Use and importance of cover corps around the world
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Innovation in cover crops
Use and importance of cover corps around the
world
Crucifer cover crops
Peter-Jan Jongenelen,
productmanager cover crops
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Innovation in cover crops
Content- Company
- Cover crops used
- Crucifer cover crop market
- Advantages on crucifer cover crops
- Farm rotations
- Nutrients and catch crops
- Future research
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Innovation in cover crops
Joordens Zaden
Company based in the south east of the Netherlands
Owned by a French multi specie breeder; R.A.G.T. Semences
Specialized in breeding crucifer catch/cover crops
In Scandinavia since 2005 via Agortus
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Innovation in cover crops
Used cover cropsArable farming: - Oil seed radish (nematode resistant)- White mustard (nematode resistant)- Ryegrass - Phacelia- Rye- French marigolds
Dairy farming:- Rye- Clovers- Ryegrass- Forage rape
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Innovation in cover crops
Why crucifer cover crops? Amelioration of the soil structure
Organic matter
Prevent erosion and dust blizzards
Ameliorate the drainage of the soil Prevent soil fungi Nematode issues Limited possibilities chemical correction
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Innovation in cover crops
Crucifer market
NL B FR D/A OC UK S DK USA
White mustard 2007 25 74 320 300 1 30 0.8 10 10
Oil radish 44 2 13 113 1 1 1,6 3.3 2
Forage rape 20 2,5 18 20 0.4
BioFum blends 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3
Stubble turnip 0.5 0.1 0.4
Kale
Turnip
X 1000 ha
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Innovation in cover crops
Netherlands Cover crop choice mainly dominated by
nematode issue in field
Many different nematode populations in one field
N fixation is additional benefit
Pure N fixation in sandy soils after maize Oil seed radish Rye Ryegrass Forage rape
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Innovation in cover crops
Belgium
Cover crop choice mainly dominatedby price.
Important beet cyst nematode issue
Importance of other nematodepresent in soil is growing
First approach to N fixation crops on sandy soils. For this purpose, same crops are used as in NL
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Innovation in cover crops
France Cover crop choice mainly dominated by price
New law in place, where farmers are obliged to grow in winter, on bare fields, a cover crop for N fixation
A lot of crops used and tested, but winner so far; white mustard
Beet cyst nematode is most important nematode
Use of cover crops in mulching rotation, mainly oil seed radish
Start of use cover crops towards soil born fungi
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Innovation in cover crops
Germany
Cover crop mainly dominated by price and beet cyst nematode resistance
Mulching and low tilling system is widely used
Cover crops mainly seeded after winter barley
Market is opening for other nematode problems like Root knot and stem nematodes
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Innovation in cover crops
Oceania New market, solutions mainly
found in chemicals
Soil born fungi are main problems
Organic matter improvement is as important
Use of brassica’s for biofumigation
Crop choice mainly dominated by what is available
Market destroyed 5 years ago, due copying concept by crops that hadn’t effect on soil born pathogens
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Innovation in cover crops
England
Cover crops mainly used in game cover Wide rang from maize to forage rape
Less importance on beet cyst nematode
New law for N fixation and to use cover crops for that, didn’t make it
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Innovation in cover crops
USA Upcoming market, now
dominated by chemical solutions
Problems with organic matter and water
Start use of mustards and oil seed radish towards nematode issues
Crop choice mainly dominated by price
Big market for game cover, mainly mixtures
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Innovation in cover crops
Plant parasitic nematodes
The most known:
Beet cyst nematode, white and yellow
Root knot nematode (false)Root knot nematode
(Northern)Stem nematodeStubby root nematodeRoot lesion nematode
