Use of Biome-BGC with the ChEAS flux tower network to address scaling issues
description
Transcript of Use of Biome-BGC with the ChEAS flux tower network to address scaling issues
Use of Biome-BGC with the ChEAS flux tower network to address scaling issues
Faith Ann HeinschNTSG, School of Forestry
The University of Montana
ChEAS MeetingJuly 1, 2003
BIOME-BGC estimates fluxes and storage of energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen for vegetation and soil on a daily basis.
Model algorithms represent physical and biological processes that control fluxes of energy and mass:
• New leaf growth and old leaf litterfall • Sunlight interception by leaves, and penetration to the ground • Precipitation routing to leaves and soil • Snow (SWE) accumulation and melting • Drainage and runoff of soil water • Evaporation of water from soil and wet leaves • Transpiration of soil water through leaf stomata • Photosynthetic fixation of carbon from CO2 in the air • N uptake from the soil • Distribution of C and N to growing plant parts • Decomposition of fresh plant litter and old soil organic matter • Plant mortality• Plant phenology • Fire/disturbance
The BIOME-BGC Terrestrial Ecosystem Process Model
• Daily time step (day/night partitioning based on daily information)
• Single, uniform soil layer hydrology (bucket model)
• 1 uniform snow layer of SWE (no canopy snow interception/losses)
• 1 canopy layer (sunlit/shaded leaf partitioning)
• Dynamic phenology and C/N allocation (e.g. LAI, biomass, soil and
litter)
• Disturbance (fire) and mortality functions
• Variable litter and soil C decomposition rates (3 litter and 4 soil C
pools)
Major Features:
BIOME-BGC
Meteorological Parameters Required by Biome-BGC
• Daily maximum temperature (°C) • Daily minimum temperature (°C) • Daylight average temperature (°C) • Daily total precipitation (cm)
• Daylight average partial pressure of water vapor (Pa)
• Daylight average shortwave radiant flux density (W/m2)
• Daylength (s)
Site DataSite DataLatitudeElevation
Slope/AspectSoil Depth
Soil Texture
Atmospheric Atmospheric CO2CO2
PlantPlant
Soil Organic Soil Organic MatterMatter
Atmospheric NAtmospheric N
Soil Mineral NSoil Mineral N
Allocation to Allocation to New growthNew growth
N N UptakUptak
ee
MRMR
LitterLitter
PSNPSNGRGR
HRHR
Meteorological Meteorological DataData
Air TemperatureRadiation
PrecipitationHumidity
Atmospheric CO2
Evaporation/ Evaporation/ TranspirationTranspiration
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Total Total RespirationRespiration
Soil and Litter Soil and Litter RespirationRespiration
LAILAI
SnowSnow
SoilSoil
OutflowOutflow
TemperatureTemperature
CC
Annual InputAnnual InputN DepositionN Fixation
Daily - AnnualDaily - AnnualPhotosynthesisEvapotranspirationRespirationAbsorbed PAR
Daily - Annual Daily - Annual AllocationAllocation Carbon, Nitrogen -leaf (LAI) -stem -coarse root -fine root
N FluxN FluxC FluxC Flux
HH22OO
CC
CC
Periodic Periodic InputInput Disturbance -fire -harvest -grazing -agriculture
HH22OO
HH22OO
HH22OO
HH22OO
BIOME-BGC Eco-physiological ParametersBiome-BGC uses a list of 43 parameters to differentiate biomes.
• general eco-physiological characteristics• must be specified prior to each model
simulation• can be measured in the field, obtained from the
literature or derived from other measurements.
