USEOFENGLISH• SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

• PRESENT CONTINUOUS• PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE• SIMPLE PAST• USED TO• PAST CONTINUOUS• WILL• BE GOING TO• SIMPLE PRESENT AS FUTURE• MODAL VERBS• ZERO CONDITIONAL• FIRST CONDITIONAL• SECOND CONDITIONAL• THIRD CONDITIONAL• SUBORDINATE SENTENCES• ADJECTIVES

UAEMUAPT

Group S3

Simple Present Tense

We used to :

1. Routines2. Dialy activites3. Habits4. True facts5. Scientific facts6. Permanent situations

Simple Present Tense

Verb Conjugation:

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive without “to”

in the third person we add 'S‘Negative

Questions

Subject + Verb +The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we / they speak / learn English at home

he / she / it speaks / learns English at home

Subject + don't/doesn't + Verb + The Rest of the sentence

Do/Does Subject Verb* The Rest of the sentence

examples

We used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal 1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period. I take the train to the office. The train to Berlin leaves every hour. John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts. The President of The USA lives in The White House. A dog has four legs. We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits. I get up early every day. Carol brushes her teeth twice a day. They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true. It rains a lot in winter. The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace. They speak English at work.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Actions that are happening at the moment of speaking or around the time of speaking, temporary situations and future arrangements.

I love shoppnig

I like going to the cinema

I don´t doing housework

I hate driving at night

Infinitive Verb + -ing Spelling

cookSudy

I like cookingShe hates stuying

add - ing

dance I love dancing eX + ing

shop I don´t like shopping

One vowel + one consonat = double consonant + -ing

Spelling rules for the –ing form

PRESENTS PERFECT SIMPLE:

Actions that started in the past and are still going on. The time period has not finished

Sometimes the time is not mentioned

Events that started in the past and continue up to the present.

Actions that started in the past and are still going on. The time period has not finished:They have lived in Italy for six years. (FOR: a period of time)I have lived here sine 199. (SINCE: a point in time)I have seen three movies this week. (This week hasn’t finished yet)We have been friends for over 20 years.We have known each other since we were children.For the last ten years, Jack and I have played for the same hockey team every Saturday.

Sometimes the time is not mentioned:Gary has failed his Italian exam again.

Events which have recently occurred:We have just had supper.

With phrases which are linked to the present:We have already climbed 2,000 metres. (ALREADY: affirmative sentences)She hasn’t decided on a new script yet. (YET: interrogative and negative sentences)I have never been on a trip like this before. (NEVER: affirmative sentences)Have you ever seen her in any films recently? (EVER: interrogative, affirmative)

Actions which are repeated up to the present:She has been to New York lots of times.He has seen the doctor several times about his knee.

Recent events which has present relevance:She has broken her arm.In the last few months, he has had some trouble with his left knee. And he has found it hard to play a full game.Jack has decided to take a break from hockey for a while, so that his knee can recover.

With a superlative to talk about experiences: This is the best place I have ever been to. It’s the worst film I have ever seen.

We used to:

HAVE GONE / HAS GONE + PAST PARTICIPLEHAVEN’T GONE / HASN’T GONE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Afirmative Negative Questions

I have eaten.You have eaten.He has eaten.She has eaten.It has eaten.We have eaten.You have eaten.They have eaten.

I have not eaten.You have not eaten.He has not eaten.She has not eaten.It has not eaten.We have not eaten.You have not eaten.They have not eaten.

Have I eaten?Have you eaten?Has he eaten?Has she eaten?Has it eaten?Have we eaten?Have you eaten?Have they eaten?

SIMPLE PAST:

Events that started in the past and finished in the past and continue up to the present

We used to:

• It is expresses with the past form of the verb and nothing else:My grandfather dies last year.

• To express a finished action in the past. (completed actions):We met in 2009.I went to Manchester last month.Charles left two minutes ago.How long did you wait for them? We waited for one hour.They didn’t stay at the party the entire time.We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

• To express a past situation or habit (facts or generalizations):When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked for miles on the beach with my dog. (We used to live in a small house…)I studied French when I was a child.Did you play a musical instrument when you were in high school?They never went to school, they always skipped class.

• To express actions that followed each other. (sequence of events):Mary walked into the room and stopped. She listened carefully. She heard a noise coming from behind the curtains. She threw the curtain open, and then she saw…

• When Clauses (they happen first):• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

CONJUGATION

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I ate.You ate.He ate.She ate.It ate.