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Innovation in cover crops
Oil seed radish advantagesNon host to; •Globodera rostochiensis and pallida (PCN)
•Heterodera avenae (Cereal cyst nematode)
•Heterodera goetingiana (Carrot cyst nematode)
•Meloidogyne naasi (RKN)
•Ditylenchus dipsaci (Stem nematode)
•Ditylenchus destructor (Stem nematode)
•Tabaco Rattle virus (TRV)
Bad host to:
•Paratrichodorus teres (Stubby root nematode)
On variety level resistant to; •Heterodera schachtii and betae (BCN)
•Meloidogyne chitwoodi, fallax and incognita (RKN)
•Trichodorus similis (Stubby root nematode)
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Innovation in cover crops
Oil seed radish advantages
As plant
• Long tap root. Up till 1,5 - 2 meters
• Regrowth after cutting
• Leafy product
• Tuber tends to bulb
• Has a frost resistance up to – 6 degree C
• Reduces Rhizoctonia spp
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Innovation in cover crops
White mustard advantages
Non host to; •Globodera rostochiensis and pallida (PCN)
•Heterodera avenae (Cereal cyst nematode)
•Heterodera goetingiana (Carrot cyst nematode)
•Meloidogyne naasi (RKN)
•Ditylenchus destructor (Stem nematode)
On variety level resistant to; •Heterodera schachtii and betae (BCN)
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Innovation in cover crops
White mustard advantages
As plant
• Stems and leaves
• long tab root, up to 1 – 1,5 meters
• Frost susceptible
• Easy to destroy
• Fast growing crop, even at lower temperatures
• Reduces Rhizoctonia spp
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Innovation in cover crops
Rotation with crucifers
• Year 1; Potato
• Year 2: sugar beet/ cabbage
• Year 3: onion/ carrots
• Year 4: Wheat: cover crop
• Year 5: Potato
Farm rotation Netherlands/ Belgium
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Innovation in cover crops
Rotation with crucifers
• Year 1; Potato
• Year 2: Wheat: cover crop
• Year 3: Sugar beet
Or
• Year 1: Wheat
• Year 2: Wheat: chemical fumigation
• Year 3: Carrots
• Year 4: Wheat
Farm rotation France
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Innovation in cover crops
Rotation with crucifers
• Year 1; Potato
• Year 2: Wheat: cover crop
• Year 3: Sugar beet
• Year 4: Potato
Or
• Year 1; Potato
• Year 2: sugar beet/ cabbage
• Year 3: onion/ carrots
• Year 4: Wheat: cover crop
• Year 5: Potato
Farm rotation Germany
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Innovation in cover crops
Nematode table
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Innovation in cover crops
Rotation conclusion
Most cover crops are seeded after cereals in well prepared soils
In some occasions after early harvested potatoes, leek etc
In moderate climates crops are grown over winter, f.i. Tasmania
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Innovation in cover crops
Nutrients and catch crops
France
DM yield ton/ha
Total N kg/ha
Total P kg/ha
Total K kg/ha
Mustard 1,1 22 4,4 23,6
Radish 1,5 32,4 7,2 47,4
Source: ITB trial 2009, Annois France
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Innovation in cover crops
Nutrients and catch cropsNetherlands
Crop length (cm)
N content kg/ha
Mustard 20 30
Radish 20 30
Italian rye grass
15 34
White clover 20 68Source: N content cover crops, PPO, Wageningen
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Innovation in cover crops
Future research
More focus on nematode reducing cover crops as use of chemicals are more and more restricted
Biofumigation and fungi
Can we copy Biofumigation lab results towards practice
Try to put as many resistances in one cover crop
Within Brassica group, more species with potential
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Innovation in cover crops
Overall conclusion We can’t provide a culture system for all countries. Need is
to adapt the system towards the use of the cover crop. Main question in these; “what is the target to use your cover crop for”.
We can learn from other countries
Most important criteria for a farmer; before making his choice on a cover crop, he needs to know what is happening in his soil. F.i. Which soil born pathogens are present.
Cover crops can have positive effects on a soil and the next crop seeded, but can destroy it as well
With nematode resistant radish and mustard, we can solve many nematodes issues and improve soil health.