Use of Mixture Experiments to Determine the Effect of Counter- cations of HCO 3 - on Bean (Phaseolus...
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Transcript of Use of Mixture Experiments to Determine the Effect of Counter- cations of HCO 3 - on Bean (Phaseolus...
Use of Mixture Use of Mixture Experiments to Experiments to
Determine the Effect of Determine the Effect of Counter-cations of HCOCounter-cations of HCO33
-- on Bean (on Bean (Phaseolus Phaseolus
vulgarisvulgaris L.) ‘Poncho” in L.) ‘Poncho” in HydroponicsHydroponics
Luis A. Valdez-A. and David Wm. ReedLuis A. Valdez-A. and David Wm. ReedDept. of Horticultural SciencesDept. of Horticultural Sciences
Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M University
BicarbonateBicarbonate Major contributor to alkalinityMajor contributor to alkalinity
HCOHCO33--
COCO332-2-
Minor contributors: Minor contributors: OHOH--, NH, NH3 3
Phosphates, Silicates, Borates Phosphates, Silicates, Borates
AlkalinityAlkalinity: Concentration of soluble alkali : Concentration of soluble alkali with capacity to neutralize acids with capacity to neutralize acids
pH increasepH increase Micronutrients solubility decreaseMicronutrients solubility decrease
Alkalinity-induced Alkalinity-induced Fe DeficiencyFe Deficiency
Whipker et al., 2001
Impossible to Study Impossible to Study HCOHCO33
-- Alone Alone
HCOHCO33--
Na+ Ca++
K+
Li+
Rb+
Mg++
NH4+
Cs+
Mixture ExperimentsMixture Experiments 2 or more 2 or more Components Components are mixedare mixed
RbRb+++ K+ K++ + Na + Na++
The total concentration is held fixedThe total concentration is held fixed RbRb+++ K+ K++ + Na + Na++= 7.5 m= 7.5 mMM
MixtureMixture: resulting of mixing components at different : resulting of mixing components at different proportionsproportionsRbRb++ : K : K++ : Na : Na++
1/3 : 1/3 : 1/31/3 : 1/3 : 1/3
Mixture Amount ExperimentMixture Amount Experiment:: RbRb+++ K+ K+++ Na+ Na++=7.5 m=7.5 mMM RbRb+++ K+ K+++ Na+ Na++=2.5 m=2.5 mMM
½:½:0
0:½:½
2/3:1/6:1/6
1/6:2/3:1/6 1/6:1/6:2/3
1/3:1/3:1/3
Pure blend
s
Tertiary blends
Binary blends
Rb+
1:0:0
K+
0:1:0Na+
0:0:1
Rb+ K+ Na+ 1 : 0 : 0
½:0:½
ObjectivesObjectives
Determine the Determine the effect of some effect of some counter-cations of HCOcounter-cations of HCO33
-- on the on the response of bean plants to response of bean plants to HCOHCO33
- -
Separate the effectSeparate the effect of the of the counter-cation from the effect counter-cation from the effect of HCOof HCO33
- -
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgaris ‘Poncho’‘Poncho’
Seeds germinated at 28Seeds germinated at 2800CC HydroponicsHydroponics
– 7 days establishing period7 days establishing period– 21 day under treatment21 day under treatment
Mixture-Amount ExperimentMixture-Amount Experiment
Effect of Mixtures of Effect of Mixtures of RbRb++, K, K++, and Na, and Na++, on , on
the Response of Bean the Response of Bean Plants to HCOPlants to HCO33
--
K+
0 : 7.5 : 0
Rb+
7.5 : 0 : 0
Na+
0 : 0 : 7.5
3.75 : 3.75 : 0
0 : 3.75 : 3.75
5 : 1.25 : 1.25
1.25 : 5 :
1.25
1.25 : 1.25 : 5
2.5 : 2.5 : 2.5
3.75 : 0 : 3.75
0 HCO3-
Total Concentration = 7.5 mM
K+
0 : 7.5 : 0
Rb+
7.5 : 0 : 0
Na+
0 : 0 : 7.5
3.75 : 3.75 : 0
0 : 3.75 : 3.75
5 : 1.25 : 1.25
1.25 : 5 : 1.25
1.25 : 1.25 : 5
2.5 : 2.5 : 2.5
3.75 : 0 : 3.75
7.5 HCO3
-
Na+
0 HCO0 HCO33--
K+
Rb+
Na+
7.5 HCO7.5 HCO33--
K+
Rb+
Rb+7.5mM
K+ 0 mM
Na+7.5mM Na+ 0 mM
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Rb+ 0 mM
K+ 7.5mM
Shoot Dry MassShoot Dry Mass
