Use of arid lands plant diversity for bioenergy ... · Use of arid lands plant diversity for...

Use of arid lands plant diversity for bioenergy:

Ecological and physiological criteria

Alejandro E. Castellanos V.1, José M. Llano S.1, Oswaldo Téllez V.2, Martín Esqueda V.3, David Hurtado F.1, César Hinojo H.1, Ana M. Martínez A.1, Andrés Ochoa M.4

1 DICTUS, Universidad de Sonora 3 CIAD, A. C. [email protected] [email protected]

2 Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales 4 Departamento de Agricultura, UNISONUBIPRO, FES Iztacalla, UNAM. [email protected]@servidor.unam.mx

Friday, November 26, 2010

mailto:[email protected]






BIO3 context for bioenergy

• Look for potential bioenergy sources in mexican arid lands

• Development of new bioenergy and biodiesel alternatives for arid and marginal lands in Mexico

• Provide native species alternatives and productive systems

• Dialog between academy and decision makers to promote bioenergy use


• Food security

• Unique biodiversity

• Extent of arid lands in Mexico

• Restoration of abandoned and marginal lands

National context for bioenergy needs


Global sustainable principles for biofuelsNETHERLANDS

PRINCIPLESGERMANY

UNITED KINGDOM(RTFO)

EUROPEAN UNIONFAO

(BEFSCI)

1. Positive GHG balance;

1. Sustainable land management;

1. Conservation carbon stocks;

1. Greenhouse balance and carbon sinks

1. Legality;

2. Not at expense of carbon sinks;

2. Protection of natural habitats;

2. Biodiversity Conservation;

2. Competition with food / other indirect effects land use changes

2. Planning, Monitoring and Continuous Improvement;

3. Not endanger food supply;

3. Potential for greenhouse gas reduction.

3. Soil Conservation; 3. Biodiversity3. Greenhouse Gas

Emissions;

4. Protect biodiversity; 4. Sustainable Water Use;

4. Local environmental effects

4. Human and Labour Rights;

5. Retain soil quality; 5. Air Quality; 5. Social well being employees

5. Rural and Social Development;

6. Conserve water; 6. Workers Rights; and 6. Indigenous peoples rights

6. Local Food Security;

7. Maintain air quality; 7. Land rights 7. Conservation;

8. Contribute to local prosperity; and

8. Soil;

9. Contribute to local social well-being.

9. Water;

10. Air;

11. Use of Waste;

12. Land Rights.


Sustainability

Social Environmental

Economic

Equi

tabl

e so

cial e

nviro

nmen

t

Sustainable economic developm

ent

Sustainable shared environment

Food security Bioenergy


• Define how arid lands can contribute

• Regionalization as a substitution basis

for bioenergy transition

• Knowledge basis for alternative ways

to implement bioenergy substitution

Arid lands bioenergy


Source (2007)Production volumen for primary energy

(Petajoules)

Internal sources for primary energy

(Petajoules)

Coal 251.24 381.88

Hydrocarbon

Crude Oil 6,923.36 3,086.48

Condensates 107.20 107.18

Natural Gas 2,436.30 2,874.65

Primary Electricity

Geoenergy 73.43 268.18

Nucleoenergy 114.49 73.43

Wind energy 2.46 2.46

Hydroenergy 268.18 114.49

Bioenergy

Sugar Cane Straw 99.56 98.47

Wood fuel 246.75 246.75

Total 10,522.97 7,253.97

Fuente: INEGI (2009)

Mexico energy offer


Residential useEnergy Consumption

(2006)Energy Consumption

(2007)Percentage

Total 705.17 893.53 100

Solid fuels

Wood fuel 247.20 246.75 27.6

Oil Products

Liquified Gas 266.48 364.02 40.7

Kerosene 1.85 1.76 0.2

Diesel 0.00 4.09 0.0

Fuel Oil 0.00 0.00 0.0

Dried Gas 29.61 39.19 4.4

Electricity 160.03 237.72 26.6

Fuente: SENER (2007) e INEGI (2010)

Mexico bioenergy use

Favorable cost - benefit, hidden costs ?


