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#

TA9?> 1. !U?AT$!6 $6*!5-AT$!6

Year 1970 1980 1990 000 00! 01"

Avera#e

Annua$Growt% Rate

000 & 01"

'o(u$ation

)*i$$ion+,)1,20:.1 22%.2 24.: 2&2.2 2:.: #1conomic =ata

>conomic statistics for the United States are reularly pu+lished +y the U.S. =epartment of 3ommerce's 9ureau

of >conomic Analysis. Ta+le 2 shows historical /ross =omestic roduct (/=) statistics. The estimated /=

for 201# was US=1conomic Analysis.

1..Ener#y In3or*ation

The United States has a mar7etdrien economy. =ecisions affectin resources" prices" technoloy

deelopment" and other matters pertainin to enery are primarily made +y the priate sector within the conte,t

of oernment laws and reulations. *ederal and local oernments encourae the deelopment and use of

selected enery resources throuh fundin of research and deelopment" ta, allowances" serice chares"

reulations" and demonstration proects. -any of the main features of federal enery policy are esta+lished +y

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4

the >nery olicy Act of 12 (>A3T12) and the >nery olicy Act of 200: (>A3T200:). Section #.2.1proides a more complete list of the federal laws that impact nuclear power. These federal laws esta+lish

enery efficiency standards" nuclear power incenties" alternate fuels deelopment" and renewa+le enery

incenties.

>nery statistics and proections for the United States are pu+lished +y the U.S. >nery $nformation

Administration (>$A). >$A is the statistical and analytical aency within the U.S. =epartment of >nery(=!>). >$A collects" analyCes" and disseminates independent and impartial enery information to promote

sound policyma7in" efficient mar7ets" and pu+lic understandin reardin enery and its interaction with theeconomy and the enironment. >$A is the nationDs premier source of enery information and" +y law" its data"

analyses" and forecasts are independent of approal +y any other officer or employee of the U.S. /oernment.

A complete list of reports and pu+lications produced +y >$A are aaila+le at www.eia.oEreportsE.

1.1.: >stimated Aaila+le >nery

The United States has the larest estimated recoera+le reseres of coal in the worldand has enouh estimatedrecoera+le reseres of coal to last more than 200 years" +ased on current production leels. 3oal is produced

in 2: states spread across three maor coalproducin reions. $n 2012" appro,imately %0@ of productionoriinated in fie states yomin" est 8irinia" Fentuc7y" ennsylania" and $llinois.

U.S. crude oil and lease condensate proed reseresrose for the fourth consecutie year in 2012" increasin +y1:@ to 4"::< million metric tons" accordin to the U.S. 3rude !il and 6atural /as roed 5eseres (2012)

report released in 2014 +y >$A. U.S. crude oil and lease condensate proed reseres were the hihest since

1%stimated production of shale natural as increased #0@ in 2012.

Uranium reseres are estimated ;uantities of uranium in 7nown mineral deposits of such siCe" rade" and

confiuration that the uranium could +e recoered at or +elow a specified production cost (forward cost) withcurrently proen minin and processin technoloy and under current law and reulations. *orward costsinclude the costs for power and fuel" la+or" materials" insurance" seerance and ad alorem ta,es" and applica+le

administratie costs. The forward costs used to estimate U.S. uranium ore reseres are independent of the priceat which uranium produced from the estimated reseres miht +e sold in the commercial mar7et. Throuh the

end of 201#" U.S. uranium resere estimates for %4 mines and properties +y status" minin method" and state are

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:

proided in the =omestic Uranium roduction 5eport(=U5) +y >$A. >stimated uranium reseres at up toUS=100 per pound were 12"00 metric tons U#!&. Ta+le # shows estimated U.S. enery reseres.

TA9?> #. >ST$-AT>= A8A$?A9?> >6>5/G 5>S>58>S

Fo++i$ Fue$+ Nu5$ear Renewa$e+

6o$i)1, Liui), Ga+)", raniu*), :yroOt%er

Renewa$e

Mi$$ion*etri5 ton+

Mi$$ion*etri5ton+

;i$$ion *" Metri5 ton+ "O8 T< Tou$e )E?, 6A 6A 6A 6EA 6EA 6EA

(1) 5eflects estimated recoera+le reseres as of #1 =ecem+er 2012.

(2) 5eflects crude oil and lease condensate proed reseres as of #1 =ecem+er 2012.(#) 5eflects proed reseres of wet natural as as of #1 =ecem+er 2012.(4) 5eflects uranium reseres as #1 =ecem+er 201# and assumes a US=100 per pound forward cost for U#!&.

Source U.S. >nery $nformation Administration.

1.1.nery Statistics

The rowth in electricity demandhas +een sinificantly slower than /= rowth for decades. $n the 1:0s"

1

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4. >6>5/G STAT$ST$3S (>)

Year 1970 1980 1990 000 00! 01")1,

Avera#e

Annua$Growt% Rate000 & 01"

Ener#y

Con+u*(tion

Tota$ %1< &2# &1 1"041 1"0:% 1"02: 0.11@

6o$i+), 14: 1& 2#1 2%0 2%# 2#% 0.@

Liui+)", #11 #nery $nformation Administration" -onthly >nery 5eiew" -arch 2014.

1.1.% >nery olicy

The U.S. enery sector is enerally mar7etoriented. *ederal policies and reulations oern specific aspects of

enery production and transmission" includin" +ut not limited to" air and water ;uality" interstate commerce"

mine safety" leasin of federal lands" support for research and deelopment actiities" inestment incenties"

income ta,es" ta, incenties" as well as nuclear licensin and safety oersiht. $n addition to the *ederal role inthe enery sector" state oernments issue policies and reulations affectin the enery sector within each state.State inolement is related to air and water ;uality" mine safety and permittin" seerance or other ta,es" ta,

incenties" and renewa+le portfolio standards. States may reulate the electric power sector throuh pu+licutility commissions and associated interated resource plannin and rate settin procedures. The United States

is not a sinatory to the Fyoto rotocol to the United 6ations *ramewor7 3onention on 3limate 3hane.

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%

1.".T%e E$e5tri5ity 6y+te*

The electricity system in the United States consists of eneration" transmission" distri+ution systems" supportin

capital mar7ets" and end users. The relationships amon these mar7et participants ary +y state and reion.

1.#.1. >lectricity olicy and =ecision-a7in rocess

-ost electric enerators in the United States are priatelyowned and su+ect to federal" state" and municipal

laws and reulations throuh a decentraliCed process. Althouh there is su+stantial interstate trade" no sinle

system or mar7et structure e,ists to oersee or reulate this trade as a result of such factors as urisdiction.Some states hae reulated mar7ets in which eneration" transmission" and distri+ution of electric power are

proided +y ratereulated utilities. !ther states hae un+undled eneration and allow for competitie retailmar7et participation.

*ederal inolement in electric power reulation is +ased on a clause in the U.S. 3onstitution that maintainsthat only the *ederal oernment may reulate interstate commerce. 3onse;uently" state oernments areprohi+ited from reulatin interstate commerce. *ederal reulation" therefore" is focused on the interstate

actiities of electricity producers" +ut the reulation of intrastate actiities is the responsi+ility of states andother municipal urisdictions.

Seeral laws" includin the *ederal ower Act (*A) of 1#:" the u+lic Utility 5eulatory olicies Act

(U5A) of 1%&" >A3T12" and >A3T200: form the +asis for federal reulation of transmission andwholesale electric power transactions. See Section #.2.1" $mportant ?eislation Affectin the >lectric ower

$ndustry" for more information on these laws.

The U.S. electricity mar7et has eoled considera+ly in recent years due to seeral reulatory actions.Specifically" the state of 3alifornia oriinated the concept of separatin operators from owners of transmissionsystems. The *ederal >nery 5eulatory 3ommission (*>53) re;uired utilities under *ederal urisdiction to

proide open access to the transmission system on a compara+le +asis to the serice they proide themseles in153

urisdiction. *>53 !rder 6o. &&esta+lished electronic openaccess" sametime information systems (!AS$S)for aaila+le transmission capacity. !AS$S proides all customers e;ual" timely access to transmission

aaila+ility information. hile *>53 !rder &&& encouraed the creation of $S!s" *>53 !rder 6o. 2000"issued in 1" encouraed the oluntary formation of 5eional Transmission !raniCations (5T!) to

administer the transmission rid on a reional +asis. The characteristics and functions of an 5T! are defined in*>53 !rder 6o. 2000.2

After competition in the wholesale mar7et was permitted" interest rose in retail competition. This form of

dereulation was state+ased. 5eions of the country where prices sinificantly e,ceeded the national aerae

(3alifornia and 6ew >nland states) were leaders in adoptin electricity dereulation. oweer" the 3aliforniaelectricity crisis of 20002001 resulted in seeral states ta7in a more deli+erate approach toward dereulation

and een reersin preiouslyta7en steps.

1Sioshansi" *ereidoon . and faffen+erer" olfan" H>lectricity -ar7et 5eform An $nternational erspectie"I >lseier (200

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&

$n states where retail electricity prices are directly reulated" pu+lic utility commissions J consistin of eitherelected or appointed commissioners J determine what price utilities may chare their customers throuh

periodic reiews" 7nown as rate cases. $n states with unreulated mar7ets" competin retail electricity proiders

are essentially free to determine how much to chare for electricity.