Default Biome types with defined parameters•Deciduous Broadleaf Forest (temperate)
•Deciduous Needleleaf forest (larch)
•Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (subtropical/tropical)
•Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
•Evergreen Shrubland
•C3 Grassland
•C4 Grassland
BiomeBGC
Landcoverdatabase
Other inputs:soils, elevation,
N-deposition
Surfaceweatherdatabase
Disturbancehistory
database
Vegetation
parameter
database
Integration
Model Estimates of:Outflow
SnowET
Rh
NEE NPP
Soil CfPAR
Biomass
LAISimulation
Validation
Hydrographdata
SNOTELdata
Flux towerdata
Ancillarymeasurements
at flux sites
Satellite data(MODIS,AVHRR)
FIA, FHM,Ecodata
(Inventory)
BIOME-BGC Simulated Daily Carbon and Water Exchange(1Barrow Tussock / Wet Sedge Tundra Site, 2000)
Daily C BudgetDaily 1Meteorology
1 Daily meteorological data obtained from Barrow W Post Station, 71.28N 156.76W
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
deg
C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
cmTav Tsoil (Biome-BGC) Snow_z
-0.0020
-0.0010
0.0000
0.0010
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
0.0060
1/11/21
2/103/1
3/214/10
4/305/20
6/96/29
7/198/8
8/289/17
10/710/27
11/1612/6
12/26
kg C
m-2
day
-1
NEE GPP R_autotrophic R_heterotrophic
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
1/12/1
3/14/1
5/16/1
7/18/1
9/110/1
11/112/1
g C
m-2
1996 1997 1999 2000 2001
BIOME-BGC Simulated Cumulative Net Carbon Exchange(1Barrow Tussock / Wet Sedge Tundra Site)
C sink (+)
C source (-)
1 Daily meteorological data obtained from Barrow W Post Station, 71.28N 156.76W
2001 BIOME-BGC Cumulative Net C exchange(Boreal ENF Forest)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Date
g C
m-2
Bonanza Creek Kenai Coldfoot Atigun
C source (+)
C sink (+)
2000 BIOME-BGC Cumulative Net C exchange(Boreal ENF Forest)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Date
g C
m-2
Bonanza Creek Kenai Coldfoot Atigun
C source (+)
C sink (+)Alaska Study Region
Biome-BGC runsfor 4 areas in Alaska
Site Name LatitudeKenai AK 60.18N
Bonanza Creek AK 64.70N
Coldfoot AK 67.15N
Atigun AK 68.02N
Biome-BGC Estimates of LAIPark Falls, WI
Biome-BGC Estimate of NPP for Park Falls, 2001Maximum LAI = 3.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Day of Year
NP
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
Biome-BGC Estimate of NPP for Park Falls, 2002Maximum LAI = 3.3
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Day of Year
NP
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
Biome-BGC Estimates of NEE and GPP
Julian Day0 60 120 180 240 300 360
GP
P (
gC m
-2 d
-1)
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
Park Falls, WI
Julian Day
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
NE
E (
gC m
-2 d
-1)
-7.5
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
Biome-BGC with DBFBiome-BGC with Mixed ForestTower
Suggested Improvementsto
Biome-BGCSimulations at ChEAS Flux
Tower Sites
Wetland-BGC
• Presently being tested in Barrow, AK and the Niyak floodplain near Glacier Park, MT
• Dynamic groundwater component– Previously 1 soil layer, now 2
(saturated/unsaturated)
• Designed to be require minimal additional data
• Methane??
Unique Site Disturbance History
• Natural Disturbances– Timing– Intensity– Examples
• Fire• Blowdown
• Managed Disturbances– Timing– Intensity– Examples
• Fertilization• Harvest• Slash burn• Plant
Ensembling of Simulations
• Temporal– Necessary for historic
disturbances• 1 simulation for each
year of the meteorological record
• Obscures effects of meteorology to allow recovery to be seen
• Spatial– Non-interactive
• Age class– Old growth forests– Selective harvest
and replant • Vegetation Type
– ENF vs. DBF
• Hydrology– Upland vs. wetland
Disturbance History
Credit: P. Thornton, NCAR
Seasonal Cycle of GEP
Credit: P. Thornton, NCAR
Annual LAI in Final Simulation Year
Credit: P. Thornton, NCAR
Annual NEE in Final Simulation Year
Credit: P. Thornton, NCAR
Annual ET in Final Simulation Year
