U.S. Involvement inU.S. Involvement in World War IWorld War I

““The Great The Great War”War”

1914-19181914-1918

I. The Roots of WarI. The Roots of WarA. Tensions grew between European A. Tensions grew between European powers in the 1800s and 1900s powers in the 1800s and 1900s because of …because of …

1. 1. NationalismNationalism – deep devotion to – deep devotion to one’s one’s country country

a. rivalry between Germany, a. rivalry between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France Russia, Italy and Franceb. led to a desire for b. led to a desire for

independence independence among various among various ethnic groups. ethnic groups.

I. The Roots of War – continuedI. The Roots of War – continued

2. 2. ImperialismImperialism – competition for – competition for colonies in Africa and Asia led to colonies in Africa and Asia led to rivalry and distrust among the rivalry and distrust among the European powers European powers

3. 3. MilitarismMilitarism – “the policy of glorifying – “the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army military power and keeping an army prepared for war” = an arms race prepared for war” = an arms race between the European powers between the European powers

RIVALRIES OVER COLONIES LED TO BITTERNESS IN EUROPE

ARMS RACE

EACH COUNTRY IN EUROPE HAD A DESIRE TO BETTER ITS ARMY AND NAVY.

GREAT BRITAIN TRADITIONALLY HAD THE MOST POWERFUL NAVY IN EUROPE. GERMANY BEGAN TO EXPAND HER NAVY, WHICH CREATED TENSION BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONS.

FRANCE LOST THE ALSACE-LORRAINE REGION TO GERMANY IN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR OF 1870. THIS LEFT BITTERNESS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES AND A DETERMINATION BY FRANCE TO HAVE HER ARMY READY TO TAKE BACK THE TERRITORY FROM GERMANY.

I. The Roots of War - cont.I. The Roots of War - cont.

4. 4. Entangled AlliancesEntangled Alliances

- - Triple AllianceTriple Alliance = Germany, = Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy Austria-Hungary and Italy

(Germany’s ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm II, said (Germany’s ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm II, said he wanted to show how mighty Germany he wanted to show how mighty Germany had become)had become)

- - Triple EntenteTriple Entente = Britain, = Britain, France, France, and Russia and Russia

INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN EUROPE LED TO

OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY

WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN

EMPIRE WAS ALLIED WITH

GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.

SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN

AGREEMENT WITH GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT

PROTECT BELGIUM’S

NEUTRALITY

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

I. The Roots of War –cont.I. The Roots of War –cont.B. B. Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the Balkans

1. Ethnic rivalries dominated this region 1. Ethnic rivalries dominated this region known as the “Powder Keg of Europe” known as the “Powder Keg of Europe”

2. Europe’s leading powers along with 2. Europe’s leading powers along with Russia all had interests here! Russia all had interests here!

3. New nations were formed:3. New nations were formed:

- Serbia – created by Slavs (most - Serbia – created by Slavs (most Russians were Slavic)Russians were Slavic)

- Bosnia – taken over by Austria-- Bosnia – taken over by Austria-Hungary (area where many Slavs Hungary (area where many Slavs lived)lived)

II. WWI BeginsII. WWI Begins

A. Assassination of the ArchdukeA. Assassination of the Archduke

1. June 28, 1914 – the heir to the 1. June 28, 1914 – the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Austro-Hungarian throne,

Archduke Archduke Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand and his and his wife Sofia wife Sofia were assassinated in were assassinated in Sarajevo Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) by a (capital of Bosnia) by a Serbian Serbian terrorist terrorist

ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND FAMILY

THE HEIR TO THE AUSTR0-HUNGARIAN

THRONE WAS ASSASSINATED WHILE

TOURING THROUGH SERBIA BY GAVRILO

PRINCIP, A MEMBER OF AN ORGANIZATION

CALLED BLACK HAND, WHO WANTED

INDEPENDENCE FOR THE REGION FROM AUSTRIA-

HUNGARY. THIS ASSASSINATION HELPED

LEAD TO THE WAR AS COUNTRIES RUSHED TO AVENGE THE MURDER AND FULFILL THEIR

ALLIANCE OBLIGATIONS.