O HCO3 -
7.5 HCO3-
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
Rb+7.5mM
K+ 0 mM
Na+7.5mM Na+ 0 mM
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Rb+ 0 mM
K+ 7.5mM
Shoot Dry MassShoot Dry Mass
Na+ tox./K+ def.=-19%
HCO3- effect=-15%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
Rb+7.5mM
K+ 0 mM
Na+7.5mM Na+ 0 mM
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Rb+ 0 mM
K+ 7.5mM
Shoot Dry Mass Shoot Dry Mass
Rb+ tox./K+ def.=-30%
HCO3-effect=-18%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
LEAF TISSUE KLEAF TISSUE K++
%%
0.93
1.01
0m0mMM HCO HCO33--
3.16
1.37
2.00
Rb+
Na+K+
Rb+7.5mM
K+ 0 mM
Na+7.5mM Na+ 0 mM
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Rb+ 0 mM
K+ 7.5mM
Shoot Dry Mass Shoot Dry Mass
Rb++Na+ toxicity=-16%
HCO3-=-22%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
Effect of Binary Effect of Binary Mixtures of KMixtures of K+ + and and
NaNa++ on the Response on the Response of Bean Plants to of Bean Plants to
HCOHCO33--
Mixture-Amount Binary Mixture-Amount Binary ExperimentExperiment
K+
2.5 : 0
Na+
0 : 2.5K+ Na+
1.25 : 1.25K+ Na+
1.88 : 0.62K+ Na+
0.62 : 1.88K+
2.5 : 0
K+ Na+
1.88 : 0.62K+ Na+
1.25 : 1.25K+ Na+
0.62 : 1.88Na+
0 : 2.5
2.5 HCO2.5 HCO33--
0 HCO0 HCO33--
K+
5 : 0
Na+
0 : 5K+ Na+
2.5 : 2.5K+ Na+
3.75 : 1.25K+ Na+
1.25 : 3.75K+
5 : 0
K+ Na+
3.75 : 1.25K+ Na+
2.5 : 2.5K+ Na+
1.25 : 3.75Na+
0 : 5
5 HCO5 HCO33--
0 HCO0 HCO33--
K+
7.5 : 0
Na+
0 : 7.5K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75K+
7.5 : 0
K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75K+ Na+
3.75 : 3.75Na+
0 : 7.5
7.5 HCO7.5 HCO33--
0 HCO0 HCO33--
0m0mMM
HCOHCO33--
2.5m2.5mMM
HCOHCO33--
K+:Na+ 1:0 0.75:0.25 0.5:0.5 0.25:0.75 0:1 4.37g 4.75g 4.73g 3.63g 2.36g
3.02g 3.30g 3.43g 3.01g 2.12g
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.75
0.50 0.50
0.75 0.25
1.00 0.00
2.5 HCO3-
2.5 m2.5 mMM total total mixturemixture
0 HCO3-
Proportion of K+ and Na+
Shoot Dry MassShoot Dry Mass
Na+=-19%
HCO3-=-19%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
Na+
K+
K+:Na+ 1:0 0.75:0.25 0.5:0.5 0.25:0.75 0:1
0m0mMM
HCOHCO33--
5m5mMM
HCOHCO33--
4.93g 4.15g 4.86g 4.29g 2.45g
2.79g 2.87g 3.34g 2.55g 1.62g
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.75
0.50 0.50
0.75 0.25
1.00 0.00
5 m5 mMM total total mixturemixture
0 HCO3-
5 HCO3-
Proportion of K+ and Na+
Shoot Dry Mass Shoot Dry Mass
Na+=-17%
HCO3-=-24%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Na+
K+
0m0mMM
HCOHCO33--
7.5m7.5mMM
HCOHCO33--
K+:Na+ 1:0 0.75:0.25 0.5:0.5 0.25:0.75 0:1 5.18g 4.31g 4.58g 2.45g3.15g
2.59g 2.86g 2.20g 2.78g 2.15g
0.00 1.00
0.25 0.75
0.50 0.50
0.75 0.25
1.00 0.00
7.5 mM total mixture
0 HCO3-
7.5HCO3-
Proportion of K+ and Na+
Shoot Dry Mass Shoot Dry Mass
Na+=-41%
HCO3-=-15%
Sh
oot
Dry
M
ass (
g)
Na+
K+
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3
Na+ (mM)2.5 2.5 5.0 5.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 1.88 3.75 5.6
HCO3- (mM)
Bicarbonate Effect Sodium Effect
Percentage Growth Reduction due to Percentage Growth Reduction due to Counter-Cation and HCOCounter-Cation and HCO33
--
Average=18%
% S
hoo
t D
ry M
ass
Dec
reas
e
ConclusionsConclusions
The effect of both NaThe effect of both Na++ and HCO and HCO33-- is is
approximately the same at normal approximately the same at normal concentrationsconcentrations
At high concentrations, the NaAt high concentrations, the Na++ toxicity effect is much higher than toxicity effect is much higher than that of HCOthat of HCO33
--