Credit: P. Thornton, NCAR
Suggested Improvements
• Difficult to attribute discrepancies to either the model or measurements
• Probably a combination of:– Site-specific parameterization
• Low maximum stomatal conductance
• Incorrect treatment of respiration at low Tair
– Site-specific measurement biases• Undermeasurement of warm season respiration
– Need to find a way to decompose NEE
Biome-BGC Default Eco-physiological Parameters: Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
value units description 1 (flag) 1 = WOODY 0 = NON-WOODY 1 (flag) 1 = EVERGREEN 0 = DECIDUOUS 1 (flag) 1 = C3 PSN 0 = C4 PSN 1 (flag) 1 = MODEL PHENOLOGY 0 = USER-SPECIFIED --- (yday) yearday to start new growth (when phenology flag = 0) --- (yday) yearday to end litterfall (when phenology flag = 0) 0.2 (prop.) transfer growth period as fraction of growing season 0.2 (prop.) litterfall as fraction of growing season 0.26 (1/yr) annual leaf and fine root turnover fraction 0.7 (1/yr) annual live wood turnover fraction 0.005 (1/yr) annual whole-plant mortality fraction 0.005 (1/yr) annual fire mortality fraction 1.4 (ratio) (ALLOCATION) new fine root C : new leaf C 2.2 (ratio) (ALLOCATION) new stem C : new leaf C 0.071 (ratio) (ALLOCATION) new live wood C : new total wood C 0.29 (ratio) (ALLOCATION) new croot C : new stem C 0.5 (prop.) (ALLOCATION) current growth proportion 42.0 (kgC/kgN) C:N of leaves 93.0 (kgC/kgN) C:N of leaf litter, after retranslocation 58.0 (kgC/kgN) C:N of fine roots 50.0 (kgC/kgN) C:N of live wood 730.0 (kgC/kgN) C:N of dead wood 0.31 (DIM) leaf litter labile proportion 0.45 (DIM) leaf litter cellulose proportion 0.24 (DIM) leaf litter lignin proportion 0.34 (DIM) fine root labile proportion 0.44 (DIM) fine root cellulose proportion 0.22 (DIM) fine root lignin proportion 0.71 (DIM) dead wood cellulose proportion 0.29 (DIM) dead wood lignin proportion 0.01 (1/LAI/d) canopy water interception coefficient 0.51 (DIM) canopy light extinction coefficient 2.6 (DIM) all-sided to projected leaf area ratio 8.2 (m2/kgC) canopy average specific leaf area (projected area basis) 2.0 (DIM) ratio of shaded SLA to sunlit SLA 0.033 (DIM) fraction of leaf N in Rubisco 0.004 (m/s) maximum stomatal conductance (projected area basis)
0.00004(m/s) cuticular conductance (projected area basis)
MET_INPUT (keyword) start of meteorology file control block metdata/TDE.mtc41 meteorology input filename 4 (int) header lines in met file RESTART (keyword) start of restart control block 1 (flag) 1 = read restart file 0 = don't read restart file 0 (flag) 1 = write restart file 0 = don't write restart file 0 (flag) 1 = use restart metyear 0 = reset metyear restart/TDE_n.endpoint input restart filename restart/TDE.endpoint output restart filename TIME_DEFINE (keyword - do not remove) 8 (int) number of meteorological data years 8 (int) number of simulation years 1993 (int) first simulation year 0 (flag) 1 = spinup simulation 0 = normal simulation 6000 (int) maximum number of spinup years (if spinup simulation) CLIM_CHANGE (keyword - do not remove) 0.0 (deg C) offset for Tmax 0.0 (deg C) offset for Tmin 1.0 (DIM) multiplier for Prcp 1.0 (DIM) multiplier for VPD 1.0 (DIM) multiplier for shortwave radiation CO2_CONTROL (keyword - do not remove) 1 (flag) 0=constant 1=vary with file 2=constant, file for Ndep 356.0 (ppm) constant atmospheric CO2 concentration TDE_co2.txt (file) annual variable CO2 filename SITE (keyword) start of site physical constants block 0.765 (m) effective soil depth (corrected for rock fraction) 28.0 (%) sand percentage by volume in rock-free soil 64.0 (%) silt percentage by volume in rock-free soil 8.0 (%) clay percentage by volume in rock-free soil 290.0 (m) site elevation 35.95 (degrees) site latitude (- for S.Hem.) 0.2 (DIM) site shortwave albedo 0.0005 (kgN/m2/yr) wet+dry atmospheric deposition of N 0.0004 (kgN/m2/yr) symbiotic+asymbiotic fixation of N
BIOME-BGCExample InitializationFile
