U.S. U.S. ImperialismImperialism

I. ImperialismI. Imperialism*The policy of conquering other nations to *The policy of conquering other nations to

create an empire. The United States create an empire. The United States began to adopt imperialist ideas in the late began to adopt imperialist ideas in the late 1800's.1800's.

A. Seward's Folly-Secretary A. Seward's Folly-Secretary of State William H. of State William H. Seward purchased Seward purchased Alaska for $7.2 million Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia in 1867.from Russia in 1867.

I. ImperialismI. ImperialismB. Alfred Thayer Mahan-His book B. Alfred Thayer Mahan-His book The The

Influence Influence of Sea Power on History of Sea Power on History 1660-17831660-1783 convinced leaders that convinced leaders that naval naval power was very power was very important.important.

I. ImperialismI. Imperialism

C. Reasons for Expansion:C. Reasons for Expansion:

1. New foreign markets for trade1. New foreign markets for trade

2. Anglo-Saxon "superiority" or the 2. Anglo-Saxon "superiority" or the "white "white man's burden"man's burden"

3. Sea Power3. Sea Power

II. The Spanish-American War II. The Spanish-American War 18981898

A. Cuban Independence-Cubans are led by A. Cuban Independence-Cubans are led by Jose Jose Marti in 1895. Yellow journalists Marti in 1895. Yellow journalists like like Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated stories of stories of Spanish actions in Cuba. Spanish actions in Cuba. These stories These stories caused many caused many Americans to want to go to Americans to want to go to war with war with Spain.Spain.

Yellow Journalists Pulitzer and Hearst

II. The Spanish-American War II. The Spanish-American War 18981898

B. The Road to WarB. The Road to War

President William McKinley did not want to President William McKinley did not want to go to war. go to war.

Two events led America into War:Two events led America into War:

1. de Lome Letter-The Spanish minister to 1. de Lome Letter-The Spanish minister to the the U.S. wrote a letter calling McKinley U.S. wrote a letter calling McKinley "weak." This letter was stolen and "weak." This letter was stolen and published in the papers.published in the papers.

2. U.S.S. Maine-warship was anchored in 2. U.S.S. Maine-warship was anchored in Havana harbor. It exploded Feb. 15, Havana harbor. It exploded Feb. 15,

1898 1898 killing 260 American men.killing 260 American men.

The U.S. declared war on April 20, 1898.The U.S. declared war on April 20, 1898.

II. The Spanish-American War II. The Spanish-American War 18981898

C. The Phillipines-Admiral George Dewey led C. The Phillipines-Admiral George Dewey led the Pacific Fleet into Manila Bay and the Pacific Fleet into Manila Bay and

destroyed the Spanish forces destroyed the Spanish forces there.there.

D. Cuban Invasion-Theodore Roosevelt D. Cuban Invasion-Theodore Roosevelt resigns resigns as assistant secretary of the Navy, as assistant secretary of the Navy, then then organizes a group of former organizes a group of former soldiers called soldiers called the Rough Riders to fight the Rough Riders to fight in Cuba. in Cuba. U.S. forces win the U.S. forces win the Battle of San Juan Hill Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898.on July 1, 1898.

E. Treaty of Paris of 1898-ended war between E. Treaty of Paris of 1898-ended war between Spain & U.S..Spain & U.S..

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism

A. New Possessions: A. New Possessions:

Puerto Rico & Guam become territories.Puerto Rico & Guam become territories.

U.S. paid Spain $20 million and U.S. paid Spain $20 million and took over the Philippines.took over the Philippines.

Cuba became a protectorate Cuba became a protectorate (a country who makes its (a country who makes its

own laws but is controlled own laws but is controlled by another country.)by another country.)

III. The Fruits of III. The Fruits of ImperialismImperialism

Uncle Sam Uncle Sam swelling swelling from all from all the the additionsadditions

III. The Fruits of III. The Fruits of ImperialismImperialism

Uncle Sam Uncle Sam swelling swelling from all from all the the additionsadditions

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism B. Platt Amendment-1901B. Platt Amendment-1901

Set rules for Cuba to follow.Set rules for Cuba to follow.

1. Cuba would make no treaties to limit 1. Cuba would make no treaties to limit its own its own independence.independence.2. Cuba could not allow any foreign power 2. Cuba could not allow any foreign power to to control any part of its territory.control any part of its territory.3. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs3. U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism B. Platt Amendment-1901B. Platt Amendment-1901

Set rules for Cuba to follow.Set rules for Cuba to follow.

4. Cuba could not go into debt.4. Cuba could not go into debt.5. U.S. could buy or lease Cuban land.5. U.S. could buy or lease Cuban land.

U.S. also established a naval base at U.S. also established a naval base at Guantanamo Bay in 1903.Guantanamo Bay in 1903.

U.S. also gave loans to the Cuban U.S. also gave loans to the Cuban government government and U.S. corporations and U.S. corporations invested money in invested money in Cuban industry and Cuban industry and business.business.

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism

C. Puerto Rico-became a commonwealth (A C. Puerto Rico-became a commonwealth (A country that makes its own laws and country that makes its own laws and handles its own finances while the handles its own finances while the

U.S. U.S. takes care of defense and tariffs.)takes care of defense and tariffs.)

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism D. Hawaii-was full of American sugar D. Hawaii-was full of American sugar

planters. planters. A new monarch, Queen A new monarch, Queen Liliuokalani, Liliuokalani, wanted to kick them out. wanted to kick them out.

She wanted She wanted "Hawaii for Hawaiians." "Hawaii for Hawaiians."