II. WWI Begins - continuedII. WWI Begins - continuedB. Austria declares warB. Austria declares war

1. July 28, 1914 – Austria declares 1. July 28, 1914 – Austria declares war war on Serbia (believing this would be on Serbia (believing this would be a a

short war)short war)

- Germany supports Austria’s - Germany supports Austria’s decision decision

- Russia mobilizes to support - Russia mobilizes to support Serbia Serbia

* Alliances agree to support each other ** Alliances agree to support each other *

II. WWI Begins -continuedII. WWI Begins -continuedC. Chain ReactionC. Chain Reaction

1. Germany feels “obligated” to 1. Germany feels “obligated” to supportsupport Austria-Hungary and declares war Austria-Hungary and declares war

on Russia on August 1, 1914on Russia on August 1, 19142. August 3, 1914 Germany declares 2. August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia’s ally, France war on Russia’s ally, France3. Germany now fighting a 3. Germany now fighting a Two Front Two Front WarWar

III. The Fighting StartsIII. The Fighting StartsA. A. The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan - Germany’s plan - Germany’s plan

to attack France first and then Russia to attack France first and then Russia 1. Germany moves through Belgium 1. Germany moves through Belgium

(a (a neutral country) to get to France neutral country) to get to France2. Britain is outraged at the violation 2. Britain is outraged at the violation

of of neutrality and declares war on neutrality and declares war on Germany on August 4, 1914 Germany on August 4, 1914

3. Italy breaks their alliance with 3. Italy breaks their alliance with Germany by mid-August because Germany by mid-August because

of of this violation. this violation.

III. Fighting Starts – cont.III. Fighting Starts – cont.B. B. Trench WarfareTrench Warfare::

- (After both sides failed to outflank each - (After both sides failed to outflank each other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long siege.) siege.)

- By the Spring of 1915, two parallel - By the Spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep, rat infested trenches systems of deep, rat infested trenches crossed France. crossed France.

- trenches were very close together and - trenches were very close together and the space in between, the space in between, ““no man’s landno man’s land””, was , was filled with bombs and barbed wirefilled with bombs and barbed wire

.. During the First Battle of the Somme – During the First Battle of the Somme – which began July 1, 1916 and lasted until which began July 1, 1916 and lasted until mid-November 1916 – the British suffered mid-November 1916 – the British suffered 60,000 casualties the 60,000 casualties the first dayfirst day alone. alone. Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million, Final casualties totaled about 1.2 million, yet only 7 miles of ground changed hands. yet only 7 miles of ground changed hands. This bloody trench warfare continued for This bloody trench warfare continued for over 3 years. over 3 years.

TRENCH WARFARETRENCH WARFARETrench warfare was the dominant style of fighting. Troops would dig 10-12 ft. deep trenches for protection against enemy machine gun fire. The space between two trenches was called “no man’s land.” To break an enemy’s line artillery would bomb the area, then the men would run across no man’s land until they could throw grenades into the enemy’s trench. **Reading “A Wet Little Home”.

TRENCH WARFARETRENCH WARFARE

AERIAL VIEW OF THE TRENCHES

III. Fighting Starts - continuedIII. Fighting Starts - continued

C. European Nations Take SidesC. European Nations Take Sides

1. 1. Central PowersCentral Powers = Germany, = Germany, Austria-Austria- Hungary Hungary

2. 2. Allied PowersAllied Powers = Britain, France, = Britain, France, and and Russia – later Japan and Italy join Russia – later Japan and Italy join

3. Millions of soldiers march off to 3. Millions of soldiers march off to war war convinced that the war would be convinced that the war would be

short short

THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE

ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL

NATIONS

CENTRAL POWERS

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

GERMANY

BULGARIA

TURKEY

ALLIES

FRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)

ITALY RUSSIA

JAPAN ROMANIA

SERBIA GREECE

PORTUGAL

NEUTRAL NATIONS

SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK

IV. Americans Question NeutralityIV. Americans Question NeutralityA. A. The United States remains neutralThe United States remains neutral::

1. August 19,1914 – President Wilson 1. August 19,1914 – President Wilson declares U.S. neutrality declares U.S. neutrality

2. Most Americans saw no reason to 2. Most Americans saw no reason to

join a struggle 3,000 miles away thatjoin a struggle 3,000 miles away that

did not threaten U.S. lives or property.did not threaten U.S. lives or property.

3. Other Americans wanted to join the 3. Other Americans wanted to join the

war because of loyalty to their war because of loyalty to their homelands and to past allies. homelands and to past allies.

President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson

““Every man who really loves America will act Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all fairness and friendliness to all concerned….It is natural and inevitable concerned….It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy and desire among you with sympathy and desire among you with regard to the issues and circumstances of regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict. The United States must be the conflict. The United States must be impartial in thought as well as in action.” impartial in thought as well as in action.”