RAMP_NDEP (keyword - do not remove) 0 (flag) do a ramped N-deposition run? 0=no, 1=yes 2099 (int) reference year for industrial N deposition 0.0001 (kgN/m2/yr) industrial N deposition value EPC_FILE (keyword - do not remove) dbf.epc (file) TDE DBF ecophysiological constants W_STATE (keyword) start of water state variable initialization block 0.0 (kg/m2) water stored in snowpack 0.5 (DIM) initial soil water as a proportion of saturation C_STATE (keyword) start of carbon state variable initialization block 0.001 (kgC/m2) first-year maximum leaf carbon 0.0 (kgC/m2) first-year maximum stem carbon 0.0 (kgC/m2) coarse woody debris carbon 0.0 (kgC/m2) litter carbon, labile pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) litter carbon, unshielded cellulose pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) litter carbon, shielded cellulose pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) litter carbon, lignin pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) soil carbon, fast microbial recycling pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) soil carbon, medium microbial recycling pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) soil carbon, slow microbial recycling pool 0.0 (kgC/m2) soil carbon, recalcitrant SOM (slowest) N_STATE (keyword) start of nitrogen state variable initialization block 0.0 (kgN/m2) litter nitrogen, labile pool 0.0 (kgN/m2) soil nitrogen, mineral pool OUTPUT_CONTROL (keyword - do not remove) outputs/TDE_out (text) prefix for output files 1 (flag) 1 = write daily output 0 = no daily output 0 (flag) 1 = monthly avg of daily variables 0 = no monthly avg 0 (flag) 1 = annual avg of daily variables 0 = no annual avg 1 (flag) 1 = write annual output 0 = no annual output 1 (flag) for on-screen progress indicator DAILY_OUTPUT (keyword) 3 (int) number of daily variables to output 516 0 epv.vwc (%) 43 1 wf.soilw_trans (kg m-̂2) 38 2 wf.canopyw_evap (kg m-̂2) ANNUAL_OUTPUT (keyword) 2 (int) number of annual output variables 545 0 annual maximum projected LAI 636 1 vegetation C END_INIT (keyword) indicates the end of the initialization file
BIOME-BGCExample Initialization File (cont.)
What if Some Met Data is Missing?
• Use a nearby weather station
• Use MT-CLIM to estimate radiation and humidity measurements from Tmax, Tmin– designed to handle complex terrain– uses a base station to calculate “site” data
• Use DAYMET (conterminous U.S. only)– uses several met stations surrounding site– data available from 1980-1997– takes into account complex terrain
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
soilw
PS
I
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
soilw
PS
I
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
soilw
PS
I
(%)
(MP
a)
Soil Class Silt loam Silt Loamβ-value -4.625 -3.84 -5.275VWC_sat 0.48 0.48 0.41PSI_sat -0.0073 -0.0078 -0.0013
BIOME-BGC 1Soil Water – Soil Water Potential Curves
1after Cosby et al., 1984
BIOME-BGC Environmental Controls on Canopy Conductance (Walker Branch Site)
M_total,sun,shade = (MPPFD,sun,shade * MTmin * MVPD * MPSI)
where multipliers range from 0 (full Gs reduction) to 1 (no effect)
Gs, sun,shade = Gs,max * M_total, sun,shade
M_TMIN
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
TMIN (degC)
M_VPD
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
900 1200 15001800 2100 24002700 3000 33003600 39004200
VPD (Pa)
M_PPFD
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 150 300 450 600 750 900 10501200135015001650
PPFD (umol/m2/s)
M_PSI
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -1 -1.1 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 -1.7 -1.9 -2 -2.2 -2.3
PSI (MPa)
MODIS vs. Biome-BGC LAI
MODIS LAI vs BIOME BGC LAI Walker Branch, TN 2001 (Mixed Deciduous Hardwood Forest)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361
DOY
LA
I (m
2/m
2)
MODIS LAI BGC Proj LAI
Mixed Forest, Park Falls, WI2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Julian Day
LA
I (m
2 m
-2)
Coll. 3 Coll. 4
Corn Cropland, Bondville, IL2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Julian Day
