USB POWER BOOSTER

A MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON USB POWER BOOSTER

2007-2011

SUBMITTED TO THE RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL [M.P] IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO GUIDED BY

Prof. P.K.Jain Mrs.Varsha Pandey H.O.D. Lecturer (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS) (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS)

SUBMITTED BY

Saurabh Kolhe Vatsal Tripathi Vipin Patel Virendra Patel Vivek Bhardwaj

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GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCESJABALPUR

2007-2011

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project title “USB POWER BOOSTER” which is being submitted by Saurabh

Kolhe(0206EC0471095), Vatsal Tripathi(0206EC071113 ), Vipin Patel(0206EC071115), Virendra

Patel(0206EC071117),Vivek Bhardwaj(0206EC071119) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and communication “Rajiv Gandhi

Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal[M.P]” has been carried out under my guidance and

supervision .It has not been submitted else where for any other degree.

Submitted To Prof. P.K. Jain Head of the department Electronics and Communication

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GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCESJABALPUR

2007-2011

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project title “ USB POWER BOOSTER” which is being submitted by Saurabh

Kolhe(0206EC0471095), Vatsal Tripathi(0206EC071113), Vipin Patel(0206EC071115), Virendra

Patel(0206EC071117),Vivek Bhardwaj(0206EC071119) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and communication “Rajiv Gandhi

Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal[M.P]” has been carried out under my guidance and

supervision .It has not been submitted else where for any other degree.

Guided By: Mrs.Varsha Pandey Lecturer Electronics and Communication

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RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

BHOPAL [M.P]

2007-2011

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project title “ USB POWER BOOSTER” which is being submitted by Saurabh

Kolhe(0206EC0471095), Vatsal Tripathi(0206EC071113), Vipin Patel(0206EC071115), Virendra

Patel(0206EC071117),Vivek Bhardwaj(0206EC071119) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and communication “Rajiv Gandhi

Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal[M.P]” has been carried out under my guidance and

supervision .It has not been submitted else where for any other degree.

----------------------------- -----------------------------Internal Examiner External Examiner

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DECLARATION

Here we declare that the project entitled which is being submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for the award of the degree of bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

communication “RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL [M.P]” is the

authentic record of my own work done under the guidance of Mrs. Varsha Pandey [Lecturer].

The Matter reported in this project has not been submitted earlier for the award of degree.

Saurabh Kolhe Vatsal TripathiVipin PatelVirendra PatelVivek Bhardwaj

DATE:-………………..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While submitting this project, we sincerely expressed our indebtedness to our esteem and

revered guide Mrs.Varsha Pandey Lecturer in Electronics and Communication Department for their

invaluable guidance, supervision and encouragement throughout the work. Without their kind

patronage and guidance it would not have taken shape. We take this opportunity.

To express our deep sense of gratitude Mr.P.K.Jain, [HOD Electronics and communication Dept.] for his encouragement and kind approval of project. We would like to express our sincere regard to him for advice and counseling time to time.

We also owe our sincere thanks to all the lecturer of Electronics and communication

Department for invaluable advice and counseling.

Saurabh Kolhe Vatsal TripathiVipin PatelVirendra PatelVivek Bhardwaj

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Preface

The completion of any project depends upon the Coordination, Co-operation &

combined effect of several recourses of knowledge, energy and time.

A student especially a technical student is expected to do some experimentation and

research work on subject which is taught in class during course of studies or trends and

technology having being developed. Such an effort which is well organized with a

definite aim or purpose us called a project.

The object of this project is to evoke technical thinking and induce the student to make

systematic analysis of the situations at hand, so as to reach at a definite conclusion.

By doing a project a student display their spirit in inquiry creativity of improving the

existing way of solving a problem through understanding of existing situation and

develops independent thinking and ability to understand basic factors project keeps a

student in touch with the latest technological developments and among a group of

students encourages integrated working. With the view our group selected “USB

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POWER BOOSTER” as a project. The project gives the complete details and analysis

of the project and figures necessary for the installation of the scheme.

INDEX

a. Introduction

b. Essential Components

c. :USB(Universal Serial Bus)

d. Types of USB

e. IC 3021

f. BT 36 TRIAC

g. IC7805

h. Rectifier

i. Working of a USB Power Booster

j. Advantages of a USB power booster

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k. Bibliography

List of Tables

1. USB Pin out, Cable Assembly.

2. PIN specification of MOC 3021 IC.

3. PIN specification of BT 136 TRIAC.

4. PIN specification of BT 136 TRIAC.

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List of Figure

1. A USB receptacle and Plug

2. Diagram for various types of USB ports:

3. Specifications of pins in a USB:

4. Diagram of a MOC 3021 IC:

5. Diagram of a BT 136 TRIAC:

6. Diagram of a IC 7805

7. Half Wave Rectification

8. Full Wave Rectification

9. Circuit diagram OF a USB Power Booster

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10. Layout of USB power booster