1.#.2. Structure of the >lectric ower Sector

The U.S. electric power industry is a com+ination of interated electric utilities inoled in eneration"

transmission and distri+ution" and mar7etin" as well as corporate entities that are focused on solely proidinun+undled products" such as eneration. Utilities include those owned +y inestors (i.e." inestorowned

utilities or $!Us)" the *ederal oernment" municipalities" and the customers they sere (i.e." cooperaties).

istorically" the larer $!Us were ertically interated" thouh structures hae chaned in many reions from

reulated serice monopolies to more comple, corporate structures oraniCed to proide un+undled products.

U5A and su+se;uent leislation promoted competition in the eneration sector" which fostered the

emerence of seeral thousand nonutility electricity proiders. $n the nuclear sector" appro,imately :1@ ofnuclear power plants in the United States are reulatedB the remainin nuclear power plants are merchant

unreulated plants.

$nterated utilities are" for the most part" franchised monopolies that hae an o+liation to proide electricity to

all customers within a serice area. Their corporate shares are pu+licly traded" +ut they also raise funds throuhthe issuance of +onds. $n addition to eneration" most proide traditional transmission and distri+ution serices.

A num+er of utilities in the United States are pu+liclyowned" includin the federallyowned Tennessee 8alley

Authority (T8A). T8A is one of the nation's larest electricity proiders and also one of the larest nuclear

electricity enerators. Seeral other federallyowned utilities e,ist larely to offer electricity eneration and

transmission serices. $n all cases" their operations e,tend across seeral states. u+liclyowned utilities alsoinclude municipalities" pu+lic power districts" irriation districts" and arious stateowned oraniCations. -any

municipal electric utilities only distri+ute power" althouh a few larer municipalities produce and transmit

electricity from nuclear power plants. -unicipal utilities own shares in nuclear power plants" includin the3ataw+a (6orth 3arolina) and >dwin $. atch (/eoria) nuclear power plants.

The 5ural >lectrification Administration of the U.S. =epartment of Ariculture was esta+lished in 1#< to

e,tend electric serice to rural communities and farms" as rural America" for the most part" lac7ed electric

power at that time. 3ooperaties are incorporated under state law and are usually oerseen +y an elected +oard

of directors. Accordin to the6ational 5ural >lectric 3ooperatie Association" there are more than 00cooperaties in the United States that sere appro,imately 12@ of the nationDs meters or 42 million people.

3ooperaties own shares of nine operatin nuclear units and are plannin to participate in seeral proposedunits. $n addition" the !lethorpe ower 3ooperatieis a partial owner of 8otle Units # and 4" currently +ein+uilt in /eoria.

6onutility power producers include coenerators" small power producers" and independent power producers.

These producers lac7 a desinated franchise serice area" althouh they often proide power to specific clients

under contract. -any are enerally referred to as ;ualifyin facilities (K*s)" +ecause they receie certain+enefits under U5A. To ;ualify as a K*" the coenerator must meet certain ownership" operatin" and

efficiency criteria esta+lished +y *>53" such as producin electricity and other forms of useful thermal enery

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for industrial" commercial" heatin" or coolin purposes. U5A re;uired pu+lic utilities to purchase from K*sat aoided cost.

$ndependent ower roducers ($s) in the United States include wholesale electricity producers that are often

unaffiliated with franchised utilities in the area in which they sell power. >A3T12 esta+lished a new classof $s e,empt wholesale enerators (>/s) or Lmerchant plants.L >A3T12 e,empted >/s from the

corporate and eoraphic restrictions of earlier leislation. u+lic" inestorowned utilities are allowed to own$ facilities throuh holdin companies and hae formed su+sidiaries to deelop and operate independent

power proects throuhout the world.

The 1&0s saw the +einnin of competition in the electric industry. *>53" which reulates wholesale sales of

electricity +y priatelyowned companies in most of the United States" started approin mar7et+ased rates for

independent power producers in the late 1&0s. 9y the mid10s" *>53 re;uired transmissionownin

utilities to proide open access serice to allow competitors to delier electricity across their system. This

presented arious power pools in the industry with the challene of how to open up their cost+ased systems toindependent competitors. ower pools were formed +y roups of utilities initially to share reseres and then to

optimiCe realtime operations.

These power pools were transformed into $ndependent System !perators ($S!) +y creatin +id+ased enery

mar7ets" which set mar7et clearin prices +ased on marinal cost. As $S!E5T!s were formin" a num+er ofstates decided to restructure their erticallyinterated utilities +y re;uirin them to diest all or most of their

eneratin assets. $n most cases" plants were ac;uired +y nonstateratereulated companies affiliated with theformer ownin utility. $n some cases" merchant eneratin companies +ouht the plants. >en without

promptin from reulators" some utilities decided to sell their plants to merchant companies.

3urrently" twothirds of U.S. electricity consumers are located in $S! and 5T! eoraphic reions. 9y 2012"seen nonprofit $S!s and 5T!s were in e,istence and they accounted for nland ($S!6>). ith the e,ception of >53!T" which is limited to Te,as" all

of these entities are reulated +y *>53.

hen the ownership of a nuclear power plant chanes" the prices paid for plants reflect the alue of the oin

forward profits of the plant" which is hihly correlated with the mar7et price for electricity. The seere drop in

commodity prices after 200&" includin natural as prices toether with policies to promote the penetration ofrenewa+le eneration" hae eroded the alue of nuclear power plants. These conditions are not e,pected to

chane in the near future due to +oth a+undant shale as and the li7ely continuation of policies to promoterenewa+le enery. The uncertainty inherent in this situation complicates decisions +y nuclear utilities tooperate" uprate" retire" or +uild nuclear units.

1.#.#. -ain $ndicators

>$A collects e,tensie primary data from the electricity industry and pu+lishes the data" toether with forecasts

and analyses" on its we+ site. Specifically" lonterm domestic U.S. forecasts and proections (currently throuh

#-alcolm" 9ill" H5eional Transmission !raniCations A rimer"I U u+lic Utility $nstitute >nery 9asics roram" 12 !cto+er

2012" slide presentation.

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10

2040) are pu+lished in theAnnual Energy Outlook. Shortterm proections are proided in the Short-TermEnergy Outlook. istorical data are proided in theMonthly Energy Review. =etailed electric sector data are

proided in theElectric Power Annualand theElectric Power Monthly. Ta+les : and < summariCe some of the

eneryrelated data aaila+le from >$A.

TA9?> :. >?>3T5$3$TG 5!=U3T$!6" 3!6SU-T$!6 A6= 3AA3$TG

Year 1970 1980 1990 000 00! 01")1,

Avera#eAnnua$

Growt% Rate000 & 01"

Ca(a5ity o3e$e5tri5a$ ($ant+)Gnery 5eiew" -arch 2014 -onthly >nery 5eiew" anuary 2014 >lectric ower-onthly.

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12

construction of lare power plants" usually located away from load centers" helped spur inestment in hiholtae transmission facilities. The need for increased electric eneratin capacity reseresto +ac7up these

larer units fostered reseresharin areements amon utilities and construction of reional tie lines.

-ost of the utilities that +uilt nuclear plants in the United States were erticallyinterated" inestorownedcompanies. Sitin and rate reulation issues were addressed at the state leel. Safety reulation was" and still

is" handled at the federal leel +y 653. 5ate treatment for priatelyowned utilities was +ased on cost ofserice principlesB owners collected sufficient reenues from their customers to coer the cost of construction

and an administratiely set Hmar7etI rate of return on inested capital.

$n the late 1%0s and 1&0s" many nuclear proects were cancelled or deferred as a result of slower than

e,pected electricity demand rowth" increased nuclear construction costs" and reulatory uncertainty.

>lectricity demand dropped een further with the recession in the early 1&0s. $nflation dou+led or more than

tripled the cost of capital for utilities in the midst of the lonleadtime" capitalintensie construction proects.

The accident at Three -ile $sland in 1% undermined pu+lic support for nuclear power and resulted in newreulatory re;uirements. These situations e,acer+ated the financial strain on utilities +uildin nuclear reactors"

resultin not only in cancellations" +ut utility +an7ruptcies and conersion of nuclear proects to fossil proects.

$n April 1&" to address the issue of reulatory uncertainty" 653 streamlined its licensin process for future

nuclear power reactors.

Design Certifications for ew Reactors! Under current licensin reulations" an applicant who see7s to +uild a

new reactor can use an offtheshelf reactor desin that has +een preiously approed and certified +y 653.

The streamlined process encouraes standard or preapproed reactor desins. $ssuance of a desin certification

is independent of applications for a construction permit or an operatin license. =esin certifications are alid

for 1: years and can +e renewed for an additional 10 to 1: years.

Early Site Permit "ESP# A$$lications!$ndependent of an application for a construction permit (10 3*5 art :0)

or a com+ined license (10 3*5 art :2)" 653 may approe one or more sites for a nuclear power plant. An

>S is remains in effect for 10 to 20 years and can +e renewed for an additional 10 to 20 years.

Com%ine& 'icense A$$lication!Under current licensin reulations" 653 may issue a com+ined license (3!?)

for construction and operation. $n the past" separate construction permits and operatin licenses were issued.

hen the applicant uses an 653certified desin" safety issues related to the desin hae already +een resoled"

and the focus of the licensin reiew is the ;uality of reactor construction. A 3!? is alid for 40 years and

may +e e,tended for an additional 20 years.

Sta+iliCation of the licensin process should shorten construction leadtimes and improe the economics of newnuclear power plant licensin and construction.

