Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit
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Transcript of Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit
2016.02.16 Eric van de Weg
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Problem
Fruit has a limited storability & shelf-life● Loss of produce
● Decay, diseases● Short selling window
● Over-supply -> low prices Impact
● Growers● Less food to consume● Less food to sell -> Reduced income & financial sustainability
● Global population● Less food● Inefficient use scarce resources
http://www.gardenguyhawaii.com/2011/11/mango-anthracnose.html
http://www.123rf.com/photo_702968_hand-of-overripe-and-decaying-bananas-on-white-background-isolated.html
M. J. Mahovic ttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/LyraEDISServlet?command=getImageDetail&image_soid=FIGURE 4&document_soid=HS131&document_version=51786
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biotechnology can help Making available of cultivars with better
● Storage & shelf-life● Harvest window
Classical Breeding + Molecular markers
New Breeding Technologies
Decrease post harvest loss: Pre-harvest measures
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Two types of fruitClimacteric fruit
Non-climacteric fruit
Tomato, Apple, Banana, Mango, Peach, Pears, Avocado, Melon
● Needs ethylene for ripening
http://www.pvfarms.com/watermelon.php
Citrus, Grape, Watermelon, Strawberries
● does not need ethylene
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Ethylene
Gas Signalling hormone Initiates ripening Ethylene from ripe fruit accelerates ripening unripe fruit
Pictures taken from http://glutenfreehomemaker.com/how-to-ripen-green-fruit-kitchen-tip/ http://www.realfoods.co.uk/article/the-real-foods-guide-to-ripening-bananas
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Ripening & Taste Ripe fruit:
● Good texture, juicy● Excellent flavour, aroma, color● Most delicious
Harvested very unripe: No full maturation is feasible● Delicate balance
Harvest date / storability / taste
Harvested unripe● Better storability and shelf-life● Less taste !
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Harvest date Targeted market
Image: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGLK_vBUymA
Long storage: stages 1 & 2
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biodiversity: Apple cultivars
Storability, Temp controlled: 0.5 – 4 months
Shelf life: 2 – 4 wks
Storability: Temp + air controlled: 0.7 – 13 months
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biodiversity: Tomato cultivars
Shelf life: 7 days – 2 months
Large extension: Thanks to classical breeding & Biotechnology !
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biodiversity: underlying genes
Natural variants of a gene (mutant)
Tomato: ● Combining 3 natural genes
● Ripening blocked● Extreme long shelf-life
● Taste: “to be repaired” by stimulating other pathways
Apple:● Joint effect of ~7 natural genes● Ripening process slowed down● Taste maintained
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Experiences Tomato, apple...... Some specific genes involved in
1. Production and perception of ethylene in fruit2. Production/ activity cell-wall degrading enzymes
ACS
ACO
Ethylene
ETR
Effects
ACO-Gene
2 genes for production
1 gene for perception
- Other functions maintained !
- On-off switches
On/Off
On/Off
One for fruit maturation- On-switch corrupted - No ethylene production - Deletion of 2 nucleotides
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Prospects Tropical crops: Mango?