President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson

IV. Americans Question NeutralityIV. Americans Question NeutralityB. B. Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties

- - SocialistsSocialists criticized the war as a criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England for marketsGermany and England for markets

- - PacifistsPacifists, believed war was evil and , believed war was evil and that the U.S. should set an example of that the U.S. should set an example of peace.peace.

- Many simply didn’t want their sons to - Many simply didn’t want their sons to experience war.experience war.

B. Divided Loyalties – continuedB. Divided Loyalties – continued

- Many Americans felt close to Britain - Many Americans felt close to Britain because of common ancestry, language because of common ancestry, language and democratic systems.and democratic systems.

- Germany’s aggression increased - Germany’s aggression increased U.S.U.S.

sympathy for the allies.sympathy for the allies.

- America’s economic ties with the - America’s economic ties with the alliesallies was stronger (during the first 2 was stronger (during the first 2 years of the war, the U.S. shipped millions years of the war, the U.S. shipped millions of dollars of war supplies to the Allies and of dollars of war supplies to the Allies and orders kept coming!!!!)orders kept coming!!!!)

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000 GERMAN

AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIANBRITISH

IRISH

RUSSIAN

ITALIAN

POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP

IN MILLIONS

TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266

U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282

WHAT EXPLAINS THE ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT IN THE U.S. GIVEN THAT GERMANS COMPRISED THE SINGLE LARGEST FOREIGN-BORN GROUP?

•CLASHING WITH THE GERMANS IN SAMOA AND AT MANILA BAY OVER EXPANSION OF U.S. TERRITORIES IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

•COMPETITION OVER TRADING IN CHINA, EAST INDIES, THE PACIFIC, AND AFRICA

•GERMAN DOMINANCE OF NAVAL AND ARMY POWER OVER THE U.S.

•GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM

•BRITISH PROPAGANDA DEMONIZING THE GERMANS

V. The War Hits HomeV. The War Hits HomeA. A. The British BlockadeThe British Blockade

- Britain blockaded the German coast - Britain blockaded the German coast

to stop supplies, including food.to stop supplies, including food.

- Result = U.S. angry b/c the - Result = U.S. angry b/c the blockade threatened freedom of the seas blockade threatened freedom of the seas and Germany experienced famine and Germany experienced famine (750,000 Germans died of starvation by (750,000 Germans died of starvation by 1917)1917)

V. The War Hits Home – cont.V. The War Hits Home – cont.

B. B. German U-Boat ResponseGerman U-Boat Response

- Germany responded with a - Germany responded with a counterblockade by U-boats = any counterblockade by U-boats = any allied ships in the waters around allied ships in the waters around Britain would be sunk.Britain would be sunk.

NOTICE! Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a

state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and

her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the

British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying

the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers

sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at

their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY

WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

AD PLACED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES BY THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, 1915

LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915

BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING

128 AMERICANS.

V. War Hits Home – cont.V. War Hits Home – cont.C. C. Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

- May 7, 1915 – a U-boat sank the - May 7, 1915 – a U-boat sank the British liner the British liner the LusitaniaLusitania off the coast of off the coast of Ireland.Ireland.

- 1,198 people died, 128 were - 1,198 people died, 128 were

AmericansAmericans

(Germany defended their actions on (Germany defended their actions on the grounds that the liner carried the grounds that the liner carried ammunition but Americans were still ammunition but Americans were still outraged)outraged)

The LusitaniaThe Lusitania

V. War Hits Home – cont.V. War Hits Home – cont.C. C. Sinking of the Lusitania – cont. Sinking of the Lusitania – cont.

- August 1915 – a U-boat sinks another liner, - August 1915 – a U-boat sinks another liner, killing 2 Americanskilling 2 Americans

- Americans protest and Germany - Americans protest and Germany agrees not to sink any more agrees not to sink any more

passenger ships. passenger ships.

- March 1916 – U-boat torpedoed an unarmed - March 1916 – U-boat torpedoed an unarmed French passenger ship, killing 80 people, French passenger ship, killing 80 people, including some Americans.including some Americans.

- Wilson still avoided war and was re-elected - Wilson still avoided war and was re-elected in in 1916 using the slogan “He Kept Us Out of 1916 using the slogan “He Kept Us Out of War”!War”!