2.1.2. 3urrent !raniCational 3hart

A comprehensie oraniCational chart of the U.S. nuclear power industry will +e proided in a future U.S.

3ountry 6uclear ower rofile. $n the meantime" *iure 2 depicts the structure of the U.S. *ederal /oernmentand its relationship to some of the aencies inoled in the nuclear enery sector" includin 653. A +rief

description of the responsi+ilities of 653 is proided +elow" and a hihleel oraniCational chart for 653 isproided in *iure #.

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1#

*$/U5> 2. !?$T$3A? SGST>- !* T> U6$T>= STAT>S

6our5eB 9ased onhttpEEen.wi7ipedia.orEwi7iE*ileoliticalMSystemMofMtheMUnitedMStates.s

*$/U5> #. !5/A6$NAT$!6A? 3A5T !* 6U3?>A5 5>/U?AT!5G 3!--$SS$!6 (S>?>3T!**$3>S !6?G)

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6our5eB 9ased onhttpEEwww.nrc.oEa+outnrcEoraniCationEnrcor.pdf

653 formulates policies" deelops reulations oernin nuclear reactor and nuclear materials safety" issuesorders to licensees" and adudicates leal matters. 653 is headed +y fie 3ommissioners" who are appointed +y

the resident and confirmed +y the Senate for fieyear terms. !ne 3ommissioner is desinated +y the

resident to +e the 3hairman of 653. The 3hairman is the principal e,ecutie officer of and the official

spo7esman for 653. The 3hairman is responsi+le for conductin the administratie" oraniCational" lonrane

plannin" +udetary" and certain personnel functions of the aency. The 3hairman has ultimate authority for all

653 functions pertainin to an emerency inolin an 653 license. The >,ecutie =irector for !perationsisthe chief operatin officer of 653 and is responsi+le for discharin the operational and administratie

functions necessary for the daytoday operations of 653" includin superisin and coordinatin policydeelopment" 653 operational actiities" and implementation of 653 policy directies.

The Adisory 3ommittee on 5eactor Safeuards(A35S)" under the Atomic >nery Act of 1:4" as amended"

reiews and adises 653 on matters related to the licensin and operation of production and utiliCationfacilities and related safety issues" the ade;uacy of proposed reactor safety standards" technical and policy

issues related to the licensin of eolutionary and passie plant desins" and other matters referred to it +y 653.A35S may elect to perform independent reiews of specific safetyrelated issues.

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1:

The Atomic Safety and ?icensin 9oard anel(AS?9) conducts all licensin and other hearins as directed+y 653" primarily throuh indiidual licensin +oards or sinle presidin officers appointed +y either 653 or

the AS?9 3hief Administratie ude. AS?9 has no fi,ed num+er of positions and is composed of

administratie udes (fulltime and parttime) who are lawyers" enineers" and scientists. Administratieudes sere as sinle presidin officers or on threemem+er +oards" which enerally are chaired +y an attorney"for a +road rane of proceedins. AS?9 udes are employees of 653 and their decisions are su+ect to 653

oersihtB howeer" the Administratie rocedure Act" as well as lonstandin aency policy" rants AS?9independence from 653.

..Nu5$ear 'ower '$ant+B Overview

2.2.1. Status and erformance of 6uclear ower lants

The nuclear power industry in the United States is the larest in the world" with 100 operatin commercial

nuclear reactors. -any serices and supplies to the U.S. nuclear power industry are imported. As of #1=ecem+er 201#" installed nuclear capacity in the United States totaled .1 /e (net). =ata are preliminary andinclude +oth electric power sector and commercial and industrial endusers of electricity. The nuclear share of

total capacity in the United States was @ in 201# as shown in *iure 4.

6uclear ower /eneration

$n 201#" total electricity eneration in the United States was 4"0:& net terawatt hours (Th)" with nuclear power

plants eneratin %& net Th" accordin to preliminary >$A data. =ata include +oth electric power sector andcommercial and industrial endusers of electricity. 6uclear eneration comprised appro,imately 20@ of total

eneration in the United States as shown in *iure :. The nuclear share of total eneration has remained

relatiely constant oer the years despite a decrease in the total num+er of reactorsB this is larely the result ofperformance improements.

Status of the 6uclear ower roram

6early :< years of operational e,perience and steadily improin licensee performance hae chaned the way

that the United States reulates nuclear power to a more ris7informed and performance+ased approach. To

encourae a sustained hih leel of safety performance at U.S. nuclear plants" important oersiht processes

hae incorporated ris7 insihts from ;uantitatie ris7 analysis. >fforts continue to reise reulations to focus

re;uirements on plant prorams and actiities that reflect the most sinificant ris7s. *iure < shows the location

of nuclear power plants in the United States and the nuclear capacity in each State. Ta+le % summariCes the

status and performance of operatin nuclear power plants in the United States. The followin sections descri+eproress made durin 201# in the U.S. nuclear power proram.

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1 4. >?>3T5$3 />6>5AT$6/ 3AA3$TG 9G *U>?

Note 1B=ata are preliminary and include +oth electric power sector and commercial and industrial endusers of electricity.Note Totals may not e;ual sum of components +ecause of independent roundin.6our5eBU.S. >nery $nformation Administration" *orm >$A&

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1%

*$/U5> :. >?>3T5$3$TG />6>5AT$!6 9G *U>?

Note 1B=ata are preliminary and include +oth electric power sector and commercial and industrial endusers of electricity.Note Totals may not e;ual sum of components +ecause of independent roundin.6our5eBU.S. >nery $nformation Administration" *orm >$A2#" Hower lant !perations 5eport.I

Other Renewable

%

Coal

$9%

Nuclear

20%

Natural Gas

27%

Conventional

Hydroelectric

7%

etroleu! "i#uids

0%

Other

&%

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Rea5tor Na*e Ty(e

01" Net

6u**erCa(a5ity1

)M,elon /eneration 3o" ??3 9a+coc7O

Turey 'oint&" 5 &02 &'@ *lorida ower O ?iht 3ompany estinh

Turey 'oint&9 5 &02

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2#

Early Site Permit "ESP#( As of #1 =ecem+er 201#" 653 had issued >Ss for four sites. 653 did not issue anynew >Ss in 201# or receie any new applications. =urin 201#" one >S application was under reiew.

ew Reactor Design Certification As of #1 =ecem+er 201#" 653 has issued desin certifications for four

desins" includin the estinhouse A1000 and the /eneral >lectric Adanced 9oilin ater 5eactor(A95). $n addition to seeral amendments to preiouslycertified desins" 653 is currently reiewin the

applications for three additional desin certifications" includin the U.S. Adanced ressuriCed ater 5eactor(USA5)" the U.S. >olutionary ower 5eactor (U.S. >5") and the >conomic Simplified 9oilin ater

5eactor (>S95).

Com%ine& O$erating 'icense "CO'#( A total of eihteen 3!? applications were filed +etween 200% and 200B

no applications for 3!?s hae +een filed since 200. As of #1 =ecem+er 201# one 3!? was withdrawn

(8ictoria 3ounty Station" Units 1 and 2)" si, 3!?s were suspended" nine 3!?s were under actie reiew" and two

3!?s were issued. Ta+le & proides the status of 3!? applications for planned reactors as well as a list of

reactors that hae receied a 3!?. !n *e+ruary 2012" 653 oted to approe Southern 6uclear !peratin3ompanyDs 3!? to +uild two new estinhouse A1000 reactors" 8otle Units # and 4" near Auusta"

/eoria. !n #0 -arch 2012" 653 oted to approe South 3arolina >lectric O /as 3ompanyDs 3!? to +uild

two new estinhouse A1000 reactors" 8iril 3. Summer Units 2 and #" near 3olum+ia" South 3arolina. The

8otle and 8iril 3. Summer units are the first to +e constructed in the United States in oer #0 years. As of #1

=ecem+er 201#" all four units are under construction. *iure % shows the location and data for reactors

currently under construction in the United States. Althouh under reiew" 653 may not approe further 3!?s

pendin the resolution of the aste 3onfidence issue in !cto+er 2014B the aste 3onfidence issue is descri+ed inmore detail later in this section.

Resume& Construction $n 1&&" T8A halted construction on atts 9ar Unit 2 in Tennessee and 9ellefonte

Units 1and 2 in Ala+amaB the ressuriCed ater 5eactor (5) units were appro,imately &0@ and ::@complete" respectiely. 3onstruction resumed on atts 9ar Unit 2 in 200%" and the 1"21& -e reactor is

e,pected to +e operational in late 201:. $n Auust 2011" T8A decided to complete construction of 9ellefonte

Units 1 and 2B howeer" construction at 9ellefonte Units 1 and 2 has +een deferred until the conclusion of wor7

at atts 9ar Unit 2.

'icense Renewal 653 has the authority to issue initial operatin licenses for commercial nuclear power plants

for a period of 40 years. The decision to apply for an operatin license renewal is made +y nuclear power plant

owners" and it is typically +ased on economics and the a+ility to meet 653 re;uirements. !peratin licenses

are renewed +y 653 for a period of 20 years. 653 reulations do not limit the num+er of license renewals a

nuclear power plant may +e ranted. The nuclear power industry is preparin applications for license renewals

that would allow continued operation +eyond

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24

TA9?> &. ?A66>= O U6=>5 3!6ST5U3T$!6 6U3?>A5 !>5 ?A6TS

6tation/'ro>e5t Na*e Ty(e1 nit+ Ca(a5ityM5 1 1"olutionary ower 5eactorB >S95" is interpretedas >conomic Simplified 9oilin 5eactor for the United States ersion" and the USA5" U.S. Adanced ressuriCed ater 5eactor.(2) ?icense was issued under 10 3*5 art :0" which is a twostep process inolin the issuance of a construction permit and then an operatinlicense.Source U.S. 6uclear 5eulatory 3ommission.