We ate.You ate.

They ate.

I didn’t eat.You didn’t eat.He didn’t eat.She didn’t eat.It didn’t eat.

We didn’t eat.You didn’t eat.

They didn’t eat.

Did I eat?Did you eat?Did he eat?Did she eat?Did it eat?

Did we eat?Did you eat?Did they eat?

PAST CONTINUOUS:

Events that were happening at a specific time in the past

We used to:

•To express an activity in progress before, and probably after, a particular time in the past:

I walked past your house last night. There was an awful lot of noise. What were you doing?At 7:00 this morning. I was having breakfast.

•To describe a situation or activity during a period in the past:Joana looked lovely. She was wearing a green cotton dress. Her eyes were shining in the light of the candles that were burning nearby.

•To express an interrupted past activity:When the phone rang, I was having a bath.We were playing tennis when it started to rain.

•To express an incomplete activity in the past in order to contrast with the Past Simple which expresses a completed activity:

I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn’t finish it)I watched a film during the flight. (I watched the whole film)

•The Past Simple is usually used to express a repeated past habit or situation:I went out with Jack for years.But the Past Continuous can be used if the repeated habit becomes a longer “setting” for something:I was going out with Jack when I first met Harry.

•Repetition and Irritation with ALWAYS, CONSTANTLY:She was always coming to class late.He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.I didn’t like them because they were always complaining.

CONJUGATIONAFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I was sleeping.You were sleeping.He was sleeping.She was sleeping.It was sleeping.We were sleeping.You were sleeping.They were sleeping. 

I was not sleeping.You were not sleeping.He was not sleeping.She was not sleeping.It was not sleeping.We were not sleeping.You were not sleeping.They were not sleeping.

Was I sleeping?Were you sleeping? Was he sleeping? Was she sleeping? Was it sleeping? Were we sleeping? Were you sleeping? Were they sleeping?

USED TO:

An action or habit that was common in the PAST but not anymore.

AFIRMATIVE:

Notice how Used to ends in –ed which normally means the verb is in the past tense.

I used to drink coffee every morning but now I drink tea.She used to live in London but now she lives in New York.He used to play football professionally but he had to quit because of an injury.

These sentences refer to a past habit or a continuous action in the past and they are affirmative.

NEGATIVE:If we want to make a negative sentence, the didn’t part shows that we are talking about the past tense.It is NOT common to use Used to in negative form though we will show you how to do it anyway.Compare the normal past tense:

I played rugby on Saturday. (past - affirmative)I didn’t play rugby on Saturday. (past – negative – play doesn’t have the –ed at the end because the auxiliary didn’t tells us that the sentence is in the past tense)

And now let’s see a sentence with Used to:I used to like her, but now I hate her.I didn’t use to like her but now I think she is great.

Many times we use never instead of didn’t. In this case we use “used” in past tense. Compare:

I didn’t use to smoke.I never used to smoke

QUESTIONS:

As with normal questions in the past tense, we use the base form of the verb (not the verb in past tense), since the auxiliary DID shows us that the question is in the past tense.

+  I used to ride a bike to school every day.-   I didn’t use to ride a bike to school. I would normally go by bus.?  Did you use to ride a bike to school when you were a child?

Some more examplesWhat did you use to do after school when you were a kid?Where did you use to go on vacation with your parents?

WILL:

Predictions without evidence, promises, spontaneous decisions and offers.

We used to:

following circumstances:1. For things that we decide to do now.

I'll call a taxi for you.I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now)

2. When we think or believe something about the future.

The President will not be re-elected at the next election.I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.

3. To make an offer, a promise or a threat.If you say anything I will kill you!I'll have it ready by tomorrow.

CONJUGATIONAFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I will go to the cinema tonight.He will play tennis tomorrow.She will be happy with her exam results.They will take the bus to the South next week.

I will not go to the cinema tonight.He will not play tennis tomorrow.She will not be happy with her exam results.They will not take the bus to the South next week.

Interrogative

Affirmative He will be here

tomorrow.

  Subject Will Verb

Question Will he be here tomorrow?

  WILL Subject Verb

BEGOING TO:

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English

We use this struct:1. When we have already decided or we intend to do something in the future:

I'm going to India next year.

