USCG Ballast USCG Ballast Water Water

Discharge Discharge StandardStandardOverview of Notice Overview of Notice of Proposed of Proposed RulemakingRulemaking

Why is ballast Why is ballast water used?water used?

Ballast Water is Ballast Water is Critical for Safe Critical for Safe

Operation of ShipsOperation of Ships

TrimStability

DraftStress

Ballast used to control and maintain:

Ballast tanks are a

honeycomb of individual bays

or cells with lots of places to trap sediment and restrict water flow

velocity

A ship can have over 20 ballast tanks

What are ballast What are ballast tanks like?tanks like?

What are ballast What are ballast tanks like?tanks like?

Why are we Why are we proposing to regulate proposing to regulate

ballast waterballast water Non-native organisms from discharged Non-native organisms from discharged

ballast water can flourish in new ballast water can flourish in new ecosystems.ecosystems.

Successful invaders can overwhelm Successful invaders can overwhelm native species and have adverse effects native species and have adverse effects on:on: Native organismsNative organisms Human infrastructure and healthHuman infrastructure and health Ecosystem balance, triggering other Ecosystem balance, triggering other

impacts (ex- bank erosion, extinctions)impacts (ex- bank erosion, extinctions)

Impacts of Nonindigenous Impacts of Nonindigenous Species,Species,

Zebra Mussel, as ExampleZebra Mussel, as Example

Habitat

Native species

Recreation

Infrastructure

WhyWhy a discharge standard? a discharge standard?

In U.S. waters, over 60% In U.S. waters, over 60% of vessels can not of vessels can not exchangeexchange

Effectiveness of ballast Effectiveness of ballast water exchange varies.water exchange varies.

Provides a clearly defined Provides a clearly defined benchmark for treatment benchmark for treatment technology development.technology development.

Aids in verifying Aids in verifying compliance with BWM compliance with BWM requirements.requirements.

Photo courtesy of SERC.

Viruses,Viruses, Bacteria,Bacteria, Protists & Protists &

Protozoans,Protozoans, Fungi,Fungi, Molds,Molds, Plants,Plants, Animals .Animals .

Wide Range of Organisms Wide Range of Organisms Found in Ballast WaterFound in Ballast Water

BWDS Presents a Complex BWDS Presents a Complex ChallengeChallenge

Technologies for removing organisms from Technologies for removing organisms from ballast water are not yet mature;ballast water are not yet mature;

Approved technologies need be compatible with Approved technologies need be compatible with existing vessels designs;existing vessels designs;

Development and implementation of the Development and implementation of the standard requires close collaboration among standard requires close collaboration among multiple stakeholders (gov’t agencies, scientific multiple stakeholders (gov’t agencies, scientific and environmental protection communities, and environmental protection communities, water treatment experts, shipping industry, etc.).water treatment experts, shipping industry, etc.).

The standard must be:The standard must be: Biologically protective, and Biologically protective, and Enforceable.Enforceable.

Sizes and Sizes and Concentrations Concentrations

50um = approx 0.00197 inches, or50um = approx 0.00197 inches, or

2/1000 of an inch.2/1000 of an inch. Ten 50um particles equals 1.25 x 10Ten 50um particles equals 1.25 x 10-12-12 M M33: :

Or, approx 1 trillionth of a MOr, approx 1 trillionth of a M33.. Equivalent to 1 second in 31,700 years.Equivalent to 1 second in 31,700 years. One drop of water in 20 Olympic swimming One drop of water in 20 Olympic swimming

pools.pools. 1 cubic meter of water weighs ~ 2,200 1 cubic meter of water weighs ~ 2,200

lbs:lbs: Approx the weight of a VW Bug Approx the weight of a VW Bug

(passenger volume: ~ 2 M(passenger volume: ~ 2 M33).).

The Phase One Standard will The Phase One Standard will be a Significant Increase in be a Significant Increase in

Protection Over BWEProtection Over BWEDistribution of zooplankton

concentrations in unmanaged discharge (354 tanks)

Unmanaged

After BWE

IMO = Phase 1

Minton et al., 2005

Ballast Water Ballast Water TreatmentTreatment

Hypochlorite Hypochlorite GeneratorGenerator OHClOHCl-- dosed into dosed into BW on uptake,BW on uptake, Residual ClResidual Cl-- neutralized prior neutralized prior to discharge.to discharge.

Filters and UVFilters and UV Filter + UV on Filter + UV on uptake,uptake, UV on UV on discharge.discharge.

Venturi De-Venturi De-oxygenationoxygenation De-oxygenation De-oxygenation and cavitation on and cavitation on uptake.uptake.Re-oxygenation on Re-oxygenation on dischargedischarge

Procedures to Procedures to Approve BWMSApprove BWMS

Biological efficacy tests:Biological efficacy tests: Land-based & shipboard;Land-based & shipboard; Largely based on EPA-ETV BWTS verification Largely based on EPA-ETV BWTS verification

protocols;protocols; ““In accordance” with IMO G8 type approval In accordance” with IMO G8 type approval

guidelines.guidelines. Engineering and operational requirements:Engineering and operational requirements:

Electrical,Electrical, Engineering,Engineering, Piping,Piping, Construction.Construction.

Criteria for certification of independent Criteria for certification of independent laboratories:laboratories: Ind. labs conduct/contract tests.Ind. labs conduct/contract tests.

Acceptance of BWMS approved by other Acceptance of BWMS approved by other countries:countries: Case-by-case basis.Case-by-case basis.

Estimated Annual Costs Associated with Estimated Annual Costs Associated with Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Introduction in the U.S ($2007) Introduction in the U.S ($2007)

Species Costs Fish $5.7 billion Zebra and Quagga Mussels $1.06 billion Asiatic Clam $1.06 billion Aquatic Weeds $117 million Green Crab $47 million Source: Pimentel, D. et al, 2005. “Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States,” Ecological Economics. 52:273-288

Summary of Phase-Summary of Phase-One Benefits & CostsOne Benefits & Costs

Annualized costs for phase one are Annualized costs for phase one are approximately $167 million. approximately $167 million. Annualized benefits (damages Annualized benefits (damages avoided) for phase one are $165 avoided) for phase one are $165 million to $282 million per year at a million to $282 million per year at a mid-range estimate, but could be mid-range estimate, but could be potentially as high as $553 million.potentially as high as $553 million. There is strong evidence that this There is strong evidence that this rulemaking is cost-beneficial at rulemaking is cost-beneficial at phase one. phase one.

Shipboard Shipboard Technology Technology

Program ManagerProgram Manager LCDR Brian MooreLCDR Brian Moore 202-372-1434202-372-1434 http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/

cg522/cg5224/step.aspcg522/cg5224/step.asp