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2:

*$/U5> %. 6> A6= 5>SU->= 6U3?>A5 !>5 ?A6T 3!6ST5U3T$!6

)aste Confi&ence Rule($n order for 653 to continue to issue new 3!?s and renew e,istin operatin licenses"the aste 3onfidence issue must +e resoled. $n !cto+er 1%" 653 initiated a rulema7in process 7nown as

the aste 3onfidence 5ule. rior to its oriinal rulema7in" 653" as a matter of policy" stated that it Hwouldnot continue to license reactors if it did not hae reasona+le confidence that the wastes can and will in due

course +e disposed of safely.I !n #1 Auust 1&4" 653 issued the aste 3onfidence 5ule. aste confidenceis defined +y 653 as a findin that used nuclear fuel can +e safely stored at reactor sites for decades +eyond the

licensed operatin life of a reactor without sinificant enironmental effects. $t ena+les 653 to license reactorsor renew their licenses without e,aminin the effects of e,tended waste storae for each indiidual site pendin

ultimate disposal.

$n =ecem+er 2010" with the termination of the repository proram at Gucca -ountain" the aste 3onfidence

5ule was amended to state that used nuclear fuel could +e stored safely at reactor sites for

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2neryDs (=!>) !ffice of 6uclear >neryis to adance

nuclear power as a resource capa+le of meetin the nation's enery" enironmental" and national

security needs +y resolin technical" cost" safety" proliferation resistance" and security +arriers

throuh research" deelopment" and demonstration as appropriate. To achiee its mission" the

!ffice of 6uclear >nery is pursuin four research o+ecties as detailed in its uclear EnergyResearch an& Develo$ment Roa&ma$

,# Develo$ technologies an& other solutions that can im$rove the relia%ility sustain the

safety an& e.ten& the life of current reactors!

The ?iht ater 5eactor Sustaina+ility roramis deelopin the scientific +asis to

e,tend e,istin nuclear power plant operatin life +eyond the current

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##

reducin the financial ris7 associated with larer nuclear inestments. $n -arch 2012"=!> announced its intention to proide US=4:2 million in fundin to assist in the initial

deelopment of S-5 technoloy that has the potential to +e licensed +y 653 and to

achiee commercial operation +y 202:. $n 6oem+er 2012" =!> announced theselection of 9a+coc7 O ilco," in partnership with the Tennessee 8alley Authority(T8A) and 9echtel $nternational" to cost share the wor7 to prepare a license application

for up to four S-5s at T8ADs 3linch 5ier site in !a7 5ide" Tennessee. $n =ecem+er201#" =!> announced the selection of 6uScale ower" ??3 as the recipient of the

second awardB the proect will +e +ased in !reon.

#) Develo$ sustaina%le nuclear fuel cycles!

The !ffice of *uel 3ycle Technoloiesdeelops sustaina+le fuel cycle technoloies andoptions to improe resource utiliCation and enery eneration and to enhance safety and

limit proliferation ris7. $t also deelops used nuclear fuel (U6*) manaement strateiesand technoloies to support meetin the federal oernmentDs responsi+ility to manae

and dispose of the nationDs commercial U6* and hihleel waste.

4) *n&erstan& an& minimi1e the risks of nuclear $roliferation an& terrorism!

All of !ffice of 6uclear >neryDs 5O= prorams are desined to deelop moreproliferationresistant technoloies" while the6uclear >nery >na+lin Technoloies

roramspecifically aims to deelop new tools and approaches for understandin"limitin" and manain the ris7s of proliferation and physical security for fuel cycle

options throuh its roliferation and Terrorism 5is7 Assessment proram.

*rom a leislatie perspectie" the >A3T200: included the renewal of the rice Anderson Act

and incenties for +uildin the first adanced nuclear power plants. $ncenties included loan

uarantees" production ta, credits" and stand+y support insurance related to reulatory delays.

The incenties are at arious staes of deelopment.

uclear Power 'oan 2uaranteesJ 3onress ranted =!> authority to issue US=20.:+illion in uaranteed loans. =!> issued solicitations for US=1&.: +illion in loan

uarantees for new nuclear power facilities and US=2 +illion for the Lfront endL of the

nuclear fuel cycle on une #0" 200&. =!> offered a US=2 +illion loan to A5>8A for an

enrichment plant. $n *e+ruary 2014" =!> and Southern 6uclear !peratin 3ompany

finaliCed the first federal loan uarantee for US=

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#4

insurance to si, reactors to coer delays in operations attri+uted to 653 licensinreiews or litiation.

5esearch and deelopment" current leislatie incenties" and streamlinin the licensin process(see Section 2.1.1) contri+ute to the current U.S. nuclear power plant deelopment stratey.

2.#.2. roect -anaement

roect manaement of the construction and operations of nuclear power plants is the

responsi+ility of the owners and operators of nuclear power plants. The $nstitute of 6uclearower !perations($6!) is an industry oraniCation that" amon other mission o+ecties"

conducts plant ealuations" supports trainin and accreditation for nuclear power professionals"assists in the analysis of sinificant eents at nuclear power plants" communicates lessons

learned" and proides assistance with technical and manaement issues" at the re;uest of

indiidual nuclear power plant owners or operators.

2.#.#. roect *undin

6uclear utilities" and in some cases" pu+lic utility commissions" are responsi+le for proect

financin decisions. *undin is secured from +an7s and throuh shareholder e;uity. As

discussed in Section 2.#.1" the *ederal oernment" throuh >A3T200:" does proide

incenties for the construction of new nuclear power plants" includin production ta, credits"

loan uarantees" and stand+y support insurance related to reulatory delays.

2.#.4. >lectric /rid =eelopment

!nce electricity is enerated J whether +y +urnin fossil fuelsB throuh nuclear fissionB or +y

harnessin wind" solar" eothermal" or hydro enery J it is enerally sent throuh hiholtae"

hihcapacity transmission lines to local electricity distri+utors. Transmission is a prominent

federal issue" +ecause of a perceied need to improe relia+ility and reduce costs" transmissionDs

role in meetin national enery oals (such as increased use of renewa+le electricity)" and the

potential efficiency adantaes of HSmart /ridI moderniCation. Transmission deelopment and

reulation are comple, policy issues that include

lannin

ermittin

*inancin

System moderniCation and the smart rid

5elia+ility

The current U.S. electric rid was +uilt in the 1&0s and improed upon as technoloy adanced

throuh each decade. Today" it consists of more than "200 electric eneratin units with more

than 1 million meawatts of eneratin capacity connected to more than #00"000 miles of

transmission lines. To moe forward" the United States is pursuin a rid that will handle

rapidly deelopin diital and computeriCed e;uipment and technoloy. !ne aspect of the Smart

/rid is the automation necessary to allow twoway communication +etween the utility and its

customers. 6umerous aencies and oraniCations are inoled in efforts to moderniCe the

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#:

transmission rid. =!> sponsors research and deelopmentefforts related to numerous

technoloies" includin the Smart /rid.

2.#.:. Site Selection

The selection of a site for a new nuclear power plant is informed +y pu+lic health and safety"

enineerin and desin" enironmental" economic" and pu+lic interest factors. !nce a candidate

site for a new nuclear power plant is proposed" 653 determines whether the site is suita+le. The

decision that a nuclear power plant may +e +uilt on a specific candidate site is +ased on a

detailed ealuation+y 653 of the proposed siteplant com+ination and a cost+enefit analysis

comparin it with alternatie siteplant com+inations. The applicant proides 653 with a report

of its plant selection process that includes an analysis of alternaties whose enironmental costs

and +enefits were ealuated" compared and then weihed aainst those of the proposed facility.

The safety issues discussed include eoloic" seismic" hydroloic" and meteoroloical

characteristics of proposed sitesB e,clusion area and low population ConeB populationconsiderations as they relate to protectin the eneral pu+lic from the potential haCards of serious

accidentsB potential effects on a station from accidents associated with near+y industrial"

transportation" and military facilitiesB emerency planninB and security plans. The

enironmental issues discussed concern potential impacts from the construction and operation of

nuclear power stations on ecoloical systems" water use" land use" the atmosphere" aesthetics"

and socioeconomics. As part of the site selection process" coordination +etween applicants for

nuclear power stations and arious federal" state" local" and 6atie American tri+al aencies also

occurs.