Harvested fruit: Limited storability & shelf-life ~96% production for home-market, ~4% export
Storability & shelf improved: ● Harvesting unripe fruit● Forced ripening close to selling:
● Ethylene + Temperature treatment ● Less tasty
http://www.fruitnet.com/americafruit/article/164144/first-aussie-mangoes-shipped-to-the-ushttp://www.dawn.com/news/1182818 http://www.skymetweather.com/content/agriculture-and-economy/mango-exports-from-india-face-a-hard-time/
http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/why-the-eu-alphonso-mango-ban-s-sweet-news-in-india-1.1809895
Natural biodiversity Mango
King of the mangoes: Rich, creamy, tender pulp texture
Export ‼ Old cultivar, before 1515
cv "Alphonso”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_(mango)
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
New Australian cultivar: CalypsoTM
BreedingAverageAustralia
Calypso
Production ton/ha 10 30% 1st grade 60 85
Source: http://www.hin.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/9591/Mangos.pdf
Production & Shelf-life increasedCurrently: Successful in exportx Less tasty
http://www.freshplaza.com/article/135404/Calypso%C2%AE-Aussie-mangoes-hit-in-US
First shipment to USA
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biotechnology, storability & shelf life Need
● More cvs with good storability & shelf life● Maintaining excellent taste
New Breeding Techniques ready to go● Gene-editing
● No adding of new DNA● Improvement existing, popular cultivars● Turn-around shorter than classical breeding
Target genes known● Ethylene related● Cell-wall degradation
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
GM-fruit: Current status
Approved● Apple No flesh browning 2015
USA ● Eggplant Insect resistance 2013
Bangladesh● Plum Virus resistance
2007 USA● Melon Storability, shelf-life 1999
USA● Papaya Virus resistance
1998 USA● Tomato Storability, shelf-life 1992-9
USA,Canada,
Mexico, China Field tests
● Banana Black Sigatoka fungus USA
● Orange Citrus greening USA
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Storability & shelf life: Current GMO’sDerived from two approaches:
1. Insertion foreign gene
● Redirecting pathways● New products● Additional antibiotic gene added to trace
GMO-cells
2. Silencing:● Blocking genes = pathways● No new proteins produced● Methods not specific: similar genes blocked too● Additional gene added to trace GMO-cells
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Storability & shelf life: InnovationPrecision Biotechnology
● Editing : Removal of a tiny DNA segment
● Promotor : Switch off ! Changes only in
specific tissue(s) Specific development stage(s) e.g. only Mature Fruit
Advantage: ● Identical / close to natural genes (mutations)
Disadvantage: ● More expensive: Additional research needed on
promotors
ACO-GeneOn/Off
On/Off
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Who benefits? Local: benefits directlyExport: May takes longer to build a marketDifferent turnaround, different prospects ?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTphqTbP8iM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTphqTbP8iMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MALFk56jPE
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-20/washing-mangoes/6870578 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-30/mango-packing-shed/4989350http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-22/mangoes-in-bin-to-be-inspected/6795344
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Time-line: Action now impact 15-20 yrs
Application new technology
In vitro plantlet -> fruit bearing trees
Evaluation different new plants● Overall agronomic performance● Shelf life <> taste
0-3
3-6
6-8
9
9-12
13
~15
Admission procedure
Best plant: Multiplication few -> thousands
Plantation of orchards
First production
en.wikipedia.
http://baguioheraldexpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Banana-Plantation.jpg
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biotechnology on tropical crops New Breeding Techniques ready to go
● Gene-editing● No adding of new DNA● Improvement existing, popular cultivars● Turn-around shorter than classical breeding
Genes of interest known from other crops
Info on New Technologies: ● Brochure: http://edepot.wur.nl/357723● Site event: today 13.15-14.15
● Venue: Sheikh Zayed Centre ● “New breeding technologies for
smallholders’ challenges”
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Questions to be adressed
Level of precision breeding ?● More specificity -> less undesired site-effects ?● Higher investments, Delayed return on investment
Who controls cultivar development ?● Private? Public? Public Private Partnerships
Theme for development aid ?● 90% of GM-growers = small farmers!● Food security, jobs & income ● Vision infrastructure development long term effects
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Use of biotechnologies to increase the storability and shelf life of fruit
[email protected], Plant Breeding Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
ThanksQuestions ?
International Symposium Feb15-17, Rome
Biotechnology on tropical crops New Breeding Techniques ready to go
● Gene-editing● No adding of new DNA● Improvement existing, popular cultivars● Turn-around shorter than classical breeding
Genes of interest known from other crops
Info on New Technologies: ● Brochure: http://edepot.wur.nl/357723● Site event: today 13.15-14.15
● Venue: Sheikh Zayed Centre ● “New breeding technologies for
smallholders’ challenges”