THE ELECTION OF 1916

WILSON RAN ON THE SLOGAN “HE KEPT US OUT

OF WAR!” HOWEVER HE KNEW THAT THE U.S. WAS

GETTING CLOSER TO ENTERING THE WAR

DEMOCRAT PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON

REPUBLICAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE CHARLES

EVANS HUGHES

HUGHES CHALLENGED WILSON’S

UNWILLINGNESS TO STAND UP TO THE

GERMANS

THE ELECTION WAS SO CLOSE THAT THE RESULT WAS NOT KNOWN FOR SEVERAL DAYS WHILE CALIFORNIA’S VOTES WERE

TALLIED. WILSON’S LEAD IN CALIFORNIA WAS ONLY BY 3800 VOTES.

WILSON WON WITH 9,129,606 TO HUGHES’ 8,538,221.

VI. The U.S. Declares WarVI. The U.S. Declares War

A. A. January 1917 Germany resumes January 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare – promising unrestricted submarine warfare – promising to sink all ships in British waters- hostile or to sink all ships in British waters- hostile or neutral.neutral.

- U.S. now knows war in unavoidable - U.S. now knows war in unavoidable but Wilson decides to wait for “actual overt but Wilson decides to wait for “actual overt acts” before declaring war. acts” before declaring war.

VI. U.S. Declares War – cont. VI. U.S. Declares War – cont. B. B. The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram – Feb. 1917 – Feb. 1917

1. Telegram sent from the German 1. Telegram sent from the German foreign minister, Arthur von Zimmerman foreign minister, Arthur von Zimmerman to the German ambassador in Mexico to the German ambassador in Mexico

2. Intercepted by British intelligence2. Intercepted by British intelligence

3. Telegram proposed: 3. Telegram proposed:

- that Mexico ally itself with Germany - that Mexico ally itself with Germany

- if war broke out w/ the U.S., - if war broke out w/ the U.S., Germany would help Mexico recover “lost Germany would help Mexico recover “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

ZIMMERMANN NOTE (1917)

On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our

intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace.

We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement. . . . You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate

with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany

and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a

few months.

Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916

GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL

(INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE

GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A FEW

MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR.

WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS,

HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36 LIVES

LOST.

FEBRUARY 1, 1917

VI. U.S. Declares War – cont.VI. U.S. Declares War – cont.

C. C. America ActsAmerica Acts!!

- April 6, 1917 the U.S. declares war - April 6, 1917 the U.S. declares war on Germany. on Germany.

- Wilson said that the U.S. must - Wilson said that the U.S. must make the world “safe for democracy” make the world “safe for democracy”

WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR APRIL 2, 1917

“THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. ITS PEACE MUST BE PLANTED UPON

THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF

POLITICAL LIBERTY. WE HAVE NO SELFISH ENDS

TO SERVE. WE DESIRE NO

CONQUEST, NO DOMINION. WE

SEEK NO INDEMNITIES FOR OURSELVES, NO

MATERIAL COMPENSATION

FOR THE SACRIFICES WE SHALL FREELY

MAKE.”

CONGRESS DECLARED WAR APRIL 6, 1917“Whereas the Imperial German

Government has committed repeated acts of war against

the Government and the people of the United States of

America; Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and

the House of Representatives of the United States of America

in Congress Assembled, that the state of war between the

United States and the Imperial German Government which has

thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby

formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby,

authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United

States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the

conflict to a successful termination all of the

resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United

States.”

EXCERPT FROM THE WAR DECLARATION

VII. America MobilizesVII. America MobilizesA. A. Raising an ArmyRaising an Army::

1. U.S. was not prepared to fight – only 1. U.S. was not prepared to fight – only 200,000 men were in service. 200,000 men were in service.2. 2. Selective Service ActSelective Service Act—authorized a draft of —authorized a draft of young men for military service. young men for military service.

- Act required men to register with the - Act required men to register with the gov. gov. to be randomly selected for service. to be randomly selected for service.

- By 1918 – 24 million men had - By 1918 – 24 million men had registered.registered.