..Or#aniation+ Invo$ve in t%e Con+tru5tion o3 Nu5$ear 'ower '$ant+

A lare num+er of companies in the United States proide e;uipment and serices to the nuclear

power industry coerin the entire nuclear fuel cycle. *our companies supplied the nuclear

steam supply systems that are now operatin in the U.S. estinhouse 3orporation +uilt the

maority of the pressuriCed water reactors (5)" althouh 3om+ustion >nineerin (3>) and

9a+coc7 O ilco, (9O) also +uilt 5s. /eneral >lectric (/>) desined all of the +oilinwater reactors (95) presently operatin in the United States

5eactors that are sold in the United States must either hae their desins certified +y 653 or

hae the e;uialent of desin certification occur durin the 3!? application process. Three newreactor desins are certified +y 653 for construction in the United States the estinhouse

Adanced assie ressuriCed ater 5eactor nery Adanced 9oilin ater 5eactor (A95). Seeral reactor desins are either

underoin 653 certification or precertification reiews" includin /> itachi's >conomicSimplified 9oilin ater 5eactor (>S95)" -itsu+ishi eay $ndustry ?td.Ds U.S. Adanced

ressuriCed ater 5eactor (USA5) and A5>8A's U.S. >olutionary ressuriCed ater5eactor (US>5). Steam enerators for 5s and some hih ;uality steel castins for nuclear

reactors are no loner made in the United States. =omestic suppliers in the United States mustoften compete with imports.

To help assure hih ;uality products" the American Society of -echanical >nineers (AS->)

certifies nuclear e;uipment suppliers. To o+tain a nuclear certificate of authoriCation (often

referred to as an 6Stamp)" a company must comply with ;uality assurance re;uirements set

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#. This proram is open to forein companies. resently oer 200 forein andU.S. companies hold AS-> nuclear certificates of authoriCation.

The American 6uclear Society's annual 9uyer's /uide" pu+lished in their ournal"uclear ews"

proides a partial list of e;uipment and serice proiders to the nuclear industry" includinarchitectenineerin and construction firms.

.!.Or#aniation+ Invo$ve in t%e O(eration o3 Nu5$ear 'ower '$ant+

The 100 opera+le nuclear reactors in the United States in =ecem+er 201# were primarilypriately owned and operated" althouh nine were operated +y oernmentowned entities.

Some nuclear power plants are partially owned +ut not manaed +y municipal or electriccooperaties. Thirtytwo companies or manaement oraniCations are licensed +y 653 to

operate reactors. Ta+le % identifies the operators of nuclear reactors in the United States

.@.Or#aniation+ Invo$ve in -e5o**i++ionin# o3 Nu5$ear 'ower '$ant+

3ompanies that operate nuclear power plants are responsi+le for decommissionin and for

proidin the fundin to do so. 653 esta+lishes the reulationsfor and proides oersiht of

nuclear power plant decommissionin. Seeral other federal aencies also oersee specificaspects of the decommissionin process. These aencies include the U.S. >nironmental

rotection Aency" the U.S. =epartment of Transportation" and the United States !ccupationalSafety and ealth Administration. State aencies are also inoled in their capacity as reulators

of wor7er and pu+lic health and safety. =!>" the >lectric ower 5esearch $nstitute" and the

decommissionin industry cooperate to deelop decontamination techni;ues.

.7.Fue$ Cy5$e In5$uin# ach fuel cycle

stae is su+ect to competition and supply from international sources" which in many casesdominate the industry sement. At present" the U.S. nuclear fuel supply is hihly dependent on

imports for mined uranium concentrates" uranium conersion" and enrichment. 8irtually all fuelfa+rication re;uirements are met +y domestic sources. >$A pu+lishes data on the nuclear fuel

cycle in its =omestic Uranium roduction 5eportand its Uranium -ar7etin Annual 5eport.

2.%.1. Uranium roduction and 3onersion

Accordin to >$ADs 201# =omestic Uranium roduction 5eport" U.S. uranium mines produced

1"%

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#%

?ost 3ree7 roect started producin in 201#. 6e+ras7a" Te,as and yomin produced uraniumconcentrate at the si, $S? plants in 201#. Total shipments of uranium concentrate from U.S. mill

and $S? plants were 1"%1 metric tons U#!&in 201#" 1@ more than in 2012. 653 is currently

reiewin nine applications for new facilities" e,pansions" or renewals" and anticipates receiineihteen additional applications +etween 201# and 2014. *iure shows the country of oriin ofuranium purchased +y owners and operators of U.S. commercial nuclear power reactors.

*$/U5> . !5$/$6 3!U6T5G !* U5A6$U- U53AS>= 9G !6>5S A6=

!>5AT!5S !* U.S. 3!-->53$A? 6U3?>A5 !>5 5>A3T!5S

Total R 22 thousand tU

Source U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" *orm >$A&:&" HUranium -ar7etin Annual 5eportI(httpEEwww.eia.oEuraniumEmar7etinE).

The United States has one uranium conersion plant operated +y 3oner=yn" $nc." located at-etropolis" $llinois. =urin a mid2012 annual maintenance outae" 653 conducted a post

*u7ushima safety inspection of this facility. 6ecessary uprades were made to address such

issues as seismic hardenin and emerency plannin. The facility restarted in uly 201# and ise,pected to reach full production in 2014. The 3oner=yn facility has a nameplate productioncapacity of appro,imately 1:"000 metric tons per year of uranium he,afluoride (U*

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#&

2.%.2. Uranium >nrichment

Diffusion

$n 1#" the uranium enrichment +usiness in the United States was transferred from =!> to aoernmentowned company" the U.S. >nrichment 3orporation $nc. (US>3). US>3 was created

in 12 under >A3T12 to ma7e the United States more competitie in the lo+al enrichmentindustry. US>3 was priatiCed in 1& ia an initial pu+lic offerin of common stoc7. US>3

operated the aseous diffusion enrichment facility (leased from =!>) in aducah" Fentuc7yuntil it closed in -ay 201#" followin the reenrichment of nearly "000 metric tons of hih

assay tails. The reenriched uranium was used to fa+ricate fuel for >nery 6orthwest and T8A

reactors. The aducah plant was the last aseous diffusion enrichment facility in the world.

!perations at a second facility at ortsmouth" !hio were preiously terminated in 2001.

oweer" nearly 11:"000 metric tons of depleted uranium he,afluoride remain at the ortsmouthfacility. $n 6oem+er 201#" =!> announced that it will open neotiations with /lo+al ?aser>nrichment (/?>) and A5>8A for the sale of the depleted uranium he,afluoride inentory and

processin of offspecification uranium he,afluoride as +lend stoc7 for domestic nuclear fuel.

Megatons-to-Megawatts

$n *e+ruary 1#" the 5ussian *ederation and the United States sined a 20year" oernmenttooernment areement for the conersion of :00 metric tons of 5ussian hihly enriched uranium

from nuclear warheads to lowenriched uranium to fuel U.S. nuclear reactors. The areement

+ecame 7nown as the -eatons to -eawattsproram. !er the life of the -eatons to

-eawatts proram" the lowenriched uranium produced under the areement proided a+outonethird of the enrichment serices needed to fa+ricate fuel for U.S. nuclear reactors. Theproram ended in =ecem+er 201#.

Under the areement" US>3 and the 5ussian *ederation desinated Techsna+e,port(T>6>Q) to

implement the proram. The terms of the areement re;uired that 5ussian hihly enricheduranium +e diluted or down+lended to +ecome lowenriched uranium in 5ussia and then shipped

to the United States.

?owenriched uranium is used to fa+ricate fuel for U.S. reactors. !nce the United Statesreceied the lowenriched uranium" 5ussia was paid for the wor7 that was re;uired to dilute or

down+lend the hihly enriched uranium to lowenriched uranium" which is measured inseparatie wor7 units(SU). 5ussia also receied an e;ual amount of natural (unenriched)

uranium.

$n addition to the lowenriched uranium oriinatin from the -eatons to -eawatts proram"

enrichment serices were also proided +y US>3's /aseous =iffusion lant" ?>SEU5>63!'s

/as 3entrifue lant" and arious forein countries.

Althouh the -eatons to -eawatts proram e,pired in =ecem+er 201#" US>3 $nc. sined a

10year contract with T>6>Q in -arch 2011 to supply commercialoriin 5ussian lowenricheduranium to replace some of the material proided +y the -eatons to -eawatts proram.

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#

=elieries under this contract +ean in 201# and are slated to continue throuh 2022. Thecontract also includes an option to dou+le the amount of material purchased.

As under the -eatons to -eawatts proram" US>3 will pay T>6>Q the alue of the wor7

(measured in SU) needed to create the lowenriched uranium and delier an e;ual amount ofnatural (unenriched) uranium to T>6>Q. The new supply of lowenriched uranium from

T>6>Q will radually increase until 201:" when it reaches a+out half of the annual amountsupplied under the -eatons to -eawatts proram. The new contract will proide low

enriched uranium that can +e used to fa+ricate fuel for U.S. reactors while new U.S. enrichmentfacilities are licensed" constructed" and operated to produce U.S.oriin lowenriched uranium.

Centrifuge

3entrifue enrichment proects are in aryin staes of completion.

Urenco USA (6ew -e,ico) $n 6oem+er 2012" U5>63! USAsu+mitted a licenseamendment re;uest to 653 to increase its enrichment capacity at its centrifue facility in

6ew -e,ico to 10 million SU +y 2020. The plant commenced operations in une 2010

and is operatin at a capacity of #.2 million SU as of =ecem+er 201#. The facility is

e,pected to achiee a capacity of :.% million SU sometime in 201%.

A5>8A >ale 5oc7 >nrichment *acility ($daho) $n !cto+er 2011" A5>8ADs >ale5oc7 >nrichment *acilityreceied an operatin license from 653. 3onstruction was to

+ein in 2012" followed +y steady state operations in 201&. oweer" in =ecem+er 2011"

A5>8A announced a twoyear delay in the proect. $n -ay 201#" A5>8A announced

another delay" which could slip initial operations from 201: to 201&. Annual production

capacity is e,pected to +e #.# million SUB howeer" A5>8A is pursuin the option to

dou+le that capacity.

