USAID Office of Food for Peace Dale Skoric Title II Food Aid Programming

USAID Office of Food for Peace

Dale Skoric

Title II Food Aid Programming

The Big Picture

• Food crisis: With over 1 billion people worldwide (one-sixth of the world population) suffering from hunger, over 30 cases of food-related unrest having erupted around the world since 2008, 25,000 children dying daily from malnutrition, 2 billion people currently suffering from micro-nutrient deficiencies, local food prices in most developing countries being too expensive for hundreds of millions of people, disputes over depleting land resources, the food crisis will continue to threaten lives and livelihoods worldwide.

• Urbanization: With an urban population that will double in Asia and increase by 150% in Africa between now and 2050, urbanization will create massive social inequities and risks as well as tangible health problems, malnutrition rates, unemployment, and income deficits, which represent an almost permanent threat to the security of billions.

• Due to population growth alone, the absolute number of people at risk in emergencies is projected to increase. These challenges will call for the humanitarian system to help more people in more places (but, most likely, with fewer resources given the financial shortfall).

The Big Picture The Big Picture

• The number of people displaced from conflict or violence has increased from 17.4 million in 1997 to 27.5 million in 2010, and displacements are increasingly prolonged.

• The impacts of climate change and other extreme weather events, combined with the growth of densely populated urban centers in areas vulnerable to natural disasters, are increasing the risk of large-scale displacement, damage and death due to natural disasters.

• These trends are reflected in the United Nations World Food Program Appeal funding requirements, which have increased steadily over the last decade, from just under $1 billion in 2000 to $6.8 billion in 2010.

IDP Trends

Natural Disasters Trends

Office of Food for PeaceOffice of Food for Peace

Source: United Nations Humanitarian Appeal, Consolidated Appeal Process, 2011

U.S. Food Assistance - General Outline

Title I: Trade & Development Assistance USDA

Title II: Emergency & Develop. Assistance USAID

Title III: Food For Development USAID

Title V: Farmer to Farmer USAID

Section 416(b): Surplus Donations USDA

Emerson Trust: Emergencies USAID/USDA

Food for Progress USDA

McGovern-Dole Global Food for Education USDA

Title I: Trade & Development Assistance USDA

Title II: Emergency & Develop. Assistance USAID

Title III: Food For Development USAID

Title V: Farmer to Farmer USAID

Section 416(b): Surplus Donations USDA

Emerson Trust: Emergencies USAID/USDA

Food for Progress USDA

McGovern-Dole Global Food for Education USDA


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USAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTUSAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHART


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Food For Peace’s Operating Environment

U.S. Shipping (cargo preference)

AgribusinessProcessors

Bag producers USDA PVOs

World FoodProgram

Host GovernmentsTitle II Food Aid

Beneficiaries

CongressOMB

StateDepartment



Legislative Context: Reliance on Agriculture Appropriations

Note: Does not include MARAD reimbursements, carry over funds, and deobligations from prior year agreements.*House proposed FY2012 Budget level.

Title II average cost/metric ton (delivered)


To Date


CHOOSING A RESPONSE:

• Is food aid the right response?• Who are the right people to be assisted?• What are the right commodities for these people?• How much is the right amount of commodity?• What are the right programs for the vulnerable?• How soon are the commodities needed and for how

long? (right time)


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Availability

Access

Utilization

Vulnerability

Production

Markets

Policies

Markets

Care Practices

PricesPolicies

Stocks

Climate Land

Imports

Health Care

Sanitation

Water

Production

Income

Wages

Prices

AidEntitlements

Expenditure

Economic

ConflictClimate


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Food for Peace

Emergencies Non-Emergencies

• Response to rapid onset and/or complex emergencies

• Selected post-emergency stabilization activities

• Address immediate food needs of populations at risk

• Response to chronic food insecurity

• Maternal and child health• Environmental stabilization• Sustainable agriculture• Risk mitigation and asset

building


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EMERGENCY FOOD AID: RESPONSEWhen food insecurity is an issue and food commodities are

the most effective, appropriate response

An emergency food aid process is initiated if…• identified need for food, and• beyond capacity of local authorities to respond, and either• verification that a humanitarian need exists for food aid, or• there is a UN emergency appeal, or• there is a U.S. Embassy disaster declaration

Examples: • Natural Disasters • Complex Emergencies – Prolonged civil strife• Post-Emergency Stabilization

Examples: • Natural Disasters • Complex Emergencies – Prolonged civil strife• Post-Emergency Stabilization


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Constant assessment of the severity of food (in)security

Increasing severity



Most likely food security outcomes (July – September 2011)Horn of Africa

Source: FEWSNET

2010/11 rainfall compared to historical totals since 1950/51 in select pastoral areas of Kenya and Ethiopia