Introduction:

The USB serial bus can be figured for connecting several peripheral devices to a single PC since a PC can supply only a limited power to the external devices connected through its USB port, when too many devices are connected simultaneously there is a possibility of power shortage. Therefore an external power source has to be added to power the external devices. A USB POER BOOSTER is a type of a USB hub A USB hub is a device that expands a single USB port into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system. USB hubs are often built into equipment such as computers, keyboards, monitors, or printers. When such a device has many USB ports they all usually stem from one or two internal USB hubs rather than each port having independent USB circuitry. A bus-powered hub is a hub that draws all its power from the host computer's USB interface. It does not need a separate power connection. However, many devices require more power than this method can provide, and will not work in this type of hub.USB current (related to power) is allocated in units of 100 mA up to a maximum total of 500 mA per port. Therefore a compliant bus powered hub can have no more than four downstream ports and cannot offer more than four 100 mA units of current in total to downstream devices (since one unit is needed for the hub itself). If more units of current are required by a device than can be supplied by the port it is plugged into, the

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operating system usually reports this to the user. In contrast a self-powered hub is one that takes its power from an external power supply unit and can therefore provide full power (up to 500mA) to every port. Many hubs can operate as either bus powered or self powered hubs. Most USB hubs use one or more integrated controller ICs, of which several designs are available from various manufacturers. Most support a four-port hub system, but hubs using seven-port hub controllers are also available.

Essential Components:

USB socket type ALED (Light Emitting Diode)R1 resistor of 120 ohmsR2 resistor of 180 ohmsR3 resistor of 1.2KC1 capacitor of 0.047 micronsC1 capacitor of 0.047 micronsC2 capacitor of 100 micronsC3 capacitor of 100 nF1 1amp fuseD1-D4 1N4001Rectifeir DiodesX1=230V Primary to 12V, 1A secondary transformerTRIAC BT 136IC1MOC3021IC7805.

USB(Universal Serial Bus):

USB (Universal Serial Bus is a specification] to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually personal computers). USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer

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peripherals such as mice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become the standard connection method. USB was designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such assmartphones, The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a standard for peripheral devices. It began development in 1994 by a group ofsevencompanies: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel. USB was intended to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater bandwidths for external devices. The first silicon for USB was made available by Intel in 1995.

A USB receptacle and Plug

Types of USB:

1. USB-A :The Standard-A type of USB plug is a flattened rectangle which inserts into a "downstream-port" receptacle on the USB host, or a hub, and carries both power and data. This plug is frequently seen on cables that are permanently attached to a device, such as one

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connecting a keyboard or mouse to the computer via USB connection.

2.USB-B:A Standard-B plug — which has a square shape with bevelled exterior corners — typically plugs into an "upstream receptacle" on a device that uses a removable cable, e.g. a printer. A Type B plug delivers power in addition to carrying data. On some devices, the Type B receptacle has no data connections, being used solely for accepting power from the upstream device. This two-connector-type scheme (A/B) prevents a user from accidentally creating an electrical loop.

2.Mini and Micro:

Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as PDAs, mobile phones or digital cameras. These include the now-deprecated (but standardized) Mini-A and the currently standard Mini-B,Micro-A, and Micro-B connectors. The Mini-A and Mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm, while the Micro plugs have a similar width but approximately half the thickness, enabling their integration into thinner portable devices.

Mini-USB is often used by digital camcorders.

3. Micro-AB Socket OTG:

An OTG device is required to have one, and only one USB connector: a Micro-AB receptacle as defined in [Micro-USB1.01]. This receptacle is capable of accepting either a Micro-A plug or a Micro-B plug attached to any of the legal cables and adapters defined in [Micro-USB1.01].

The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of

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peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device. If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the HNP protocol is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device.

OTG devices attached either to a peripheral-only B-device or a standard/embedded host will have their role fixed by the cable since in these scenarios it is only possible to attach the cable one way around.

Diagram for various types of USB ports:

Specifications of pins in a USB:

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USB Pin out, Cable Assembly:

PIN SIGNAL NAME

1 VBUS

2 D-

3 D+

4 GND

IC 3021:

There are many situations where signals and data need to be

transferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of

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electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment to another,

without making a direct ‚ohmic electrical connection. Often this is

because the source and destination are (or may be at times) at very

different voltage levels, like a microprocessor which is operating from

5V DC but being used to control a triac which is switching 240V AC.

In such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one,

to protect the microprocessor from over voltage damage..

Optocouplers typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but

are essentially a combination of two distinct devices: an optical

transmitter, typically a gallium arsenide LED (light-emitting diode) and

an optical receiver such as a phototransistor or light-triggered diac.