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen:

It's so cold! I think it is going to snow.

3. When something is about to happen:Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

The positive and negative structures for Be Going To are as follows:

Positive Negative

I am going to I am not going toYou are going to You are not going toHe is going to He is not going toShe is going to She is not going toIt is going to It is not going toWe are going to We are not going toYou are going to You are not going toThey are going to They are not going to

PRESENT SIMPLE AS FUTURE:

The present simple is often used to refer to future events that are scheduled (and outside of our control)

MODAL

VERBS:

ll the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike otherauxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.

The modal verbs are: CAN  COULD  MAY  MIGHT  MUST  SHALL   SHOULD  OUGHT TO   WILL  WOULD 

Modal Example Uses

Can They can control their own budgets.We can’t fix it.Can I smoke here?Can you help me?

Ability / PossibilityInability / ImpossibilityAsking for permissionRequest

Could Could I borrow your dictionary?Could you say it again more slowly?We could try to fix it ourselves.I think we could have another Gulf War.He gave up his old job so he could work for us.

Asking for permission.RequestSuggestionFuture possibilityAbility in the past

May May I have another cup of coffee?China may become a major economic power.

Asking for permissionFuture possibility

Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.They might give us a 10% discount.

Present possibilityFuture possibility

Must We must say good-bye now.They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.

Necessity / ObligationProhibition

Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct

Shall(More common in the UK than

the US)

Shall I help you with your luggage?Shall we say 2.30 then?Shall I do that or will you?

OfferSuggestionAsking what to do

Should We should sort out this problem at once.I think we should check everything again.Profits should increase next year.

Saying what’s right or correctRecommending actionUncertain prediction

Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.I'll do that for you if you like.I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.Profits will increase next year.

Instant decisionsOfferPromiseCertain prediction

Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?Would you pass the salt please?Would you mind waiting a moment?"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."Would you like to play golf this Friday?"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."

Asking for permissionRequestRequestMaking arrangementsInvitationPreferences

ZEROCONDITIONAL

When we talk about things that are generally or always true

Note that we are not talking about a specific event but something which is generally true.

If he gets there before me, ask him to wait.

When you fly budget airline, you have to pay for your drinks and snacks.

Unless you need more space, a small car is big enough for one person.

FIRSTCONDITIONAL

PROBABLE FUTURE EVENTS

CONDITION: simple present EFFECT: will + verb

If I go to the cinema, I will watch an interesting film.

If you work hard, you will be a successful Plastics Engineer

SECONDCONDITIONAL

• Imaginary situations• Theories • Unreal situations • Situations that are unlikely to happen impossible

Situations

CONDITION: simple past EFFECT: would / could / might + verb

If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.

If I had millions of dollars, I would give a lot to charity. If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be

a much better place.

THIRDCONDITIONAL

PROBABLE FUTURE EVENTS

If clause Main clause

If + Past Perfect tense

would/could/might + have + past participle

If I had won the lottery,

I would have traveled around the world.

If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world.

SUBORDINATESSENTECES

Examples: Subordinates the wider interests of society to the interests of the

parties. The list operation the list operation is used to list the

immediatesubordinates of an entry. Subordinate clauses ' are marked in green. It was a privilege for them to live in athens, and they were welcome

enough, but on strictly subordinate terms. The order in wales remained subordinate to the english prior. Subordinates of an entry. The most significant difference between a village and a hamlet is that the

latter is ritually entirely subordinated to the village. Subordinating conjunctions are distinguished in the lexicon by the label "

s " rather than " c " . Subordinateenges are enormous: the european institutions are

increasingly subordinating development to foreign policy priorities. Subordinate commander responsible for the actions of his unit.

ADJECTIVES

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVESTo compare two people /things / ideas / events,

…

SHORT ADJECTIVES: longer, taller, smaller, bigger, cheaper, stronger, lighter, nicer, prettier, harder, softer, tougher, heavier, cooler

LONG ADJECTIVES: more important, more interesting, more flexible, more durable, more expensive, more difficult,

SUPERLATIVESOne of 3 or more outstands

SHORT ADJECTIVES: the tallest, the longest, the smallest, the biggest, the cheapest, the strongest, the lightest, the nicest, the prettiest,

LONG ADJECTIVES: the most important, the most interesting, the most flexible, the most durable, the most expensive, the most difficult