LA
I (m
2 m
-2)
Coll. 3 Coll. 4
Loblolly Pine, Duke Forest, NC2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Julian Day
LA
I (m
2 m
-2)
Coll. 3 Coll. 4
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest, Morgan Monroe State Forest, IN2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Julian Day
LA
I (m
2 m
-2)
Coll. 3 Coll. 4
GPP Estimates of 5X5 km Grid
Tower Site Name
BO
RE
AS
_S
SA
_O
AB
OR
EA
S_
SS
A_
OB
SB
OR
EA
S_
SS
A_
OJP
BO
RE
AS
_N
SA
_1
96
3B
OR
EA
S_
NS
A_
19
81
BO
RE
AS
_N
SA
_1
98
9B
OR
EA
S_
NS
A_
19
98
BO
RE
AS
_N
SA
_O
BS
BO
RE
AS
_N
SA
_U
BS
Ca
mp
_R
ive
r_C
CC
am
p_
Riv
er_
MF
Ca
mp
_R
ive
r_Y
PB
lod
ge
ttN
iwo
t_R
idg
e_
1N
iwo
t_R
idg
e_
2G
ain
es_
Miz
eM
eto
lius_
Inte
rM
eto
lius_
Old
Me
toliu
s_
Yn
gW
ind
_R
ive
rS
an
tare
m_
67
Sa
nta
rem
_7
7S
an
tare
m_
83
NA
SA
_p
ine
Ga
ine
s_
AC
Me
r_B
leu
eN
orf
olk
Mo
rg_
Mo
nH
arv
ard
Sm
ith
so
nia
nW
alk
_B
ran
Ho
wla
nd
_H
Ho
wla
nd
_M
TH
ow
lan
d_
WT
N_
Mic
hS
ylv
an
iaU
MB
SD
uke
_H
dw
dD
uke
_P
ine
Du
ke
_O
pe
nL
ost_
Cre
ek
WL
EF
Will
ow
_C
ree
kN
rn_
Pla
ins
La
_P
az
Sky_
Oa
ks_
Old
SK
y_
Oa
ks_
Yn
gS
iste
rsB
lack_
Hill
sU
tah
_W
he
atg
rass
Uta
h_
Ju
nip
er
Uta
h_
Sa
ge
bru
sh
Gla
cie
r_L
ake
Ja
sp
er_
Rid
ge
Va
ira
_R
an
ch
To
nzi_
Ra
nch
Le
htb
rid
ge
Ko
nza
_P
rair
ieR
an
ne
lls_
gr
Ra
nn
ells
_u
nW
aln
ut_
Rvr
Fo
rt_
Pe
ck
Ce
rra
do
Su
ga
r_C
an
eC
am
p_
Bo
rde
nN
AS
A_
oa
kG
ain
es_
Dld
Bo
nd
evill
eM
an
ha
tta
nC
ub
_H
illM
ea
d_
irri
Me
ad
_ro
taM
ea
d_
rain
Srn
_G
rt_
Pla
in
GP
P (
gC
m-2)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000ENF
EBF
DBF
Mixed Forest
Open Shrubland
Woody Savannas
Savannas
Grasslands
Cropland
Park Falls/WLEF, WIMODIS GPP (DAO) = 1497.36 gC m-2
MODIS GPP (TOW) = 1078.91 gC m-2
Tower GPP = 1036.52 gC m-2
Julian Day0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
GP
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Park Falls/WLEF, WI: Tower vs. DAO
Tavg-Tower
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Tav
g-D
AO
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Tmin-Tower
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Tm
in-D
AO
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
VPDavg-Tower0 500 1000 1500
VP
Dav
g-D
AO
0
500
1000
1500
SWRad-Tower0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SW
Rad
-DA
O
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tower GPP (gC m-2 d-1)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000R2 = 0.61
DBF
ENF
Grassland
MIxed Forest
Open Shrubland
GPP from MOD17A2 Algorithm Default (DAO) Data As Input Meteorology
GPP from MOD17A2 Algorithm Tower Data As Input Meteorology
Tower GPP (gC m-2 yr-1)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
MO
D1
7A
2 G
PP
(g
C m
-2 y
-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000R2 = 0.74
DBFENFGrasslandMixed ForestOpen Shrubland
Spring
Tower GPP (gC m-2)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Winter
Tower GPP (gC m-2)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Autumn
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 100 200 300 400 500
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500Summer
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 200 400 600 800 10001200
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
MOD17A2with
TowerMeteorology
DBFENFGrasslandMixed ForestOpen Shrubland
Spring
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 100 200 300 400 500 600
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Winter
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 50 100 150 200 250 300
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Autumn
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 100 200 300 400 500
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500Summer
Tower GPP (gC m-2)0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
MO
DIS
GP
P (
gC
m-2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
MOD17A2with
Default (DAO)Meteorology
DBFENFGrasslandMixed ForestOpen Shrubland