The two are separated by a transparent barrier which blocks any

electrical current flow between the two, but does allow the passage of

light. The basic idea is shown in Fig.1, along with the usual circuit

symbol for an optocoupler. Usually the electrical connections to the

LED section are brought out to the pins on one side of the package

and those for the phototransistor or diac to the other side, to

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physically separate them as much as possible. This usually allows

optocouplers to withstand voltages of anywhere between 500V and

7500V between input and output. Optocouplers are essentially digital

or switching devices, so they are best for transferring either on-off

control signals or digital data. Analog signals can be transferred by

means of frequency or pulse-width modulation. A 3021 IC is

an optoelectronic coupler or an optocoupler which is basically an

interface between two circuits which operate at different voltage

levels. The key advantage of an optocoupler is the electrical isolation

between the input and output circuits.MOC 3021 IC is used to reduce

noise in the circuit.

Diagram of a MOC 3021 IC:

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PIN specification of MOC 3021 IC:

PIN DESCRIPTION

1 ANODE

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2 CATHODE

3 NC(No Connection)

4 MAIN TERMINAL

5 SUBSTRATE DO NOT

CONNECT

6 MAIN TERMINAL

BT 136 TRIAC:

A TRIAC or Triode alternating current device is a semiconductor, the family of the transistors. The difference with a thyristor is conventional is that it is unidirectional and bidirectional TRIAC. Colloquially be said that the TRIAC is a switch capable of switching the alternating current. Its internal structure resembles to some extent to the provision that would form two SCR in anti parallel. It has three electrodes: A1, A2 (in this case they lose the name of the anode and cathode) and gate. The firing of the TRIAC is performed by applying a current to the electrode door. Its versatility makes it ideal for controlling alternating currents. One is their use as breaker Estate offers many advantages over conventional mechanical switches and relays. It works as well as electronic switch stack. Triacs are used in many low power applications such as attenuators of light, speed controls for electric motors and computer control systems of many household items. However, when used with inductive loads such as electric motors, you should take precautions to ensure that the TRIAC will turn off correctly at the end of each half wave of alternating current Because of its low stability at present its use is very limited. the basic function of a BT 136 TRIAC is that I t is

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used for controlling ac power to load by switching on and off during the positive and negative half cycles of the input sinusoidal signal.

Diagram of a BT 136 TRIAC:

PIN specification of BT 136 TRIAC:

PIN DESCRIPTION

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1 MAIN TERMINAL 1(anode 1)

2 MAIN TERMINAL 2(anode 2)

3 GATE

IC 7805:

IC 7805 is a voltage regulator generally used to regulate the voltage. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

With the exception of passive shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback control loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability (avoidance of oscillation, or ringing during step changes). There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output voltage - by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However, many regulators have over-current protection, so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output current is too high, and some

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regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a given range (see also: crowbar circuits).

Diagram of a IC 7805:

PIN specification of BT 136 TRIAC:

PIN DESCRIPTION

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1 INPUT

2 COMMON or GND

3 OUTPUT

Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter. When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectification may occasionally serve in roles other than to generate D.C. current per se. For example, in gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. Two metal electrodes in the outer layer of the flame provide a current path, and rectification of an applied

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alternating voltage will happen in the plasma, but only while the flame is present to generate it.

Half Wave Rectification:

In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the following two ideal

equations:

Full Wave Rectification:

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four diodes arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier:

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Working of a USB Power Booster:

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In USB, two different types of connectors are used type A and type B.The circuit presented here is an add on unit, designed to add more power to a USB power supply (type A).When the power signal from the PC (+5V) is received through socket A, LED1 glows, opto-diac IC1 conducts and TRIAC1 is triggered, resulting in availability of mains supply from the primary of transformer X1. Now transformer X1 delivers 12V at its secondary, which is rectified by a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4 and filtered by capacitor C2.Regulator 7805 is used to stabilize the rectified DC. Capacitor C3 at the output of the regulator bypasses the ripples present on the rectified DC output. LED 1 indicates the status of the USB power booster circuit. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet .Bring the +5V, ground and data point in the type-A socket. Connect the data cables as assigned in the circuit and the power booster is ready to function.

Advantages of a USB power booster:

I. The problem of power shortage is removed.II. The data transfer occurs at a good speed.III. Multiple peripheral devices can be connected to the USB power

booster.IV. Devices requiring high power for data transfer can be easily

operated and at a good speed.V. Can be used where many input and output peripherals are to be

connected.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Electronics for You – EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd..

2) Texas Instruments Linear IC Data Book

3) WEB SITE SUPPORT - www.kpsec.freeuk.com

- www.datasheetcatelog.com

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