- Nearly 3 millions were called up! - Nearly 3 millions were called up! 3. 3. 42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE 42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE

- 2,084,000 MEN- 2,084,000 MEN

VII. America MobilizesVII. America MobilizesA. A. Raising an ArmyRaising an Army - continued - continued

4. Avoiding the Draft 4. Avoiding the Draft - The government did exempt some - The government did exempt some shipyard workers from the draft because shipyard workers from the draft because their work was valuable to the war effort. their work was valuable to the war effort. - Some Americans sought exemption from the - Some Americans sought exemption from the war as a war as a conscientious objector conscientious objector – someone – someone

who who opposes war on moral grounds. opposes war on moral grounds. * * About 3,500 men obtained legal About 3,500 men obtained legal conscientious objector exemptions. conscientious objector exemptions. * Some simply refused to cooperate with * Some simply refused to cooperate with the military and 500 objectors were the military and 500 objectors were court-martialed and imprisoned. court-martialed and imprisoned.

REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-30 (LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE

DRAFT

ABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL POPULATION

ABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES, CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917

SECRETARY OF WAR BAKER PULLED DRAFT NUMBERS IN THE LOTTERY

SOLDIERS LEFT FOR FRANCE

♫ OVER THERE OVER THERE http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htm

Over ThereOver ThereJohnnie, get your gun,Johnnie, get your gun,

Get your gun, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,Take it on the run,

On the run, on the run.On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Hear them calling, you and me,

Every son of liberty.Every son of liberty.Hurry right away,Hurry right away,

No delay, go today,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladMake your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.To have had such a lad.

Tell your sweetheart not to pine,Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. To be proud her boy's in line.

(chorus sung twice)(chorus sung twice)

Johnnie, get your gun,Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,

Johnnie show the HunJohnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Who's a son of a gun.

Hoist the flag and let her fly,Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Yankee Doodle do or die.

Yankee Doodle do or die.Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Pack your little kit,

Show your grit, do your bit.Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,Yankee to the ranks,

From the towns and the tanks.From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,Make your mother proud of you,

And the old Red, White and Blue. And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)(chorus sung twice)

ChorusChorusOver there, over there,Over there, over there,

Send the word, send the word over there Send the word, send the word over there That the Yanks are coming,That the Yanks are coming,

The Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingThe drums rum-tumming

Ev'rywhere.Ev'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,So prepare, say a pray'r,

Send the word, send the word to beware.Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,We'll be over, we're coming over,

And we won't come back till it's overAnd we won't come back till it's overOver there.Over there.

VII. America Mobilizes – cont. VII. America Mobilizes – cont. B. B. Convoy SystemConvoy System

- U.S. needed to get troops, ships, - U.S. needed to get troops, ships, supplies, etc., to Europe but knew supplies, etc., to Europe but knew they faced the U-boats. they faced the U-boats.

- American Vice Admiral William S. - American Vice Admiral William S. Sims suggested the Sims suggested the convoy convoy

system system = heavy guard of destroyers = heavy guard of destroyers escorted escorted merchant ships back and forth. merchant ships back and forth.

- “Only” 637 Americans were lost to - “Only” 637 Americans were lost to U-U- boats during the war. boats during the war.

VIII. Fighting in the WarVIII. Fighting in the War

A.A. American Expeditionary ForcAmerican Expeditionary Force (AEF) was e (AEF) was led by led by General John J. Pershing:General John J. Pershing:

- American infantry were nicknamed American infantry were nicknamed “doughboys” “doughboys” because of the white belts that because of the white belts that they cleaned with pipe clay, or “dough”.they cleaned with pipe clay, or “dough”.

- Most soldiers had never been far from home Most soldiers had never been far from home and none were prepared for the horrors of and none were prepared for the horrors of war. war.

GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WWI

"ALL A SOLDIER

NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT

AND SALUTE."

VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.

B. New Weapons:B. New Weapons:- - Machine GunsMachine Guns

- Poison Gas- Poison Gas- Armored tanks - Armored tanks - Airplanes - Airplanes - Submarines - Submarines

AIRPLANES ENTERED THE SCENE

SUBMARINES, CALLED “U-BOATS” BY THE GERMANS, WERE USED TO SINK SUPPLY

SHIPS

TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED CANNONS

MACHINE GUNS

TANKS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED

POISONOUS GAS

VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.

C. America on the OffensiveC. America on the Offensive

- 1917 – Russia pulls out of the war - 1917 – Russia pulls out of the war and Germany is close to Parisand Germany is close to Paris

- Americans arrive and help stop the - Americans arrive and help stop the German advance and send the German advance and send the

Germans retreatingGermans retreating

VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.VIII. Fighting in the War – cont.