US>3 American 3entrifue lant (!hio) US>3 commenced construction of theAmerican 3entrifue lant(A3) in -ay 200%" after receiin its 653 license toconstruct and operate the facility in April 200% at =!>Ds ortsmouth site. !riinally" theA3 was e,pected to achiee a capacity of #.& million SU +y 201%B howeer" fundin

issueshae created delays and schedule uncertainty" and the proect is only in the pilot

stae as a research" deelopment" and demonstration proram. $n =ecem+er 201#" =!>

areed to e,tend fundin for the research" deelopment" and demonstration proram until

April 2014B US>3 is see7in an e,tension until =ecem+er 2014.

'aser

The operatin license application for />itachi 6uclear >neryDs /lo+al ?aser >nrichment

facility in ilminton" 6orth 3arolina was issued +y 653 in Septem+er 2012B the licensed

capacity of the facility is < million SU per year. A commercialiCation decision must still +e

made +y />itachi 6uclear >nery.

$n Auust 201#" /?> proposed to =!> that it license" construct" and operate a second laser

enrichment facility at =!>Ds aducah site to process the depleted uranium he,afluoride

inentory at the site. The /?> proposal included the potential lease or use of e,istin aducah

/aseous =iffusion lant facilities" infrastructure" and utilities. $n 6oem+er 201#" =!>

announced that it will open neotiations with /?>" and /?> informed 653 in anuary 2014"

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40

that it would li7ely apply for an operatin license for the laser enrichment facility at aducah inlate 2014.

Summary

-ost enrichment facilities in the United States are plannin to +e fully operational in the 201:

to2022 timeframe" thouh schedules remain uncertain. $n the interim" in addition to enrichmentserices proided in the United States" enrichment serices will continue to +e imported from

facilities in the United Findom" /ermany" the 6etherlands" 5ussia" and elsewhere. *iure 10proides a raphic representation of sources of enrichment serices for 201#.

*$/U5> 10. !5$/$6 3!U6T5G !* >65$3->6T S>58$3>SS U53AS>= 9G!6>5S A6= !>5AT!5S !* U.S. 3!-->53$A? 6U3?>A5 !>5 5>A3T!5S

(SU !5$/$6)

Source U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" *orm >$A&:&" HUranium -ar7etin Annual 5eportI(httpEEwww.eia.oEuraniumEmar7etinE).

2.%.#. *uel *a+rication

Three companies fa+ricate nuclear fuel in the United States for lihtwater reactors

estinhouse >lectric 3o. in 3olum+ia" South 3arolinaB /lo+al 6uclear *uels Americas" ?td.

in ilminton" 6orth 3arolinaB and A5>8A 6 $nc. in 5ichland" ashinton. $n -arch 2011"

A5>8A 6 $nc. concluded all fuel fa+rication actiities at its ?ynch+ur" 8irinia facility"

followin consolidation of its operationsin 5ichland" ashinton. -i,ed o,ide (-!Q) fuel is

planned to +e fa+ricated at =!>Ds Saannah 5ier site in South 3arolina" +einnin in 201"

usin surplus military plutonium to fa+ricate fuel for commercial reactors. $n *e+ruary 2011" the

Tennessee 8alley Authority (T8A) and A5>8A sined a ?etter of $ntent to +ein ealuatin the

Ger!any

%

Netherlands

&7%

Russia

20%

'nited .in1do!

22%

Others

4%

'nited tates

$&%

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41

use of -!Q at T8ADs Se;uoyah and 9rowns *erry plantsB as of =ecem+er 201#" no decision

had +een made.

2.%.4. 6uclear aste -anaement

3ommercial nuclear power reactors currently store most of their used nuclear fuel (U6*) onsite

at the nuclear plant" althouh a small amount has +een shipped to offsite facilities. The U6*

inentory in the United States as of anuary 201# was oer to focus solely on Gucca -ountain as the

future site of a eoloic repository. The 6A limits the emplacement of waste at the eoloic

repository to %0"000 metric tons heay metal (-T-). U6* and ? disposed of at therepository were e,pected to include a+out determined that the Gucca -ountain site would +e suita+le for a repository" and in

uly 2002" the resident and 3onress accepted that recommendation and directed that =!>

su+mit a license application to 653. $n une 200&" =!> su+mitted a license application to 653

to receie authoriCation to +ein construction of a repository at Gucca -ountain" and in

Septem+er 200&" 653 formally doc7eted the application.

resident !+ama announced in -arch 200 that the proposed permanent repository at Gucca

-ountain Hwas no loner an option"I and that a H+lueri++on commission"I made up of 1:

mem+ers who hae a rane of e,pertise and e,perience in nuclear issues" includin scientists"

industry representaties" and respected former elected officials" would +e created to ealuate

alternaties to Gucca -ountain. $n anuary 2012" the 9lue 5i++on 3ommission on America's

6uclear *uture (953) issued its final report.

$n anuary 201#" the !+ama Administration released its Strategy for the Management an&

Dis$osal of *se& uclear +uel an& 4igh-'evel Ra&ioactive )astewhich presents a response tothe final report and recommendations made +y the 953. >ssentially" it proides a framewor7

for moin toward a sustaina+le proram to deploy an interated system capa+le of transportin"storin" and disposin of used nuclear fuel and hihleel radioactie waste from ciilian nuclear

power eneration" defense" national security" and other actiities.

The Stratey also seres as a statement of Administration policy reardin the importance of

addressin the disposition of used nuclear fuel and hihleel radioactie waste" lays out the

oerall desin of a system to address that issue" and outlines the reforms needed to implementsuch a system. *inally" the Stratey represents an initial +asis for discussions amon the

Administration" 3onress and other sta7eholders on a sustaina+le path forward for disposal of

nuclear waste.

The AdministrationDs Stratey endorses the 7ey principles that underpin the 953Ds

recommendations. The Administration fully arees with the 953 that a consent+ased sitin

process is critical to future success. As presented in the Stratey" with the appropriate

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authoriCations from 3onress" the Administration currently plans to implement a proram oerthe ne,t 10 years that

Sites" desins" licenses" constructs" and +eins operations of a pilot interim storaefacility +y 2021 with an initial focus on acceptin used nuclear fuel from shutdown

reactor sitesB

Adances toward the sitin and licensin of a larer interim storae facility to +eaaila+le +y 202: that will hae sufficient capacity to proide fle,i+ility in the wastemanaement system and allows for acceptance of enouh used nuclear fuel to reduce

e,pected oernment lia+ilitiesB and

-a7es demonstra+le proress on the sitin and characteriCation of repository sites tofacilitate the aaila+ility of a eoloic repository +y 204&.

$n Auust 201#" the U.S. 3ourt of Appeals for the =istrict of 3olum+ia 3ircuit ruled that 653

must continue its reiew of the Gucca -ountain license application. $n 6oem+er 201#" the

653 3ommissioners ordered653 staff to complete and pu+lish a safety ealuation report for

the proposed Gucca -ountain repository. 653 also re;uested that =!> prepare a supplement

enironmental impact statement to support 653Ds enironmental reiew of the license

application.

.8.Re+ear5% an -eve$o(*ent

2.&.1. 5O= !raniCations

6uclear enery research and deelopment (5O=) is conducted +y priate industry" the *ederal

/oernment" and U.S. uniersities. riate companies are actiely inestiatin reactortechnoloy" enrichment technoloy" and nuclear fuel desin. !ne of the main institutions for

priate research fundin is the >lectric ower 5esearch $nstitute(>5$). >5$" throuhmem+ership fees" conducts 5O= in many nuclearrelated areas as well as other areas of the

electric power industry.

The *ederal /oernment supports 5O= throuh specific +udet allocations for 653 and for the=!> !ffice of 6uclear >nery(6>). riate companies" under contract with =!>" operate a

series of national la+oratories. =!> includes 2< la+oratories and institutes" many of which are

inoled with nuclear technoloies.

$n addition" 6> proides 20@ of its annual 5O= +udet to the6uclear >nery Uniersity

rorams (6>U)" created in 200 to consolidate uniersity support under one initiatie and+etter interate uniersity research within 6>Ds technical prorams. 6>U enaes U.S.

collees and uniersities to conduct 5O=" enhance infrastructure" and support student education"there+y helpin to +uild and sustain an adanced nuclear enery wor7force capa+ility.

6>Ds proram and priority actiities are uided +y the6uclear >nery 5esearch and

=eelopment 5oadmap" which was issued in April 2010. Since the accident at *u7ushima"

howeer" 6> has enaed in a num+er of new research actiities to address specific safety

related issues" such as the deelopment of accidenttolerant fuel forms and accidenttolerant

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instruments7 ?i7ewise" to support these actiities" 6> is also usin adanced hihperformance

computin for modellin and simulation.

2.&.2. 6uclear 5eactor Technoloies

6> supports 5O= to improe safety and relia+ility to help e,tend the life of current reactors as

well as deelop improements in the safety" afforda+ility" and proliferation resistance of newreactors.

