U.S. Labor Force U.S. Labor Force

Ch. 10Ch. 10

Changes in Labor ForceChanges in Labor Force Def. – all people not in institutions who Def. – all people not in institutions who

are 16 years of age or older and who are 16 years of age or older and who are currently employed or are are currently employed or are unemployed and looking for work. unemployed and looking for work.

Shift from one sector to anotherShift from one sector to another AgricultureAgriculture Production of other physical goods Production of other physical goods

(manufacturing and construction)(manufacturing and construction) Services (retailing, insurance, ent., health Services (retailing, insurance, ent., health

care)care)

Women in Labor ForceWomen in Labor Force

29% in 1960 to 57% today (2012)29% in 1960 to 57% today (2012) Highest was 60% in 1999Highest was 60% in 1999

Productivity and Market ChangesProductivity and Market Changes

38.7 hours per week in 196538.7 hours per week in 1965 34.6 hours per week in 200034.6 hours per week in 2000 Need skills and knowledge Need skills and knowledge

(education)(education)

Projected Job GrowthProjected Job Growth

Graphs on p. 164Graphs on p. 164

Differences in Wages and SalariesDifferences in Wages and Salaries

Differences in abilityDifferences in ability Differences in effort and jobsDifferences in effort and jobs ExperienceExperience Education and TrainingEducation and Training Good TimingGood Timing

GeographyGeography

People like to stay putPeople like to stay put NENE $59, 874$59, 874 MWMW $55,613$55,613 SS $47,322$47,322 WW $55,095$55,095

Median Family Income by Region, 2003Median Family Income by Region, 2003

Job DiscriminationJob Discrimination

Def.- the practice of favoring one Def.- the practice of favoring one person over another for reasons that person over another for reasons that have nothing to do with ability to have nothing to do with ability to perform a job.perform a job.

Figure 10-7 p. 167Figure 10-7 p. 167

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Def.- an association of workers Def.- an association of workers that seeks to improve its that seeks to improve its

members’ wages, working members’ wages, working conditions, and benefitsconditions, and benefits

Unions and the labor marketUnions and the labor market

Collective bargaining- process in Collective bargaining- process in which union and company which union and company representatives meet to negotiate a representatives meet to negotiate a new labor contract.new labor contract. StrikeStrike MediationMediation arbitrationarbitration

AFLAFL

American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Others DefinitionsOthers Definitions LockoutLockout -closing down of a business to -closing down of a business to

pressure a union into accepting pressure a union into accepting employment conditionsemployment conditions

InjunctionInjunction -is a court order to keep a -is a court order to keep a union from striking and picketingunion from striking and picketing

PicketingPicketing -act of employees carrying -act of employees carrying signs that call attention to a labor strike signs that call attention to a labor strike with the goal of arousing public sympathywith the goal of arousing public sympathy

Union shopUnion shop -nonunion members can be -nonunion members can be hired by the factory, business, or agency hired by the factory, business, or agency but only on the condition that they join the but only on the condition that they join the union after they are hired.union after they are hired.

LABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR LEGISLATION

Norris-Laguardia Act Norris-Laguardia Act

Limited the ability of the courts to Limited the ability of the courts to stop workers from striking in labor stop workers from striking in labor disputesdisputes Ended “yellow-dog” contractsEnded “yellow-dog” contracts

National Labor Relations Act of National Labor Relations Act of 19351935

Known as Wagner ActKnown as Wagner Act Guaranteed the right of workers to Guaranteed the right of workers to

join unions and engage in collective join unions and engage in collective bargainingbargaining

Fair Labor Standards Act of Fair Labor Standards Act of 19381938

Provided a minimum wage of $.25 Provided a minimum wage of $.25 per hour and time and a half for OT per hour and time and a half for OT over 40 hoursover 40 hours

Labor Management Relations Labor Management Relations Act of 1947Act of 1947

Known as Taft-Hartley ActKnown as Taft-Hartley Act Prevented labor unions from Prevented labor unions from

engaging in unfair labor practicesengaging in unfair labor practices Outlawed Closed shopOutlawed Closed shop Does not outlaw union shopDoes not outlaw union shop ““right to work”right to work”

Labor-Management Reporting Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959and Disclosure Act of 1959

Known as Landrum-Griffin ActKnown as Landrum-Griffin Act Improve democratic procedures and Improve democratic procedures and

reduce corruption within unionsreduce corruption within unions Requires regularly scheduled Requires regularly scheduled

elections of union officers elections of union officers Voting by secret ballotVoting by secret ballot

Union Management RelationsUnion Management Relations

Grievance – formal complaint made Grievance – formal complaint made by a union if it feels one member of a by a union if it feels one member of a class of its members have been class of its members have been treated inappropriately.treated inappropriately.

Seniority- workers length of service Seniority- workers length of service with an employerwith an employer

Unemployment RateUnemployment Rate

Unemployed/Labor ForceUnemployed/Labor Force