D. Germany surrenders:D. Germany surrenders:

- Nov. 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary - Nov. 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary surrenders surrenders

- Same day, German soldiers mutiny- Same day, German soldiers mutiny

- Nov. 9- Nov. 9thth new German gov. formed, new German gov. formed, Kaiser steps down Kaiser steps down

- November 11, 1918 – Germany - November 11, 1918 – Germany signs the signs the armistice (an agreement to armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) stop fighting) to end the war! to end the war!

IX. Final TollIX. Final Toll

• Deaths = 22 million (1/2 civilians)Deaths = 22 million (1/2 civilians)• U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle, 62,000 died of U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle, 62,000 died of

disease, more than 200,000 woundeddisease, more than 200,000 wounded

• Wounded = 20 millionWounded = 20 million• Economic Cost = $338 billion Economic Cost = $338 billion

X. The War At X. The War At Home Home

A. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD•CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON AND HEADED BY BERNARD BARUCH

•TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND COORDINATE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES

•THE GOVERNMENT TOOK OVER ALL FACTORIES.

•THE BOARD INSTRUCTED THE FACTORIES ON WHAT TO PRODUCE, HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE, AND THE COST OF THE ITEMS

•WOMEN'S BLOUSE FACTORIES MADE SIGNAL FLAGS

•RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS MADE GUNS

•AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES MADE AIRPLANE ENGINES

•PIANO COMPANIES MADE AIRPLANE WINGS

MANUFACTURING HELMETS AND

HATS FOR SOLDIERS

WOOL SOCKS FOR SOLDIERS

POSTERS DESIGNED TO CONVINCE WORKERS IT WAS THEIR DUTY TO PRODUCE (AND THEREFORE NOT STRIKE)

X. War at Home – Cont.X. War at Home – Cont.

B. B. War EconomyWar Economy

- Most wages rose during the war- Most wages rose during the war

- However, household income was - However, household income was cut cut because of rising food prices and because of rising food prices and

housing costs housing costs

- Stockholders saw huge profits- Stockholders saw huge profits

- Union membership boomed- Union membership boomed

- - National War Labor Board National War Labor Board was was formed to manage disputes formed to manage disputes

between between workers and management. workers and management.

NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD

•HEADED BY EX-PRESIDENT TAFT WAS FORMED TO UNIFY LABOR POLICIES AND SERVED AS THE COURT FOR LABOR DISPUTES

•PRESIDENT WILSON HOPED TO PREVENT STRIKES AS THEY COULD STOP PRODUCTION OF MUCH NEEDED GOODS FOR THE WAR

•DURING THE WAR THERE WERE OVER 6,000 STRIKES, AND THE NWLB HEARD OVER 1,000 CASES

•THE NWLB ALSO WORKED TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS:  AN EIGHT-HOUR WORKDAY WAS ESTABLISHED IN SOME AREAS, AND STANDARDS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE ESTABLISHED

X. War at Home – cont. X. War at Home – cont. C. C. Food AdministrationFood Administration

- Wilson set up the - Wilson set up the Food Food Administration Administration under under Herbert Herbert HooverHoover to convince Americans to to convince Americans to conserve food. conserve food.

- Hoover called for people to follow - Hoover called for people to follow the the “gospel of the clean plate” “gospel of the clean plate”

- Called for, “meatless”, “sweetless”, - Called for, “meatless”, “sweetless”, “wheatless”, and “porkless” days. “wheatless”, and “porkless” days.

FOOD ADMINISTRATION •HEADED BY FUTURE PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER, NEVER IMPOSED SPECIFIC RATIONS BUT RELIED UPON VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION

•RATION: TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF FOOD OR RESOURCES PEOPLE CAN USE

•FAMOUS SLOGAN “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT”

•THE U.S. HAD TO PROVIDE FOOD FOR ITS OWN CITIZENS AS WELL AS THE ALLIED COUNTRIES

X. War at Home – Cont.X. War at Home – Cont.D. D. Financing the WarFinancing the War

- U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war- U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war

- Gov. raised 1/3 through taxes:- Gov. raised 1/3 through taxes:

- increased income tax- increased income tax

- taxes on tobacco, liquor, luxury - taxes on tobacco, liquor, luxury goods goods

- Gov. raised the rest through public - Gov. raised the rest through public borrowing – “ borrowing – “Liberty LoanLiberty Loan” and ” and “ “Victory LoanVictory Loan” Bonds and War ” Bonds and War Stamps. Stamps.

THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF MONEY

FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE

Y.M.C.A. ALSO HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS.

NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

THE LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES USUALLY

INVOLVED A LARGE PARADE THAT WOULD

INCLUDE SOLDIERS AND COMMUNITY

MEMBERS

KIDS WERE ENCOURAGED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE LOAN DRIVES AS WELL

X. War at Home – Cont.X. War at Home – Cont.

E. E. Committee on Public InformatioCommittee on Public Informationn

- to popularize the war, the govt. - to popularize the war, the govt. created the nation’s first created the nation’s first

propaganda propaganda agency, the (CPI) agency, the (CPI)

- Head of the CPI was - Head of the CPI was George CreelGeorge Creel

- CPI’s job was to promote the war - CPI’s job was to promote the war effort! effort!

COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION: CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD

PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA

LED BY JOURNALIST

GEORGE CREEL

WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS

CIVIL LIBERTIES ARE FUNDAMENTAL INDIVIDUAL

RIGHTS THAT ARE PROTECTED IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS, SUCH AS

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND RELIGION, HOWEVER IN TIMES OF

CRISIS THEY HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED BY THE

GOVERNMENT IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE LARGER GOALS

DURING WORLD WAR ONE, LAWS WERE PASSED THAT SEVERELY RESTRICTED PEOPLE’S RIGHTS WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE

WAR EFFORT

LED TO 6,000 ARRESTS AND OVER 1900 PROSECUTIONS WERE

MADE UNDER THE LAWS

CIVIL LIBERTIES RESTRICTED DURING THE WAR

X. War at Home –cont.X. War at Home –cont.F. F. Attacks on Civil LibertiesAttacks on Civil Liberties

- Americans from Germany or Austria-- Americans from Germany or Austria-Hungary became targets of discrimination.Hungary became targets of discrimination.

- June 1917 the government passed the - June 1917 the government passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts -Espionage and Sedition Acts - a person a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal, profane of effort or saying anything disloyal, profane of abusive about the government. abusive about the government.

EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI

•MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.  •CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY, BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”.•SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE" •SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE BAR •ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC •MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

THE ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917, LATER AMENDED AND CALLED THE SEDITION ACT OF 1918

SECTION 3. Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements

with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is

at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the

military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service or of the United States,

shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.

HAYWOODDEBSRANDOLPH EASTMAN BERGERREED

SOME OF THE PEOPLE ARRESTED UNDER THESE LAWS. PLEASE SEE THE SPEAKER NOTES FOR DETAILS.

TWO WELL-KNOWN ANARCHISTS, EMMA GOLDMAN AND ALEXANDER BERKMAN CONVICTED OF

CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE DRAFT LAW WERE SENTENCED TO TWO YEARS IN A PENITENTIARY AND FINED $10,000 EACH, JULY 9, 1917. THEY

WERE LATER DEPORTED TO RUSSIA.

SCHENCK V. U.S.

•CHARLES SCHENCK, GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN SOCIALIST PARTY, OPPOSED TO THE WAR, MAILED 15,000 PAMPHLETS TO RECENT DRAFTEES THAT CLAIMED THAT THE DRAFT WAS A VIOLATION OF THE 13TH AMENDMENT’S PROHIBITION OF SLAVERY AND TO PETITION FOR REPEAL OF THE DRAFT.

•HE WAS ARRESTED AND CONVICTED FOR INTERFERING WITH MILITARY RECRUITMENT UNDER THE ESPIONAGE ACT. HE ARGUED THAT HE WAS EXERCISING HIS FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT TO FREE SPEECH.

•THE SUPREME COURT UPHELD THE CONVICTION IN 1919 AND JUSTICE HOLMES RULED THAT FREEDOM OF SPEECH COULD BE RESTRICTED WHEN THE WORDS PRESENTED A “CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER”. HE USED THE EXAMPLE OF YELLING “FIRE!” WHEN THERE WAS NONE IN A CROWDED THEATER.

X. War at Home – cont.X. War at Home – cont.G. G. Social ChangeSocial Change

- War prompted the - War prompted the Great MigrationGreat Migration, , the large-scale movement of Southern the large-scale movement of Southern blacks to cities in the north because:blacks to cities in the north because:

- escape racial discrimination- escape racial discrimination

- declining cotton industry- declining cotton industry

- more job opportunities up North- more job opportunities up North

(Racial prejudice against African Americans (Racial prejudice against African Americans still existed in the North)still existed in the North)

- African Americans made a significant - African Americans made a significant contribution to the war effort at home and contribution to the war effort at home and abroad.abroad.