Source: FEWSNET


Emergency Food Aid: Peak Needs

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

$ O Horn of Africa pastoral hunger season

$ O Afghanistan hunger season

$ $ O Sudan/Eastern Chad prepositioning

$ O Sahel hunger season

$ O Southern Africa hunger season

$ O Ethiopia Safety Net

Title II Emergency Food Aid

Overview

• Over $1.5 billion in FY 2010

• Prioritized based on magnitude, severity of needs

Country/Region

FY10 (USD mil)

Ethiopia $389.5

Sudan $275.7

Haiti $140.7

Kenya $102

Chad $98.2

Pakistan $96.8

Congo $85.7

Zimbabwe $79.5

Afghanistan $42.6

Niger $48.7

Top Ten Emergency Recipient Countries


CURRENT TITLE II NON-EMRGENCY FOOD AID STRATEGIC COUNTRY APPROACH

Selection criteria using weighted average of three food security indicators:

% of children stunted

% of population living under $1.25 per day

% of population undernourished

Current Focus Countries

Afghanistan Bangladesh

Burkina Faso Burundi

Chad DRC

Ethiopia Guatemala

Haiti Liberia

Madagascar Malawi

Mali Mauritania

Mozambique Niger

Senegal Sierra Leone

Sudan Uganda Zambia

In FY10, 16 awardees implemented 42 programs in 21 countries, benefitting 7.9 million people.

In FY10, development programs used approximately 500,000 MT of food assistance, valued at more than $400 million.

NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: GUIDING QUESTIONS

• Does the needs assessment reveal chronic food insecurity?

• Is Title II food aid the appropriate tool for addressing the identified problem?

• What does the situational analysis reveal about the capacities and resources for the affected country, USAID Mission, potential partners or other donors?

• Does the Bellmon Analysis indicate sufficient storage and that food aid will not cause a disincentive for local production or marketing?


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For new Title II multi-year development programs, FFP works with Missions to put together Food Security Country Frameworks and/or Country Specific Guidance.

This includes a detailed assessment to see where Title II resources should be best placed to meet mission objectives.

Desire is to have Title II multi-year development programs be “Mission owned” and integrated with other mission programs. All Title II multi-year developent applications should then fit within the broader guidance of the food security framework for any given country.

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TYPES OF NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: ACTIVITY TYPES

Food and monetization proceeds support integratedcommunity-based programs with activities in:

• Maternal/child health and nutrition, with a focus on prevention of malnutrition during the 1000 day window of opportunity

• Agricultural development/Natural resource management

• Water/sanitation• Microfinance• HIV prevention, care and support

PROGRAM IMPACT EXAMPLES

• Haiti: Stunting prevalence showed a 16 percentage point reduction compared to control areas

• Bangladesh: Child stunting was reduced by 30% and checkups during pregnancy increased from 13% to 84%

• DRC: 16 kilometers of irrigation canal and 27 kilometers of feeder road repaired, allowing an increase from one to three crop cycles per year. Agriculture co-operative members increased their median annual incomes by 42%

• Sierra Leone: Farmer yields increased by 77% for cassava, 66% for lowland rice, 65% for vegetable production

• Ethiopia: Average household asset values increased 20%, food self-sufficiency increased 29%

• FFP MCHN Development Programs: Show an average 2.4 percentage point reduction per year in chronic malnutrition in young children

Impact examples for Title II Development Programs that use a combination of monetization and direct distributions.

Overview

• Over $401 million in FY 2010

Title II Non- Emergency Food Aid

Top Ten Non-Emergency Recipient

Countries

Country/Region

FY10 (USD mil)

Ethiopia $62.2

Bangladesh $42

Haiti $36.5

Sudan $30.3

Uganda $25

Guatemala $25

Mozambique $19.6

Malawi $18

Madagascar $17.1

Congo $15.6


Food Aid Logistics – Key Issues

• Port capacity• Import requirements• Transport routes

– Road– Rail– River– Air

• Cost effectiveness• Warehousing

– Locations– Cost– Monitoring

• Security


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FFP ACTIONS IN PROGRESS TO IMPROVE IMPACT

• An independent, meta-analysis looking at evidence of program impact across 32 countries between 2006 and 2010.

• An evidence based research study but Tufts University to determine program graduation options and effective exit strategies.

• An IFPRI impact evaluation of large-scale, under-two, malnutrition prevention programs to evaluate cost-effectiveness and ration sizes.

• Inclusion of the 1,000 days approach for all nutrition interventions in all Title II programs.

• Revision of monetization manual to guide partners on best practices and procedures for completing monetizations.

• EFSP Program (local and regional procurement, cash and vouchers).

• Availability of new food aid products with improved nutritional quality in FY11/12.

We Will DeliverWe Will Deliver

USAID Office of Food for Peace Dale Skoric Title II Food Aid Programming

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