$n the area of nuclear reactor technoloies" 6>Ds ?iht ater 5eactor Sustaina+ility roramfocuses on deelopin the scientific +asis to e,tend nuclear power plant operatin life +eyond thecurrent is supportin the commercialiCation of U.S.+ased small modularreactor (S-5) technoloies throuh its S-5 ?icensin Technical Support roram. The

proram aims to promote the accelerated deployment of S-5s +y supportin certification andlicensin re;uirements throuh cooperatie areements with industry partners" and +y supportin

the resolution of eneric S-5 issues. *inally" =!> is supportin the deelopment of adancedreactor technoloies" focusin on hih temperature ascooled reactors throuh its 6e,t

/eneration 6uclear lant (6/6) proram" adanced S-5s" and adanced reactor concepts.This focus is e,pected to address lonterm technical +arriers for the deelopment of adanced

nuclear fission enery systems utiliCin coolants such as li;uid metal" fluoride salt" or as.

2.&.#. *uel 3ycle 5O=

6>Ds !ffice of *uel 3ycle Technoloies(*3T) deelops sustaina+le fuel cycle technoloies and

options and deelops U6* manaement strateies and technoloies to support meetin *ederaloernment responsi+ility to manae and dispose of U.S. commercial U6* and hihleel waste.ithin the *3T proram" the *uel 3ycle 5esearch and =eelopmentproram conducts 5O= to

help deelop sustaina+le fuel cycles to improe uranium resource utiliCation" ma,imiCe eneryeneration" minimiCe waste eneration" improe safety" and limit proliferation ris7. The !ffice

of Uranium -anaement and olicywor7s to assure domestic supplies of fuel for nuclear powerplants. $n addition" the !ffice of Used 6uclear *uel =isposition 5O=conducts actiities on the

storae" transportation" and disposal of used nuclear fuel and hihleel waste. *inally" theSystems >nineerin and $nteration roramdeelops and implements analysis processes and

tools and performs interated fuel cycle technical assessments to proide information that can +eused to o+ectiely and transparently inform and interate *3T actiities.

2.&.4. $nternational 3ooperation and $nitiaties

The U.S. oernment colla+orates with international partners to support the safe" secure" and

peaceful use of nuclear enery. The !ffice of 6uclear >nerywor7s +oth +ilaterally andmultilaterally to accomplish this wor7.

9ilaterally" =!> colla+orates in ciil nuclear research and deelopment (5O=) and related

issues throuh seeral ehicles" includin the $nternational 6uclear >nery 5esearch $nitiatie

($6>5$)" neotiated 5O= areements" memoranda of understandin" action plans" wor7in

roups" and the $nternational 6uclear 3ooperation ($63) framewor7.

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-ultilaterally" the United States cooperates with international partners throuh the /eneration $8$nternational *orum" the 6uclear >nery Aency (6>A) of the !raniCation for >conomic

3ooperation and =eelopment (!>3=)" the $nternational Atomic >nery Aency ($A>A) and

the $nternational *ramewor7 for 6uclear >nery 3ooperation($*6>3" formerly the /lo+al6uclear >nery artnership).

The United States is currently serin a threeyear term as chair of the /eneration $8

$nternational *orum(/$*). Throuh the /$*" the United States wor7s with international partners

to address the 7ey technical issues associated with desinin" +uildin" and operatin ne,t

eneration nuclear enery systems that will support the lonterm adancement of nuclear

power. 3urrently" the =epartment is actiely inoled in colla+oratie 5O= inolin two ofthe /$*Ds si, /eneration$8 reactor systems the sodiumcooled fast reactor and the ery hih

temperature reactor.

The United States wor7s closely with the $A>A" includin the $nternational roect on$nnoatie 6uclear 5eactors and *uel 3ycles ($65!)" an open international forum for studyin

nuclear enery options" associated re;uirements" and potential deployment in $A>A -em+erStates.

The United States enaes with the 6>A on matters relatin to the 6>ADs Steerin 3ommittee

and its topical meetins and cooperatie technical prorams on an adhoc +asis. The 6>A

proides a alua+le multinational forum that helps the United States achiee its international

cooperation oals and leerae its research and deelopment e,penditures.

$*6>3 supports resident !+amaDs call" made in his : April 200 speech in raue" for a new

framewor7 for ciil nuclear cooperation" includin an international fuel +an7" so that countriescan access peaceful nuclear power without increasin the ris7s of proliferation. The $*6>3Statement of -ission reads as follows HThe $nternational *ramewor7 for 6uclear >nery

3ooperation proides a forum for cooperation amon participatin states to e,plore mutually+eneficial approaches to ensure the use of nuclear enery for peaceful purposes proceeds in a

manner that is efficient and meets the hihest standards of safety" security and nonproliferation.articipatin states would not ie up any rihts and oluntarily enae to share the effort and

ain the +enefits of economical" peaceful nuclear enery.I The =!> !ffice of 6uclear >neryseres as the chair of $*6>3Ds Steerin /roup while the U.S. State =epartment seres as co

chair of $*6>3Ds $nfrastructure =eelopment or7in /roup.

The United States has also actiely participated in the policy and implementation aspects of

nuclear initiaties under the /roup of >iht (/&) industrialiCed nations" the /roup of 24 6uclearSafety 3oordination (/246USA3) mechanism" and the 6uclear Safety Account administered

+y the >uropean 9an7 for 5econstruction and =eelopment (>95=E6SA). These institutions

hae focused on coordinatin multilayered international efforts to enhance nuclear safety in

countries with Soietdesined nuclear power reactors.

653's international proramactiities are wideranin. They encompass nuclear policy

formulation" international safety cooperation and assistance" international technical informatione,chane" and cooperatie safety research. These actiities support 653's domestic mission" as

well as +roader U.S. domestic and international interests. -aintainin a proram of internationalcooperation enhances the safe" secure" and enironmentally accepta+le ciilian uses of nuclear

materials +oth in the United States and throuhout the world. As a reulator of the world's

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larest ciilian nuclear proram" 653's e,tensie e,perience contri+utes to internationalprorams in areas such as nuclear reactor safety" nuclear safety research" radiation protection"

nuclear materials safety and safeuards" waste manaement" and decommissionin of nuclear

facilities.

653 helped found the $nternational 6uclear 5eulators Association ($65A) in 1%. There are

nine $65A mem+er countries" 3anada" *rance" /ermany" apan" 5epu+lic of Forea" Spain"

Sweden" the United Findom and the United States" which ather twice yearly to discuss issues

of mutual reulatory interest.

653 wor7s with other nations with maor nuclear power prorams to further nuclear safetyresearch. These nations include" +ut are not limited to" *rance" /ermany" apan" and the United

Findom.

653 has concluded technical information e,chane and eneral safety cooperation arranementswith the reulatory authorities of 42 countries plus Taiwan and the >uropean Atomic >nery

3ommunity. These arranements sere as communications channels for the prompt andreciprocal notification of safety pro+lems that could affect +oth United States and forein plants.

They also proide the framewor7 for +ilateral cooperation in nuclear safety" security" safeuards"

waste manaement" and enironmental protection as well as for 653's assistance actiities to

help other countries improe +oth their reulatory safety and security practices.

653 currently participates in cooperatie research with other countries" directly throuh +ilateralareements as well as multilateral areements with !>3= 6>A -em+er States and the

>uropean Union (>U). These prorams e,amine 7ey technical safety issues in reulatin the

safety of e,istin and proposed U.S. commercial nuclear facilities and in the use of nuclearmaterials. At present" 653 manaes and coordinates appro,imately 100 +ilateral andmultilateral enery areements with 2: countries which include" +ut are not limited to" research

actiities in the areas of Thermalydraulic 3ode Application and -aintenance" SeereAccident 5esearch roram" ro+a+ilistic 5is7 Assessment roram" Steam /enerator Tu+e

$nterity roram" $nstrumentation and 3ontrols" uman *actors" 6uclear *uels 5esearch"Adanced 5eactor =esin" *ire -odelin 5esearch" and Ain 5esearch of Safety 3omponents

and ire Systems.

The United States continues nuclear safety cooperation with and assistance to countries of the

former Soiet Union and countries of central and >astern >urope. These actiities strenthen

their reulatory oraniCations to assist national safety and security controls oer ciilian uses of

radioactie materials and nuclear power plants.

The United States played a leadin role in resolin implementation issues for the 3onention on

6uclear Safety" which entered into force in !cto+er 1

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4's !ffice of 6uclear >neryhas an actie proram to encourae the deelopment of

academic prorams related to nuclear power. The American 6uclear Society" a professionaloraniCation" also promotes the improement of academic wor7 related to nuclear power at

hiher education institutions.

.10. 6tae%o$er Co**uni5ation

Sta7eholders in the United States include" +ut are not limited to" State and tri+al oernments"local communities" *ederal aencies" industry" and professional oraniCations. 3ommunicationsare timely and open throuh formal and informal processes.

*rom a reulatory perspectie" formal processes may include

$nformation e,chanesB

u+lic comment on proposed reulationsB

Annual meetins with sta7eholders at each reactor facilityB and

articipation in leal proceedins.

The oal of formal reulatory sta7eholder communication is to ensure that the pu+lic has theopportunity to enhance their understandin of the reulatory process. Sta7eholders are proided

with adance notice of reulatory meetins in a timely manner.

". NATIONAL LA

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4%

#.1.2. ?icensin rocess

The >nery olicy Act of 12 (>A3T12) specified a new nuclear power plant licensin

process. Under the new licensin procedure" an applicant who see7s to +uild a new reactor can

use offthe shelf reactor desins that hae +een preiously approed and certified +y 653.After reiewin the application and holdin pu+lic hearins" 653 may issue a com+ined

construction and operatin license (the preious process separated these licenses" which wereissued at different times). hen the applicant uses an 653certified desin" safety issues related

to the desin will hae +een already resoled" and the main concern will +e the ;uality of reactorconstruction.

9efore authoriCin power operation at a reactor" certain standards identified in the 3!? must +e

satisfied. These standards are called $nspections" Tests" Analyses" and Acceptance 3riteria

($TAA3). The $TAA3 are usually deried from two sources

1) The maority of the $TAA3 are from the reactor desin certification.2) The remainin $TAA3 are sitespecific and are included in the 3!? or >S application.

$n 200&" 653 finaliCed its rule for the licensin of a eoloic repository at Gucca -ountain"

6eada in 10 3*5 art

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:1

REFERENCE6

1 U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" Annual >nery !utloo7(httpEEwww.eia.oEforecastsEaeoE).

2 U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" $nternational >nery !utloo7

(httpEEwww.eia.oEforecastsEieoE).

# U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" ShortTerm >nery !utloo7(httpEEwww.eia.oEforecastsEsteoE).

4 U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" Annual >nery 5eiew(httpEEwww.eia.oEtotaleneryEdataEannualE).

: U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" -onthly >nery 5eiew

(httpEEwww.eia.oEtotaleneryEdataEmonthlyE).

nery $nformation Administration" >lectric ower Annual

(httpEEwww.eia.oEelectricityEannualE).

% U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" >lectric ower -onthly

(httpEEwww.eia.oEelectricityEmonthlyE).

& U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" State rofiles and >nery >stimates

(httpEEwww.eia.oEstateE).

U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" State 6uclear rofiles(httpEEwww.eia.oEnuclearEstateE).

10 U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" $mpacts of >lectric ower $ndustry

5estructurin on the U.S. 6uclear ower $ndustry" 3hapter 2(httpEEwww.eia.oEelectricityEarchieE0nery $nformation Administration" =omestic Uranium roduction 5eport

(httpEEwww.eia.oEuraniumEproductionEannualEinde,.cfm).

12 U.S. >nery $nformation Administration" Uranium -ar7etin Annual 5eport(httpEEwww.eia.oEuraniumEmar7etinE).

1# U.S. >nery $nformation Administration"Direct +e&eral +inancial 3nterventions an&

Su%si&ies in Energy in +iscal 5ear /6,6" Auust 2011(httpEEwww.eia.oEanalysisEre;uestsEsu+sidyE).

14 U.S. =epartment of >nery" !ffice of 6uclear >nery (httpEEenery.oEneEoffice

nuclearenery).

1: U.S. 6uclear 5eulatory 3ommission" u+lic =ocuments 3ollection

(httpEEwww.nrc.oEreadinrmEdoccollectionsE).

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:2

A''EN-IJ 1B INTERNATIONAL MLTILATERAL AN- ;ILATERAL

AGREEMENT6

Areements for cooperation proide the leal framewor7 of U.S. trade with other countries in the

peaceful uses of nuclear enery. Areements esta+lish +indin national commitmentsenforcea+le under international law" and set the round rules for ciilian nuclear commerce

amon nations. The uidin principle is that the United States will cooperate in peaceful nucleartrade as lon as the other sinatory a+ides +y the areement's conditions oernin the

safeuarded and continued peaceful use of nuclear material and technoloy transferred from theUnited States" and rants the United States certain consent rihts oer such material's use"

alteration" and retransfer.

The United States has entered into areements with other countries for peaceful nuclear

cooperation. Similar areements hae +een entered with international oraniCations includin the

>uropean Atomic >nery Aency (>U5AT!-) and the $A>A. The United States has alsoentered into trilateral areements with $A>A and other countries for the safeuards to e;uipment"

deices" and materials supplied under +ilateral areements for cooperation in the use of

commercial nuclear power.

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:#

A''EN-IJ B MAIN ORGANIATION6 IN6TITTION6 AN- COM'ANIE6

INOLE- IN NCLEAR 'Onery

1000 $ndependence Ae. S..

ashinton" =3 20:&:

Tel 202:&

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:4

olf 3ree7 6uclear !peratin3orporation

httpEEwww.wcnoc.comE

Qcel >nery httpEEwww.,celenery.comE

Nu5$ear Re+ear5% In+titute+

Aronne 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.anl.o

Armed *orces 5adio+ioloy 5esearch

$nstitute (A*55$)

httpEEwww.afrri.usuhs.mil

9roo7haen 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.+nl.o

>lectric ower 5esearch $nstitute httpEEwww.epri.com

$daho 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.inl.o

?awrence 9er7eley ?a+oratory httpEEwww.l+l.o

?awrence ?iermore 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.llnl.o?os Alamos 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.lanl.o

?os Alamos 6eutron Science 3enter

(?A6S3>)

httpEEwww.lansce.lanl.oE

!a7 5ide 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.ornl.oE

Sandia 6ational ?a+oratory httpEEwww.sandia.o

Saannah 5ier Site httpEEwww.srs.o

Ot%er Co*(anie+

AnchorE=arlin 8ale 3ompany httpEEwww.anchordarlin.com

Applied Technical Serices httpEEwww.atsla+.comEAnderson /reenwood 3ros+y httpEEwww.andersonreenwood.com

9a+coc7 and ilco, 3ompany httpEEwww.+a+coc7.com

Atwood and -orrill 3ompany httpEEwww.atmor.com

9artlett 6uclear $ncorporated httpEEwww.+artlettinc.com

9echtel ower httpEEwww.+echtel.com

9lac7 and 8eatch 3orporation httpEEwww.+.com

9rown and 5oot ower httpEEwww.7+r.com

9uffalo *ore 3ompany httpEEwww.+mtusa.com

39$ Serices httpEEwww.c+i.com

3hem6uclear Systems $ncorporated httpEEwww.chemnuclear.com

3an+erra $ndustries $ncorporated httpEEwww.can+erra.comEA+outEasia.asp

3hempump httpEEwww.chempump.com

3hesterton $nternational httpEEwww.chesterton.com

3ona, 9uffalo 3orporation httpEEwww.cona,+uffalo.com

ohn 3ranes httpEEwww.ohncrane.com

=resser $ndustries $ncorporated httpEEwww.dresser.com

>dlow $nternational 3ompany httpEEedlow.com

>nineerin $nformation $nc. httpEEwww.ei.or

>5$6 >nineerin O 5esearch $nc. httpEEwww.erinen.com

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55/56

::

*luor =aniel httpEEwww.fluor.comE

*oster heeler >nery 3orporation httpEEwww.fwc.com

*o,+oro $nensys httpEEwww.inensys.com*ramatome A6 httpEEwww.framatomeanp.com

/> 6uclear >nery httpEEwww.epower.comEhomeEinde,.htm

/eneral Atomics httpEEwww.a.com

/eneral hysic 3orporation httpEEwww.pworldwide.com

/oulds umps $ncorporated httpEEwww.oulds.com

-orrison Fnudsen 3orporation httpEEwww.morrison7nudsen.com

-5 Associates $ncorporated httpEEmpr.com

6A3 $nternational httpEEwww.nacintl.com

6ewport 6ews $ndustrial httpEEnni.nns.com

5osemount 6uclear $nstruments $nc. httpEEwww.rosemount.comSarent and ?undy httpEEwww.sarentlundy.comEhome

Shaw AE=> $ncorporated httpEEwww.shawelec.com

The Uranium >,chane 3ompany httpEEwww.u,c.com

US>3 httpEEwww.usec.com

estinhouse >lectric 3orporation httpEEwww.westinhouse.com

'ro3e++iona$ Or#aniation+

American 6uclear Society (A6S) httpEEwww.ans.or

*ederation of American Scientists (*AS) httpEEwww.fas.or

6uclear >nery $nstitute httpEEwww.nei.or

niver+itie+

/eoria $nstitute of Technoloy httpEEwww.atech.edu

$daho State Uniersity httpEEwww.isu.edu

-assachusetts $nstitute of Technoloy httpEEwww.mit.edu

-issouri Uniersity of Science O

Technoloy

httpEEwww.mst.eduE

6orth 3arolina State Uniersity httpEEwww.ncsu.edu

!hio State Uniersity httpEEwww.osu.eduEinde,.php

!reon State Uniersity httpEEoreonstate.eduennsylania State Uniersity Uniersity

ar7

httpEEwww.psu.edu

urdue Uniersity est ?afayette httpEEwww.purdue.edu

5ensselaer olytechnic $nstitute httpEEwww.rpi.edu

South 3arolina State Uniersity httpEEwww.scsu.edu

Te,as AO- Uniersity 3ollee Station httpEEwww.tamu.edu

Uniersity of 3alifornia 9er7eley httpEEwww.nuc.+er7eley.edu

Uniersity of *lorida httpEEwww.ufl.edu

Uniersity of $llinois Ur+ana3hampain httpEEwww.uillinois.edu

Uniersity of -assachusetts ?owell httpEEwww.uml.edu

8/10/2019 USA CNPP_2014.pdf

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Uniersity of -ichian Ann Ar+or httpEEwww.umich.edu

Uniersity of -issouri 3olum+ia httpEEwww.missouri.edu

Uniersity of 6ew -e,ico httpEEwww.unm.eduUniersity of Tennessee Fno,ille httpEEwww.ut7.edu

Uniersity of isconsin -adison httpEEwisc.edu