Residential useEnergy Consumption

(2006)Energy Consumption

(2007)Percentage

Total 705.17 893.53 100

Solid fuels

Wood fuel 247.20 246.75 27.6

Oil Products

Liquified Gas 266.48 364.02 40.7

Kerosene 1.85 1.76 0.2

Diesel 0.00 4.09 0.0

Fuel Oil 0.00 0.00 0.0

Dried Gas 29.61 39.19 4.4

Electricity 160.03 237.72 26.6Fuente: SENER (2007) e INEGI (2010)

Mexico bioenergy use

Favorable cost - benefit, hidden costs ?


What is the bioenergy production potential

from arid lands in Mexico?

Not productive by definition ?

No agriculture

Improductive regions


Arid and semiarid regions

Modificado de: CONABIO (1999)

Mexico territory

(Km2)

Arid lands (Km2)

Total Productivity

(Ton yr -1)

Energy productivity

(PJ yr -1)

1‘953,162 1‘093,770 218.75 * 106 3,281

Arid lands potential


Energy consumption Production volumen for primary energy (2006)

(Petajoules)

Production volumen for primary energy (2007)

(Petajoules)

Percentage (2007)

Total 4,524.69 4,815.12 100.00

Total Non Energy Consumption 287.54 265.97 5.52

Petrochemistry PEMEX 198.54 158.65 3.29 4

Other economic needs 89.00 107.32 2.23 6

Total Energy Consumption 4,237.14 4,549.14 94.48

Residential, comercial, public 844.19 893.53 18.56 3

Transportation 1,991.39 2,157.83 44.81 1

Farm and Ranching 128.24 134.90 2.80 5

Industrial 1,273.33 1,362.89 28.30 2

Fuente: SENER (2007) e INEGI (2010)

Arid lands in Mexico can significantly

contribute to bioenergy needs in:


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

19651968

19711974

19771980

19831986

19891992

19951998

20012004

PJ

ou

les

Público

Comercial

Industrial

Agropecuario

Transporte

Residencial

Consumo no energético

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

PJ

ou

les

Eléctrico

Ferroviario

Marítimo

Aéreo

Autotransporte



• Residential

• Rural

• Public


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

19651968

19711974

19771980

19831986

19891992

19951998

20012004

PJ

ou

les

Público

Comercial

Industrial

Agropecuario

Transporte

Residencial

Consumo no energético

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

PJ

ou

les

Eléctrico

Ferroviario

Marítimo

Aéreo

Autotransporte



* Favorable cost - benefits

* Local and equitable development

* Increasing supplies

* Diversifying sources and technologies


Focus on feasible targets

Provide substitution to local needs

Use local biodiversity

Generate appropiate technogical R+D




Sustainable production potential for

bioenergy in arid lands

Why there is a low productivity ?

• Low density of plants ?

• Low productive potential ?

• Measurement units ?

Kg biomass * area-1 * year-1


Sustainable production potential for

bioenergy in arid lands

Kg biomass * area-1 * year-1

Factoresambientales

Estructuragenética

Insumos derecursos

Agua. luz,CO2, ...

Genes, adaptación

Nitrógeno,labranza, ..

FOTOSINTESIS

ASI

GN

AC

ION

Prod

uctiv

idad

, re

ndim

ient

o

Aceites Extracción

Tran

sest

erifi

caci

ón

BIODIÉSEL

BiomasaFermentación

destilaciónETANOL

BiomasaFermentación

anaeróbicaMETANO(biogas)


Especie A max + Respiracion + Transpiracion ± EUA +

!mol CO2 m-2s-1!mol CO2 m-2s-1 !mol CO2 m

-2s-1!mol CO2 m-2s-1 mmol H2O m-2 s-1mmol H2O m-2 s-1 !mol / mmol!mol / mmol

Encelia farinosa 29.86 5.11 -4.67 1.67 10.468 1.690 2.86 0.255

Jatropha cordata 24.79 2.58 -2.38 0.14 10.142 2.138 2.55 0.574

Cucurbita argyrosperma 10.75 2.30 -1.60 1.01 5.098 0.825 2.21 0.242

Acacia cochliacantha 21.50 5.34 12.208 6.059 1.91 0.330

Jatropha cardiophylla 17.34 4.27 -2.63 1.48 11.267 3.250 1.68 0.720

Cucurbita digitata 10.64 4.08 -1.69 0.62 11.132 1.381 1.05 0.241

Jatropha cinerea 7.60 0.38 -7.55 0.00 11.477 0.205 0.66 0.029

Arid lands with highly productive species

Ecophysiological criteria


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 15 30 45 60

y = 0.2547x + 14.533 R! = 0.8799

Seed oil (%)