- A revolution was organized by - A revolution was organized by John Stevens, the U.S. minister John Stevens, the U.S. minister to Hawaii, and supported by Marines.to Hawaii, and supported by Marines.

-Hawaii became a U.S. territory on -Hawaii became a U.S. territory on August 12, 1898. August 12, 1898.

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism E. Philippine ConflictE. Philippine Conflict

William Howard Taft was the civilian William Howard Taft was the civilian governor governor from 1901-1904from 1901-1904Emilio Aguinaldo led a group of Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo led a group of Filipino rebels rebels in a guerrilla war against their in a guerrilla war against their American American rulers to gain their true rulers to gain their true independence. independence. Conflict continued periodically until the Conflict continued periodically until the Philippines became an independent Philippines became an independent republic in 1946.republic in 1946.

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism F. Panama Canal-U.S. wanted to build a F. Panama Canal-U.S. wanted to build a

canal canal but the Columbian government but the Columbian government would not would not allow it. The U.S. supported allow it. The U.S. supported a revolution in a revolution in the province of Panama the province of Panama and helped the and helped the country become country become independent. We then independent. We then negotiated a negotiated a deal with the new Panamanian deal with the new Panamanian government in 1903. government in 1903.

-The Panama Canal was an incredible feat -The Panama Canal was an incredible feat of of engineering and it gave the U.S. some engineering and it gave the U.S. some

very valuable property in Latin very valuable property in Latin America.America.

Illustration of the Locks

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism G. Policies on Latin AmericaG. Policies on Latin America

1. Roosevelt Corollary-1904-Theodore 1. Roosevelt Corollary-1904-Theodore Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine with his speech about American power. He with his speech about American power. He said that the United States should said that the United States should be the "policemen" of the Western be the "policemen" of the Western Hemisphere. Meant that we would Hemisphere. Meant that we would intervene in all problems in North and intervene in all problems in North and South America.South America.

““Speak softly and carry a big stick” His Speak softly and carry a big stick” His approach became known as Big Stick approach became known as Big Stick DiplomacyDiplomacy

III. The Fruits of ImperialismIII. The Fruits of Imperialism G. Policies on Latin AmericaG. Policies on Latin America

2. Dollar Diplomacy-Taft-policy of using 2. Dollar Diplomacy-Taft-policy of using the the United States government to United States government to guarantee guarantee loans made to foreign loans made to foreign governments. Gave governments. Gave The United States The United States financial interest financial interest & power in Latin & power in Latin AmericaAmerica

IV. Problems with MexicoIV. Problems with MexicoA. 1911-1913-Mexican government had A. 1911-1913-Mexican government had

been been overthrown 2 times and the new overthrown 2 times and the new leader, leader, General Victoriano Huerta, General Victoriano Huerta, favored the favored the wealthy and foreign wealthy and foreign investors while many investors while many citizens were living citizens were living in poverty and were in poverty and were being treated being treated unfairly.unfairly.

B. Moral Diplomacy-Woodrow Wilson tried B. Moral Diplomacy-Woodrow Wilson tried to to aid morality to foreign affairs and aid morality to foreign affairs and refused refused to back Huerta. He sent the to back Huerta. He sent the military to military to support Carranza, and forced support Carranza, and forced Huerta to Huerta to resign.resign.

IV. Problems with MexicoIV. Problems with MexicoC. “Pancho” Villa-Revolutionary who led an C. “Pancho” Villa-Revolutionary who led an

uprising against the new government uprising against the new government and and also came across the border to raid also came across the border to raid the the town of Columbus, New Mexico. town of Columbus, New Mexico. President President Wilson sent John J. Pershing Wilson sent John J. Pershing to capture to capture Pancho Villa. After a year of Pancho Villa. After a year of pursuing him, pursuing him, his forces came back to his forces came back to the U.S. without the U.S. without him. He is viewed as a him. He is viewed as a folk hero in Mexican folk hero in Mexican historyhistory

John J. Pershing

Pancho Villa

V. Problems with ChinaV. Problems with ChinaChinese markets were the prize for Chinese markets were the prize for

controlling Pacific trade.controlling Pacific trade.A. Spheres of Influence-These were areas in A. Spheres of Influence-These were areas in

China where foreign nations had China where foreign nations had special special rights and powers. The U.S. had rights and powers. The U.S. had none. Sec. none. Sec. of State John Hay promoted of State John Hay promoted the Open Door the Open Door Policy which meant that Policy which meant that foreign nations foreign nations could trade anywhere in could trade anywhere in China. It was China. It was adopted in 1899.adopted in 1899.

B. Boxer Rebellion-1899-1901-Native B. Boxer Rebellion-1899-1901-Native Chinese Chinese led a revolt against foreign led a revolt against foreign businessmen, businessmen, killing hundreds. This killing hundreds. This led to new treaties led to new treaties respecting Chinese respecting Chinese independence.independence.

VI. Problems with JapanVI. Problems with JapanA. Russo-Japanese War, 1905-This war A. Russo-Japanese War, 1905-This war

between between Russia and Japan ended as Russia and Japan ended as Theodore Theodore Roosevelt helped the Roosevelt helped the Japanese. Their Japanese. Their victory led to the victory led to the emergence of Japan as the emergence of Japan as the strongest strongest nation in the Pacific and their nation in the Pacific and their relations relations with the US suddenly went with the US suddenly went downhill.downhill.

B. “The Great White Fleet”-To show B. “The Great White Fleet”-To show American American naval power, President naval power, President Roosevelt sent 16 Roosevelt sent 16 battleships on a cruise battleships on a cruise around the world. around the world. This display was This display was intended to impress the intended to impress the Japanese and Japanese and other nations.other nations.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet