outer layer.

• Phloem: A type of vascular tissue found in wood stems or in bundles that moves the nutrients and water throughout the plant. Usually the inner layer.

• Vascular tissue: Tissues that allowed plants to live on land by having a way to transport materials.

Types of Roots and Stems

1.) Taproot: A main taproot that is larger and grows faster than the branch roots. One main root. Deep roots and not spread out. 2.) Fibrous: All roots about the same size. Tangled mess of roots. Shallow roots and spread out. 3.) Adventitious: Roots that form on any plant part other than the roots.4.) Tuberous: A fibrous root that becomes fat or enlarged because of nutrient absorption. 5.) Corm: An enlarged, fleshy, bulblike base of a stem.

Types of Roots and Stems

6.) Rhizome: Modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. 7.) Stoloniferous: Making stolons which are long thin stems that usually grow horizontally along the ground and produce roots and shoots at widely spaced nodes.8.) Stoloniferous Rhizome: Stolons are horizontal stems which grow at the soil surface or below ground. They form new plants at the ends or at the nodes. Stolons are often called runners. 

Types of Stems

Herbaceous: • Soft• green• flexible Wood: HardTough/rigidnon-flexible

Types of Roots and Stems

9.) Repent: Lying or creeping along the ground. 10.)Ascending:  Plant stems growing or directing upward from a curved or slanted base.11.) Decumbent: Lying or growing on the ground but with rising part or tips above ground. 12.) Procumbent: Growing along the ground without setting forth roots. (vine)

Page 727 in Book

Parts of Stem/Bark• Growth ring: Section of the tree/wood stem that is

added yearly to show a single period of growth. Sometimes called annual rings.

• Vascular Ray: a band of cells extending from the cambium into both the xylem and phloem of a plant root or stem that conducts fluids radially and appears in a cross section like a spoke of a wheel

• Heartwood: the older harder nonliving central wood of trees that is usually darker, denser, less permeable, and more durable than the surrounding sapwood

• Sapwood: the younger softer living or physiologically active outer portion of wood that lies between the cambium and the heartwood and is more permeable, less durable, and usually lighter in color than the heartwood

Parts of Stem/Bark• Secondary Xylem: The xylem formed as a result

of secondary growth from vascular cambium, usually wood.

• Vascular Cambium: lateral meristem that forms the secondary tissue and is located between the xylem and phloem.

• Secondary Phloem: The phloem formed as a result of secondary growth from vascular cambium, usually wood.

• Layers of Periderm: The outer cork  layer of a plant that replaces the epidermis of the primary tissue.

• Bark: The tissue external to the vascular cambium in woody plants. The growth layer of the vascular cylinder.

Parts of a Root• Root hair: A thin hair-like growth of an

epidermal cell that absorbs water and minerals from the soil and increases the surface area for absorption.

• Root cap: A thimble shaped mass of cells that covers and protects the root tip and allows it to push through the soil.

• Epidermis: Outermost cells covering the leaves and young plant.

• Cortex: region of tissue in a root or stem that lies between the dermis and vascular tissue. Can be an external layer such as a rind or bark.

Parts of a Root• Endodermis: Specialized innermost layer of

cells of the cortex in roots and some stems that control the passage of water and nutrients.

• Pericycle: Layer of plant tissue beneath the endodermis that surrounds the tissue in the roots and stems.

• Xylem and Phloem: Defined in leaf notes. • Vascular cylinder/system: Tissue or tube that

is usually cylindrical and contains the tubes of xylem and phloem.

• Apical meristem:  Tip of a plant shoot or root that causes the shoot or root to increase in length. Growth cells.

Plant Book Rubric Student’s Name: ______________________________________out of 14 Plant labels (stamen, style, stigma, pollen grain(s), anther, filament, pistil/carpel, petal, sepal, receptacle, pedicel, ovule, ovary, pollen tube, title)_______out of 8 for seed labels (seed coat, cotyledon, monocotyledon, dicotyledon, hypocotyl, epicotyl, endosperm, radicle)_______out of 7 for leaf labels exterior (axil, petiole, stipule, blade, tip, vein, title)_______out of 11 for leaf labels interior/cross section (cuticle, title, guard cells, epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, stomata/stoma, xylem, phloem, vascular tissue)_______out of 10 for stem (title, growth ring, vascular ray, heartwood, sapwood, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, layers of periderm, bark)_______out of 11 for root cross section labeled (title, root hair, root cap, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, vascular cylinder/system, apical meristem)_______out of 89 for definitions from class notes and power points in own handwriting, charts, color added to project, neatness, spelling, following directions. _________Total out of 150 for plant project.Comments: ______________________________________________________________