En

erg

y c

on

ten

t (

KJ / g

)

± 15 KJ / gr biomass v.s. 20 - 30 KJ / gr seeds

• Seeds are a plant’s energy storage for

• Perennation

• Germination

• Initial growth

• Establishment



(De: Munier y Salon, 2005)

Productivity and construction costs

Energy and Oil content


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 15 30 45 60

y = 0.2547x + 14.533 R! = 0.8799

Seed oil (%)

En

erg

y c

on

ten

t (

KJ / g

)


(De: Munier y Salon, 2005)

Relative high oil content and intermediate costs

Should expect intermediate yields


Seed oil (%)

Co

nstr

ucti

on

co

st

(g g

luco

se g

of

seed

)

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

y = 0.0196x + 1.0839 R! = 0.8821


http://iescarin.educa.aragon.es/depart/biogeo/varios/BiologiaCurtis/Seccion%206/35-8a.jpg

Templado Tropical

High insaturation benefits germination at low temperatures


.13

.11

.09

.07

.0526 28 30 32 34 36

LATITUDE

PR

OP

OR

TIO

N O

F

SA

TU

RA

TE

D F

AT

TY

AC

IDS

(De: Linder 2000)

“Not all oils are built the same”


35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

Ceta

ne N

um

ber

Insaturation (%)

Lythraceae

Cucurbitaceae

Brassicaceae


High insaturation benefits biodiesel combustion propierties



Seed mixtures may help benefit biodiesel combustion propierties

40.0

47.5

55.0

62.5

70.0

0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0

CE

TA

NE

NU

MB

ER

OIL (%) FROM SEED MIXTURE

Jojoba - Cucurbits

Jojoba - Encelia


Jatropha cinerea

Used for:

•actual and potential distribution

•Oil insaturation variability ?

Potential distribution

(Niche Models)

Cucurbita digitata


Variable Contribución

Precipitación del cuatrimestre

mas seco (mm)44

Temperatura promedio del

cuatrimestre lluvioso (°C)26.3

Precipitación anual (mm) 5.7

Oscilación diurna de la

temperatura (°C)4.6

Estacionalidad de la

temperatura (°C)3.6

J. cordataJ. malacophylla

J. cuneataAnnual rainfall Mean annual temperature

Jatropha cinerea

Used for:

•scenarios of ecophysiological differentiation

Potential distribution

(Niche Models)


Knowledge and understanding basis of

productivity for arid land species.

Consider ecophysiological criteria for

selecting potentialy useful species.



Agroecosystems and restoration

Abandoned agricultural land

Productive systems


Harvesting species

with a ....

Diversified approach

BIODIESELBIODIESEL

Lesquerella fendleri

Cucurbita argyrosperma

Cucurbita digitata

Simmondsia chinensis

Encelia farinosa

Jatropha spp

SOLID BIOFUELSOLID BIOFUEL

Prosopis spp

Acacia cochlyacantha

LIQUID BIOFUELLIQUID BIOFUEL

Agave angustifolia


Arid lands multiple approach:

Harvesting as a common appropiaton of arid lands’ productivity (short term)

- Local benefits

Restoration and rehabilitation, complex but feasible (long term)

- Increase ecological investment

Finding very competitive species for bioenergy uses (medium term)

- Increase knowledge basis


In conclusion,

•Low productivity per unit land means that bioenergy sources should be diversified

•Local resources and needs should be considered for bioenergy substitution (local, community, county and region)

•A plan for biofuel sustitution should consider R+D for local and end user energy needs

•Local and appropiate R + D should be considered in all steps of biofuel development

•Research investment for biodiversity use should be a sustainable principle in Mexico and other developing countries


Thanks ....


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