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS

HENRY JOHNSON, LEFT, AND NEADHAM

ROBERTS, RIGHT RECEIVED THE FRENCH CROIX DE GUERRE, AN AWARD CREATED TO RECOGNIZE BRAVERY IN THE FACE OF AN

ENEMY

ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME

INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK

COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920s.

BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE

CUTTING DOWN TREES

EACH STAR REPRESENTED A SON FIGHTING IN THE WAR

X. War at Home – cont.X. War at Home – cont.G. G. Social Change Social Change – cont.– cont.

- Women entered the work force in - Women entered the work force in large numbers and in jobs never before large numbers and in jobs never before held by women.held by women.

(President Wilson acknowledged the contribution of (President Wilson acknowledged the contribution of women saying, “The services of women during women saying, “The services of women during the supreme crisis have been of the most signal the supreme crisis have been of the most signal usefulness and distinction; it is high time that part usefulness and distinction; it is high time that part of our debt should be acknowledged.” Their war of our debt should be acknowledged.” Their war effort helped spread support for suffrage.)effort helped spread support for suffrage.)

WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MEN

NURSES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR

EFFORT

X. War at Home – cont.X. War at Home – cont.H. H. Flu EpidemicFlu Epidemic

- Fall of 1918 a flu epidemic affected - Fall of 1918 a flu epidemic affected ¼ ¼ of the U.S. of the U.S.

- Economically devastating b/c – - Economically devastating b/c – businesses shut down. businesses shut down.

- illness spread rapidly in the army- illness spread rapidly in the army

- killed 500,000 Americans before the - killed 500,000 Americans before the war was over (30 million worldwide). war was over (30 million worldwide).

INFLUENZA, 1918•SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON SUDDENLY STARTED DYING

•THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER SEEN

•AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES

•IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER 600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.

PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE

INFLUENZA DEATHS PER 1,000 PEOPLE COMPARED TO THE NUMBERS OF DEATHS

THE PREVIOUS YEAR

XI. Peace TalksXI. Peace TalksA. A. Wilson’s 14 Points, Jan. 18, 1918Wilson’s 14 Points, Jan. 18, 1918::

1. No secret treaties between nations1. No secret treaties between nations

2. Freedom of seas 2. Freedom of seas

3. Tariffs should be lowered to foster 3. Tariffs should be lowered to foster trade trade

4. Arms should be reduced4. Arms should be reduced

5. Interests of colonial people should 5. Interests of colonial people should be considered. be considered.

- Points 6-13 dealt with boundary changes - Points 6-13 dealt with boundary changes based on the principles of self-determinationbased on the principles of self-determination

XI. Peace Talks –cont. XI. Peace Talks –cont.

A.A. 14 Points –continued:14 Points –continued:- The 14The 14thth Point called for the creation of an Point called for the creation of an

international peacekeeping organization to international peacekeeping organization to address diplomatic crises – address diplomatic crises – League of League of Nations!Nations!

- The Allies reject Wilson’s 14 points because:The Allies reject Wilson’s 14 points because:- They wanted to punish GermanyThey wanted to punish Germany- They wanted to gain territoryThey wanted to gain territory

XI. Peace Talks – cont. XI. Peace Talks – cont. B. B. Treaty of Versailles:Treaty of Versailles:

- The “- The “Big FourBig Four” meet in Paris to ” meet in Paris to discuss the terms of peace. discuss the terms of peace.

- - Wilson (U.S.),Wilson (U.S.),

- Georges Clemenceau (France)- Georges Clemenceau (France)

- David Lloyd George (Great Britain)- David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

- Vittorio Orlando (Italy)- Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

- delegates from 32 other countries- delegates from 32 other countries

- - Russia and Germany not presentRussia and Germany not present

- Treaty - Treaty failsfails to ensure lasting peace!!!! to ensure lasting peace!!!!

XII. Legacy of the WarXII. Legacy of the War

– Americans eager to return to “normalcy” – Americans eager to return to “normalcy” – HardingHarding

– U.S. military and government strengthenedU.S. military and government strengthened– Appalled by the destruction, Americans called Appalled by the destruction, Americans called

WWI, “the war to end all wars.” WWI, “the war to end all wars.” – However, unresolved issues will soon drag However, unresolved issues will soon drag

the U.S. into an even wider war!!!!the U.S. into an even wider war!!!!